Exosomal Non-coding RNAs Research Articles

Advances in different adult stem cell-derived exosomal non-coding RNAs for the treatment of neurological disorders: a narrative review.

Neurological disorders are being increasingly recognized as major causes of death and disability around the world. Neurological disorders refer to a broad range of medical conditions that affect the brain and spinal cord. These disorders can have various causes, including genetic factors, infections, trauma, autoimmune reactions, or neurodegenerative processes. Each disorder has its own unique symptoms, progression, and treatment options. Optimal communication between interneurons and neuron-glia cells within the homeostatic microenvironment is of paramount importance. Within this microenvironment, exosomes play a significant role in promoting intercellular communication by transferring a diverse cargo of contents, including proteins, lipids, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Partially, nervous system homeostasis is preserved by various stem cell-derived exosomal ncRNAs, which include circular RNAs (circRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). The diversity of these exosomal ncRNAs suggests their potential to influence multiple pathways and cellular processes within the nervous system. Stem cell-derived exosomes and their ncRNA contents have been investigated for potential therapeutic uses in neurological disorders, owing to their demonstrated capabilities in neuroprotection, neuroregeneration, and modulation of disease-related pathways. The ability of stem cell-derived exosomes to cross the blood-brain barrier makes them a promising delivery vehicle for therapeutic ncRNAs. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of different stem cell-derived exosomal ncRNAs and their therapeutic potential and clinical applications.

Identification of a Plasma Exosomal lncRNA- and circRNA-Based ceRNA Regulatory Network in Patients With Lung Adenocarcinoma.

Exosomes have been established to be enriched with various long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) that exert various biological effects. However, the lncRNA- and circRNA-mediated coexpression competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network in exosomes derived from the plasma of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains elusive. This study enrolled nine patients with lung adenocarcinoma and three healthy individuals, and the differential expression of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), lncRNAs, and circRNAs was detected using microarray analysis, while microRNAs (miRNAs) were detected through RNA sequencing. Additionally, bioinformatics algorithms were applied to evaluate the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNAs/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. Differentially expressed cicRNAs were identified via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). A total of 1016 lncRNAs, 1396 circRNAs, 45 miRNAs, and 699 mRNAs were differentially expressed in the plasma exosomes of patients with LUAD compared with healthy controls. Among them, 881 lncRNAs were upregulated and 135 were downregulated, 916 circRNAs were upregulated while 480 were downregulated, 45 miRNAs were upregulated while none were downregulated, and 591 mRNAs were upregulated while 108 were downregulated (p ≤ 0.05, and fold change ≥ 2). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed the biological functions of differentially expressed RNAs. Meanwhile, the RNA networks displayed the regulatory relationship between dysregulated RNAs. Finally, RT-qPCR validated that the expression of circ-0033861, circ-0043273, and circ-0011959 was upregulated in the plasma exosome of patients with LUAD compared to healthy controls (p = 0.0327, p = 0.0002, p = 0.0437, respectively). This study proposed a newly discovered ncRNA-miRNA-mRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network and identified that the expression of circulating circ-0033861, circ-0043273, and circ-0011959 was up-regulated in the plasma exosomes of patients with LUAD, offering valuable insights for exploring the potential function of exosomal noncoding RNA and identifying potential biomarkers for LUAD.

Exosomal Non-coding RNA Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) in Autoimmune Diseases Progression and Therapy; an Updated Review.

Inflammation and autoimmune diseases (AD) are common outcomes of an overactive immune system. Inflammation occurs due to the immune system reacting to damaging stimuli. Exosomes are being recognized as an advanced therapeutic approach for addressing an overactive immune system, positioning them as a promising option for treating AD. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) release exosomes that have strong immunomodulatory effects, influenced by their cell of origin. MSCs-exosomes, being a cell-free therapy, exhibit less toxicity and provoke a diminished immune response compared to cell-based therapies. Exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), particularly microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are intricately linked to various biological and functional aspects of human health. Exosomal ncRNAs can lead to tissue malfunction, aging, and illnesses when they experience tissue-specific alterations as a result of various internal or external problems. In this study, we will examine current trends in exosomal ncRNA researches regarding AD. Then, therapeutic uses of MSCs-exosomal ncRNA will be outlined, with a particle focus on the underlying molecular mechanisms.

