Experience Of Waste Management Research Articles

In My Backyard? Discussing the NIMBY Effect, Social Acceptability, and Residents’ Involvement in Community-Based Solid Waste Management

The present study explored an experience in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, in which a community-based solid waste management experience was created by joining a waste pickers’ cooperative; a collective of urban agroecology activists; an alliance of social actors, including a university, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and membership-based organizations (MBOs); and a local community in a collaborative experience of zero waste that integrates waste pickers. More specifically, we focused on the Zero Waste Nucleus, which is an “intentional place” built in the territory that supports this experience and, as a facility, can face the “Not in My Backyard” (NIMBY) effects in the local production. The core of the analysis and discussion was how the process of developing the social acceptability of this space with the neighborhood took place, and how this space contributes to enhancing residents’ involvement in the project. We showed that daily care with negative externalities, the emergence of positive externalities, and the development of immaterial resources within the community, such as trust, are main factors for good social acceptability. Our conclusion presents the operational concept of Place for Assisted Voluntary Delivery (LEVA, in Portuguese) as a synthesis of design elements that can help build places to support community-based waste management systems, and reveals the limits of this study and the opportunities for future research in this field.

Aspects of improving waste management in the European Union

A number of measures are implemented in Georgia from the perspective of waste management. Laws have been developed, including within the framework of harmonization with the European Union. Some practical steps have also taken but challenges still remain. Becoming familiar with EU practices will play a valuable role in overcoming these challenges. In this paper, some of the measures implemented and planned to improve waste management in EU are studied and analyzed. The 8th Environmental Action Program of the European Union has prioritized that by 2050 at the latest, people will live well, taking into account planetary boundaries in a welfare economy. In this kind of world, where nothing is lost, growth is regenerative, achieving climate neutrality across the Union and with significantly reduced inequality. The European experience of waste management shows that it should be developed in coordination with environmental action plans. In addition, activating the involvement of all stakeholders is a daily task to achieve the set goals of waste management. The final part of the paper presents the important aspects of the measures to be taken to increase the efficiency of waste management in the European Union, which will also be useful for overcoming the relevant challenges in Georgia. Keywords: Waste Management; EU Waste Framework Directive

Transition to european standards in the field of transportation of solid household waste

The aim of the article is to study the implementation of European standards in the field of transportation of solid household waste (SHW). The relevance of the study is associated with the lack of coverage in the professional literature of the issues of solid household waste management in Ukraine, the transition to European standards in this area. During the study, methods of comparison, analysis and synthesis were used to determine the features of solid household waste management in Ukraine and the EU countries. The recommendation approach was used in the process of drafting proposals for the transition to European standards for solid household waste management. The analysis of the current state of SHW management in Ukraine has identified the following trends: growth in the volume of SHW; the composition of SHW is becoming more diverse; positive attitude of the population towards greening the collection of SHW. The main problems in the system of municipal enterprises engaged in the transportation of solid household waste and in the system of public administration in the field of waste management were identified. When comparing European and national legislation in the field of SHW transportation, the legal framework and basic principles of waste management were described. Comparing the experience of waste management in Ukraine and abroad allowed to identify the gap in the scale and pace of creating a SHW management infrastructure. The article proposes measures to improve the national SHW management system: determining the stages of development of SHW management systems; intensification of the transition to the organization of the separate waste collection and the process of implementation in Ukraine of European legislation in this area.

Organization of Business Activities Taking into Account Environmental and Economic Aspects

One of the most urgent environmental problems today is the pollution of the environment by emissions of harmful substances and industrial waste. The negative impact on the environment and people is becoming more widespread, and its disposal methods inhibit the development of the economic system. In a market economy, entrepreneurs are not interested in increasing environmental costs, which naturally lead to higher production costs and reduce profits. The impact on the environment is becoming more widespread every year and has led to an ecological crisis in some parts of the world. Waste recycling has been constantly discussed since a person “produces” more than 250 kg of household waste per year. At the enterprise, these figures reach 10 000 kg. In recent years, Ukraine has imported about 30-50 thousand tons of PET granulate, which is gradually accumulating in landfills in the form of packaging, bottles, films. Such hazardous pollutants affect the environment through soil and water. In contrast, Ukraine does not yet have successful experience in waste management. In our opinion, such behavior is the ignorance of the population about waste disposal and replacement of a particular product with a more environmentally friendly one. The functioning of enterprises and farms does not always have the equipment to dispose of waste, and there is no room for the disposal of unnecessary products and raw materials. However, the problem of lack of innovative equipment arises due to a lack of adequate funding. Therefore, the lack of possibilities for a comprehensive solution to the situation creates a barrier, which does not allow to take proper measures to eliminate and reduce the amount of garbage. Despite many regulations and legal frameworks for regulating waste management, there is no cost-effective policy, and there is no regional waste management program and plan for their proper disposal. It can be concluded that the recycling and disposal of waste will reduce the need for waste incineration, create conditions for improving the economic component of the region and the country as a whole with an account of environmental quality standards. The paper pays attention to the essence of waste disposal; identified ways to recycle garbage.