New Therapeutic Strategies for the Inflammatory Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease: Emphasizing Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Associated exo-miRNA or exo-lncRNA.

The most prevalent inflammatory arthritis and a leading contributor to disability is rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although it may not have arrived in Europe until the 17th century, it was present in early Native American communities several thousand years ago. Exosomes released by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are highly immunomodulatory due to the origin of the cell. As a cell-free therapy, MSCs-exosomes are less toxic and elicit a weakened immune response than cell-based therapies. Exosomal noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are closely associated with a number of biological and functional facets of human health, especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Various exo-miRNAs and lncRNAs such as HAND2-AS1, miR-150-5p, miRNA-124a, and miR-320a lodged with MSC could be appropriate therapeutic ways for RA treatment. These MSC-derived exosomes affect RA disorders via different molecular pathways such as NFK-β, MAPK, and Wnt. The purpose of this review is to review the research that has been conducted since 2020 so far in the field of RA disease treatment with MSC-loaded exo-miRNAs and exo-lncRNAs.

Recent progress of exosomal lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis in lung cancer: implication for clinical application.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of death among malignant tumors in the world. High lung cancer mortality rate is due to most of patients diagnosed at advanced stage. The Liquid biopsy of lung cancer have received recent interest for early diagnosis. One of the components of liquid biopsy is the exosome. The exosome cargos non-coding-RNAs, especially long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs). The lung cancer derived exosomal non-coding RNAs play the pivotal roles of lung cancer in carcinogenesis, diagnosis, therapy, drug resistance and prognosis of lung cancer. Given ceRNA (competitive endogenous RNA) mechanism, lncRNA or circRNA can act as ceRNA to compete to bind miRNAs and alter the expression of the targeted mRNA, contributing to the development and progression of lung cancer. The current research progress of the roles of the exosomal non-coding-RNAs and the interplay of ceRNAs and miRNAs in mediated lung cancer is illustrated in this article. Hence, we presented an experimentally validated lung cancer derived exosomal non-coding RNAs-regulated target gene axis from already existed evidence in lung cancer. Then LncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis may be a potential target for lung cancer treatment and has great potential in the diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer.

Exosomal noncoding RNAs: decoding their role in thyroid cancer progression.

Exosomes, as pivotal entities within the tumor microenvironment, orchestrate intercellular communication through the transfer of diverse molecules, among which non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs play a crucial role. These ncRNAs, endowed with regulatory functions, are selectively incorporated into exosomes. Emerging evidence underscores the significance of exosomal ncRNAs in modulating key oncogenic processes in thyroid cancer (TC), including proliferation, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, and immunoediting. The unique composition of exosomes shields their cargo from enzymatic and chemical degradation, ensuring their integrity and facilitating their specific expression in plasma. This positions exosomal ncRNAs as promising candidates for novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in TC. Moreover, the potential of exosomes in the therapeutic landscape of TC is increasingly recognized. This review aims to elucidate the intricate relationship between exosomal ncRNAs and TC, fostering a deeper comprehension of their mechanistic involvement. By doing so, it endeavors to propel forward the exploration of exosomal ncRNAs in TC, ultimately paving the way for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies predicated on exosomes and their ncRNA content.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Exosomal Long Noncoding RNAs in Diagnosis of NSCLC: A Meta-Analysis.

Globally, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the primary cause of cancer-related mortality, both early and accurate diagnosis are essential for effective treatment and improved patient outcomes. Exosomal noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as promising biomarkers for NSCLC diagnosis. This meta-analysis aims to assess the diagnostic accuracy of exosomal long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) for diagnosing NSCLC. A comprehensiveliterature search was conducted to identify relevant studies that assessed the diagnostic performance of exosomal lncRNAs in NSCLC. Quality assessment and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and other relevant diagnostic parameters were calculated using a bivariate random-effects model. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were conducted to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. Sixteen studies, comprising 1843 NSCLC cases and 1298 controls, were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of nine exosomal lncRNAs for diagnosing NSCLC were 0.74 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69-0.79] and 0.78 (95% CI 0.68-0.85). The pooled area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for fifteen lncRNAs was 0.80 (95% CI 0.768-0.831). Meta-regression could not find any source for interstudy heterogeneity. Exosomal lncRNAs, particularly AL139294.1, GAS5, LUCAT1, and SOX2-OT, have excellent diagnostic accuracy and promising diagnostic potential in NSCLC. Therefore, they can be used as diagnostic tools for early detection of NSCLC.

Deciphering the Role of Exosomal Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) in Drug Resistance of Gastrointestinal Tumors; an Updated Review.

One of the most prevalent types of cancer worldwide today is gastric intestinal (GI) tumors. To guarantee their lives, people with a developed GI require palliative care. This covers the application of targeted medicines in addition to chemotherapy treatments including cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, and pemetrexed. Because of the evidence of drug resistance emerging in poor patient outcomes and prognoses, determining the exact process of medication resistance is motivated. Besides, it is noteworthy that exosomes and noncoding RNAs, like microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), produced from tumor cells are implicated in both GI medication resistance and the carcinogenesis and development of GI disease. Biochemical events related to the cell cycle, differentiation of cells, growth, and pluripotency, in addition to gene transcription, splicing, and epigenetics, are all regulated by noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Therefore, it should come as a wonder that several ncRNAs have been connected in recent years to drug susceptibility and resistance as well as tumorigenesis. Additionally, through communicating directly with medications, altering the transcriptome of tumor cells, and affecting the immune system, exosomes may govern treatment resistance. Because of this, exosomal lncRNAs often act as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of miRNAs to carry out its role in modifying drug resistance. In light of this, we provide an overview of the roles and processes of ncRNA-enriched exosomes in GI medication resistance.

Non-coding RNAs and exosomal non-coding RNAs in lung cancer: insights into their functions.

Lung cancer is the second most common form of cancer worldwide Research points to the pivotal role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in controlling and managing the pathology by controlling essential pathways. ncRNAs have all been identified as being either up- or downregulated among individuals suffering from lung cancer thus hinting that they may play a role in either promoting or suppressing the spread of the disease. Several ncRNAs could be effective non-invasive biomarkers to diagnose or even serve as effective treatment options for those with lung cancer, and several molecules have emerged as potential targets of interest. Given that ncRNAs are contained in exosomes and are implicated in the development and progression of the malady. Herein, we have summarized the role of ncRNAs in lung cancer. Moreover, we highlight the role of exosomal ncRNAs in lung cancer.

Exosomal non-coding RNA exhibit sex-specific profiles in salt sensitive hypertension