РОЗБУДОВА СМІТТЄПЕРЕРОБНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ ЯК ДІЄВИЙ ЗАСІБ ПОВОДЖЕННЯ З ВІДХОДАМИ

The article considers the necessity to develop the waste processing industry in Ukraine as an effective means of waste management. A situation, that consisted of formation, accumulation, storage, redoing, utilization and burial place of wastes in Ukraine, is investigational. The state of sphere of handling wastes in Ukraine after 2018-2020ррis analysed. The necessity of estimation of the state of handling biowastes is conditioned by that a problem of garbage is a most issue of the day in the world. Wastes of production and consumption exist exactly so much, how many exist humanity. To the middle of ХІХ of century, when organic materials and substances were used, wastes presented only epidemiology threatto society. But development of industry, increase of quantity and population density have formed world garbage problem. Already in ХХ of century there were artificial wastes that is not subject to utilization, that resulted in the origin of world ecological crisis. The article examines the experience of waste management in developed countries, that allows to assert that a problem of garbage is a problem of international scale, that exists in the entire countries of the world. But each nation approaches its solution from different positions. Significant progress has already been made in some countries, but the perfect form has not yet been found. The article pays special attention to the issues of analysis of the current legal framework governing the mechanism of waste management. The National Waste Management Strategy for Ukraine until 2030, adopted in 2017, has an important value in this sense. Its essence is to create conditions to improve the quality of living standards through the introduction of a systematic approach to waste management at the state and regional levels and reduce waste generation and increase their recycling for reuse. The marked indicates the need to reform the law and comprehensive solution to the problem of efficient waste management. According to the results of the study, the basic directions of solving the problem of the structural handling wastes of production and consumption in Ukraine are distinguished. Priority ones are: introduction of obligatory separate collection of household wastes; raising public awareness, educational activities; waste prevention and reuse; development of the waste processing industry and renewal of the waste management infrastructure; ensuring transparency and accessibility of information in the field of waste management.

European waste management experience: yesterday, today, tomorrow

The article presents an economic analysis of the state of municipal waste generation, utilization and recycling in the countries of the European Union and the Russian Federation. As a basis for the analysis, we used data on the 20 most representative countries that make a significant contribution to the formation of the main macroeconomic indicators of the EU. The results of the implementation of the EU environmental policy, the degree of reflection on the volume of trade in secondary raw materials, private investment in this sector, employment in the processing and recycling sectors, etc. are considered. In addition, a correlation analysis was carried out, which allowed us to determine the degree of dependence of waste disposal and recycling on various indicators, to identify the most significant of them and the main factor affecting the effectiveness of the country’s environmental policy.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE RESOURCE APPROACH IN WASTE MANAGEMENT ON THE TERRITORY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Justification of the rational management of solid municipal waste is an urgent problem for our country. This situation is due to the presence of a large amount of waste generated annually, which, as a rule, is stored uncontrolled in landfills, dumps and is less recyclable. In this regard, the study analyzes the current state of legislation in the field of solid municipal waste management in the Russian Federation, as well as the experience of waste management abroad and highlights its main features. The possibility of using the resource approach is estimated by the example of calculating the cost of waste disposal and recycling, energy utilization technologies. As a result, the propused structure of such on approach which is new and promising for the development of management processes and implementation of recycling need generated by municipal waste. Besides, as a practical management tool, the article offers indicators that should be used as a basis for a methodological approach to calculating the resource potential of solid municipal waste and calculating the tariff for reclamation of disturbed land, which will increase the socio-economic efficiency of waste management.

Entrepreneurship development in the field of transport recycling

Waste recycling is an urgent problem that needs to be tackled for the purposes of sustainable development of the international community. Large and permanently growing amounts of diverse production and household wastes evidence the importance of this problem. Due to this, the majority of world countries have adopted certain legislative acts and by-laws aimed at regulation and comprehensive support of activities relating to waste treatment and reuse. Foreign experience of waste management proved that market relations being without state support cannot regulate the processes of waste production, collection, utilization and recycling, especially the processes of resource saving. Most European countries resolve the issues of resource saving and waste treatment by using both state and market mechanisms of regulating waste management works. Russia needs state administration for the development and adjustment of legal and regulatory framework of recycling in order to make the domestic sphere of waste reuse sound and effective. Implementation of waste recycling process requires significant investments that involve both private funds and fund from the federal budget or budgets of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Today, the need for the development of, first, investing activities targeted at waste treatment and, second, the corresponding production industry, is becoming urgent, since if economic and technical system of waste recycling are not developing, the country will face ecological crisis and a shortage of some raw materials for manufacturing. Transport waste is a source of anthropogenic environmental pollution on a global scale and occurs as an inevitable result of consumer attitudes and an unacceptably low resource utilization rate. Waste is generated at all stages of the vehicle’s life cycle.