Exosomes are secreted by various living cells and can be found in all body fluids, especially in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma, thereby providing a source of biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases that can be used for patients’ diagnostic. Using high-throughput sequencing technologies, exosomes have been found to contain different RNA populations particularly non-coding RNA. Recently, many non-coding RNA have been recognized as key regulators in the progression of hypertension. In this study we hypothesized that female and male C57BI/6J mice exhibit different microRNA (miR) profiles after deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)+salt hypertension treatment. CSF (10 μl) and plasma (100 μl) were collected from 3-month-old mice and again after 3 weeks of DOCA-salt treatment before exosomes isolation and processing for high throughput small RNA sequencing (Creative Biolabs). Analysis was performed using R language and RStudio ( https://rstudio.com/ ) as an integrated development environment. Global miRNA analysis of CSF exosomes shows different expression miRNA profiles in DOCA+salt male mice compared with their own baseline values. In addition, we observed a remarkable difference in global miRNA expression profile between DOCA+salt male mice and DOCA+salt females (p-value < 2.2e-16), while no significant difference was detected between DOCA+salt females and their baseline values (p-value = 0.6679). Moreover, we observed that there are three clusters of around 200 miR that have different expression levels in DOCA+salt males. Our analysis identified around 74 upregulated miRNA in DOCA+salt males compared to DOCA+salt females. The maximum level of expression belonged to the muscle-specific miRNA (myomiR) miR-1a-3p, miR-206-3p and miR-26a-5p which were highly accumulated in CSF derived exosomes. These top three upregulated miRNA were associated with 282 validated target genes among which, two pivotal genes, ACE2 and ADAM17, were identified in the PPI network, miRTargetLink, and by KEGG analysis. miR-26a-5p was mostly associated with ACE2 and ADAM17 and the mRNA expression of ADAM17 was associated with reduced miR-206-3p. In conclusion, our bioinformatic analysis identified three miRNA and associated them with two key molecules involved in salt sensitive hypertension. Further analysis is likely to highlight more diagnostic biomarkers and potential candidates for the development of new therapeutic approaches. This work was supported in part by a research grant from the National Institutes of Health (HL163588). This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Exosomal noncoding RNAs in gynecological cancers: implications for therapy resistance and biomarkers.

Gynecologic cancers, including ovarian cancer (OC), cervical cancer (CC), and endometrial cancer (EC), pose a serious threat to women's health and quality of life due to their high incidence and lethality. Therapeutic resistance in tumors refers to reduced sensitivity of tumor cells to therapeutic drugs or radiation, which compromises the efficacy of treatment or renders it ineffective. Therapeutic resistance significantly contributes to treatment failure in gynecologic tumors, although the specific molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles released and received by distinct kinds of cells. Exosomes contain proteins, lipids, and RNAs closely linked to their origins and functions. Recent studies have demonstrated that exosomal ncRNAs may be involved in intercellular communication and can modulate the progression of tumorigenesis, aggravation and metastasis, tumor microenvironment (TME), and drug resistance. Besides, exosomal ncRNAs also have the potential to become significant diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in various of diseases. In this paper, we reviewed the biological roles and mechanisms of exosomal ncRNAs in the drug resistance of gynecologic tumors, as well as explored the potential of exosomal ncRNAs acting as the liquid biopsy molecular markers in gynecologic cancers.

Understanding the Roles of Non-coding RNAs and Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs in Diabetic Nephropathy.

One of the greatest serious side effects of diabetes is diabetic nephropathy (DN), which is also the key factor in the sometimes-deadly diabetic end-stage renal disease. Progressive renal interstitial fibrosis is closely associated with oxidative stress, and the extracellular matrix is typically a feature of DN. Some RNAs formed by genome transcription that are not translated into proteins are recognized as noncoding RNAs. It has been shown that ncRNAs control apoptosis, inflammatory response, cell proliferation, autophagy, and other pathogenic processes, contributing to the pathogenesis of DN. Exosomes are nano-carriers vesicles that variety in size from 40 to 160 nm. Exosomes are widely present and dispersed in different bodily fluids, plentiful in nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins (microRNA, mRNA, tRNA, lncRNA, circRNA, etc.). Exosomes play a crucial role as messengers for cellular communication. They transport and transmit key signaling molecules, participate in the transfer of information and materials between cells, control cellular physiological processes, and are carefully linked to the beginning and development of many diseases. Herein, we summarized the role of different ncRNAs in DN. Moreover, we highlighted the role of the exosomal form of ncRNAs in the DN pathogenesis.

Adipose exosomal noncoding RNAs: Roles and mechanisms in metabolic diseases.

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles, measuring 40-160 nm in diameter, that are released by many cell types and tissues, including adipose tissue. Exosomes are critical mediators of intercellular communication and their contents are complex and diverse. In recent years, accumulating evidence has proved that multiple adipose tissue-derived exosomal noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of diverse metabolic diseases, such as obesity. In this narrative review, we focus on the adipose tissue-derived exosomal ncRNAs, especially exosomal miRNAs, and their dysregulation in multiple types of metabolic diseases. A deeper understanding of the role of adipose tissue-derived exosomal ncRNAs may help provide new diagnostic and treatment methods for metabolic diseases.