Global trends in waste management and analysis of the situation in Russia

In the modern world, environmental issues are quite acute. Global environmental problems are also relevant for Russia today. It should be recognized that our country is one of the most polluted countries in the world, which negatively affects the quality of life and health of the population. The emergence of environmental problems is associated with the ever-growing man-made impact on the natural environment. Currently, about 55–60 million tons of solid municipal waste is generated in Russia every year, 90 % of which is sent to landfills and unauthorized landfills. The recycling rate in Russia is no more than 10 %, while in the European Union countries up to 100 % of household waste is processed. Europe has been implementing a targeted environmental policy for working with solid municipal waste for many years. Back in December 2005, the European Commission published a report on the development of a strategy for the prevention of waste generation and recycling. its goal is to reduce the negative impact on the environment associated with the disposal of household waste. Waste policies and targets established at the European Union level include minimum requirements for the management of certain types of waste. The subject of research in the article is the system of solid municipal waste management, waste management strategies. The purpose of the article is to study the current state of the waste management system in the world and in Russia, analyze the features and prospects, and develop recommendations based on foreign experience. Research methodology: comparative and comparative analyses. The article presents analytical data that characterize the current situation, analyzes the forecast values of solid municipal waste generation and disposal in different regions of the world. A detailed analysis of the situation in Russia is given, conclusions on the current situation with regard to waste are given, and recommendations are made. Based on the analysis of statistical data that characterize the state of the solid municipal waste management system in the world and in Russia, conclusions were made about the problems of its development. One of the main reasons is the lack of attention on the part of state bodies, as well as the lack of funding for the implementation of state programs and the inefficient use of allocated funds. The analysis of foreign experience in waste management allowed us to develop recommendations for the application of management strategies. This article is part of the author's research in the field of choosing optimal strategies for managing the development of a "Smart city", including strategies for managing the disposal of solid municipal waste of the housing and communal complex. the author has analyzed and collected interesting material on this topical issue, and plans to publish a monograph.

Organizational and economic aspects of waste management in Russia

In the article the theoretical generalization of domestic and foreign experience of waste management and regional experience of the Stavropol region, identified key discussion issues and trends in the development of legislation in the field of waste management. In particular, it studies the stages of development of the waste management system abroad, including the role of waste as a potential energy source. As well as the level of development of these trends in Russia. Designated organizational-economic and legal adjustments in the regulatory process for the treatment of waste by a new Federal law. Discusses the shortcomings and fragmented nature of certain provisions of Federal laws, as well as the possible directions of development of the mechanism of regulation of waste management in the Russian Federation. Summarizes the experience of the Stavropol region as a pilot region to create an integrated system of waste management. Formulated the main thesis – the need of transition to an integrated waste management system, involving the maintenance of economic and administrative mechanisms to encourage waste reduction, separation and recycling.

Compositional Analysis of Biowaste from Study Sites in Greek Municipalities

In recent years biowaste has been classified as a top priority waste stream due to the large quantities generated and the potential for more sustainable management options. Despite the increasing importance on the topic, qualitative and quantitative data concerning municipal biowaste composition is limited only to countries with extended waste management experience, whereas a standardized method on biowaste composition analysis is still missing. This work focuses on the presentation of the results of a state of the art methodology developed for conducting compositional and extended physicochemical analysis on biowaste obtained from source separation schemes in two major Greek municipalities (Athens and Kifissia). The composition analysis revealed significant differentiation of the characteristics between the examined areas and other case studies in EU countries. ‘Fruit and vegetable’ waste constituted the main waste component for both Municipalities while significant seasonal differentiation was recorded, whereas increased level of ‘Other biowaste’ for both case studies was observed. The extended physicochemical analyses of the biowaste characteristics showed a strong degree of similarity in biowaste samples irrespective of the investigated area and the seasonal variation in biowaste composition. Additionally, heavy metals concentration in biowaste supports the concept that source separation reduces their migration level from non-compostable materials to the fermentable matrix compared to commingled collection and mechanical separation.

Energy Assessment for China Nuclear Waste Based on Energy Harvesting

Chinas nuclear waste disposal is Developing country in the world in both technology and management mode, especially the spent fuel final disposal plan is the weaknesses. After a brief overview of the China nuclear waste disposal, the article focuses on analysis nuclear waste management experience. China model characteristics include perfect planning and system, the concept of absolute safety and requirements, and in the whole process of the public participation and dialogue. China model brings us a lot of valuable enlightenment for nuclear waste disposal and management in other country.

Industrial Experience of Waste Management in a Tritium Plant

In the context of fusion reactor development, it is important to predict waste stream, efficiency of waste treatment and interaction between waste management and environment.This paper intends to summarize the experience of CEA in this field, gives some global ratios in technical environmental and economical terms, so that it can help for dimensioning or selecting treatment installations for other industrial plant. CEA has a complete management of tritiated waste, including cutting, melting in furnace, vapor decontamination treatment of organic waste and detritiation of glove boxes. Measurements of drums out-gassing are systematically performed. Relations between out-gassing and content are discussed. Ratios HT/HTO are presented. This experience shows that pure tritiated waste can be neutralized and managed with relatively few releases.

Radioactive waste management experience of Moscow SIA 'Radon'

Vitrification and cementation are used for conditioning liquid radioactive waste (LRW) at SIA 'Radon'. More than 2000 m³ of LRW are treated on the vitrification plant and 100,000 m³ of LRW on cementation plants. For clearing LRW are used the filtration, ultra filtration, reverse osmosis, selective sorption, ion exchange, and oxidation. For treatment NPP bottom concentrates the technology of selective sorption have been developed. The technology has passed approbation on pilot plants of different NPP. For treatment of solid radioactive waste the incineration, plasma incineration, compaction with effort of 100 and 1500 tons are used. On plants more than 50,000 m³ have been treated.

A comparison of waste management in Guangzhou and Hong Kong

In urban mainland China, safe disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) averaged at <2%. While China is struggling to meet the lower order needs in waste management, namely, providing adequate waste collection service, ensuring enough up to standard waste disposal facilities and improving waste transfer network, the waste generation rates in major Chinese cities are increasing. Guangzhou is a typical example. From 1995 onwards, the daily MSW generation rate per capita in Guangzhou exceeds that of Hong Kong. While the per capita waste generation rate of the latter has been stablized at ∼1 kg per capita per day. Based on the waste management experience of Hong Kong, a number of waste management problems in Guangzhou in the near future are perceivable. In this paper, these problems are discussed and analyzed after a comparison of the waste management systems and MSW composition of the two most developed cities in China. The major concern is that an improvement in the efficiency and hygiene performance of MSW collection shall not be realized at the expense of the local informal waste recovery system. Both higher and lower order waste management needs should be tackled at the same time in order to avoid the later impasse. It can also be seen from the comparison that the mainland Chinese waste management system has its special features. These features should be borne in mind when interpreting waste statistics from the Chinese sources.

The French experience in low level radioactive waste management

The Radioactive Waste Management Agency (ANDRA-FRANCE) is now operating a new facility in the eastern part of the Paris basin which is designed to dispose of one million cubic meters of waste. The safety of the waste disposal is based on a multibarrier concept including waste packages, concrete disposal modules, site and closure operations. Under normal conditions, confinement is guaranteed by the waste packages and the disposal modules, as they prevent the waste from being leached by rainfall or underground water over a certain period of time. The site must bring an additional guarantee concerning the isolation of waste from water. Consequently, the chosen site must be located in an area where no natural disasters (landslides, earthquakes, etc.) can harm the isolating barriers. The geological, hydrogeological and chemical characteristics must allow us to minimize and control the transport of radionuclides within the ground. Finally, the chosen site must be in an area where it is easy to implement a system to monitor the environment. A set of criteria guides the choice of site. The criteria include such factors as low seismicity, geotechnical stability, a hydrogeology that is simple to model, a location sufficiently above the water table and safe from the threat of flooding, good radionuclide sorption and the absence of any mineral or other natural resources of economic interest. At the time of the closure of the disposal facility, the entire collection of modules will be covered by an impervious cap composed of clayey layers interbedded by sandy layers and overlain by humus to promote the growth of grass. The facility will then look like a succession of undulating green mounds. A 300-year monitoring period will follow the closure. During this period, the water collecting networks and cap will be maintained and radioactivity in underground and stream water will be controlled. We have selected the AUBE site as a case study to illustrate the French waste management experience. We will report on how the site characterization program has been calTied out, including the hydrogeological modelling which is being applied to both the operating and post-closure periods.

Accounting for Waste or Garbage Accounting: Some Thoughts from Non‐accountants

The management of waste is central to any reconsideration of an organisation′s environmental impact. Some Canadian experience in waste management is introduced and some questions this raises for conventional methods of accounting are identified.