Clinical significance of exosomal noncoding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma: a narrative review.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide, with poor prognosis owing to its high frequency of recurrence and metastasis. Moreover, most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage owing to a lack of early detection markers. Exosomes, which are characterized by their cargos of stable intracellular messengers, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids, play a crucial role in regulating cell differentiation and HCC development. Recently, exosomal noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs, have become increasingly important diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive markers of HCC. Herein, we discuss the clinical implications of exosomal ncRNAs, specifically those within the HCC regulatory network.

Ferroptosis-related exosomal non-coding RNAs: promising targets in pathogenesis and treatment of non-malignant diseases.

Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death, introduces a novel perspective on cellular demise. This study investigates the regulatory network of exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, circRNAs, and lncRNAs, in ferroptosis modulation. The primary goal is to examine the pathological roles of ferroptosis-related exosomal ncRNAs, particularly in ischemic reperfusion injuries. The research reveals intricate molecular interactions governing the regulatory interplay between exosomal ncRNAs and ferroptosis, elucidating their diverse roles in different non-malignant pathological contexts. Attention is given to their impact on diseases, including cardiac, cerebral, liver, and kidney ischemic injuries, as well as lung, wound, and neuronal injuries. Beyond theoretical exploration, the study provides insights into potential therapeutic applications, emphasizing the significance of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes. Findings underscore the pivotal role of MSC-derived exosomal ncRNAs in modulating cellular responses related to ferroptosis regulation, introducing a cutting-edge dimension. This recognition emphasizes the importance of MSC-derived exosomes as crucial mediators with broad therapeutic implications. Insights unveil promising avenues for targeted interventions, capitalizing on the diverse roles of exosomal ncRNAs, providing a comprehensive foundation for future therapeutic strategies.

Exosomal noncoding RNAs as noninvasive biomarkers in bladder cancer: a diagnostic meta-analysis

BackgroundIn view of discordance consisting in different reports, a meta-analysis was conducted to comprehensively evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of exosomal noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in blood and urine in the detection of bladder cancer.MethodsEligible studies were acquired by systematic retrieval through PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase. The pooled diagnostic efficacy was appraised by reckoning the area under the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve. The latent sources of heterogeneity were probed by subgroup analyses and meta-regression. STATA 12.0, Meta-DiSc 1.4, and RevMan 5.3 were applied to carry out all statistical analyses and plots.ResultsA total of 46 studies from 15 articles comprising 2622 controls and 3015 bladder cancer patients were included in our meta-analysis. Exosomal ncRNAs in blood and urine represented relatively satisfactory diagnostic efficacy in detecting bladder cancer, with a pooled sensitivity of 0.75, a specificity of 0.79, and an area under the SROC curve (AUC) of 0.84. Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) exhibited better diagnostic value with a pooled AUC of 0.91 than that of exosomal long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). To some extent, the heterogeneity among studies was induced by exosomal ncRNA types (miRNA or lncRNA), exosomal ncRNA profiling (single- or multiple-ncRNA), sample size, specimen types, and ethnicity.ConclusionExosomal ncRNAs in blood and urine may play a vital role in diagnosing bladder cancer as prospective noninvasive biomarkers; nonetheless, their clinical performance needs to be confirmed by further massive proactive researches.

Differential expressions and potential clinical values of lncRNAs in the plasma exosomes of rheumatoid arthritis

BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease with unclear pathogenesis. Progress in its clinical diagnosis and treatment mainly depends on the elucidation of its pathogenesis and the exploration of new biomarkers. Exosomes contain various biomolecules, including long non-coding ribonucleic acids (lncRNAs). lncRNAs may participate in the regulation of autoimmune and inflammatory processes during RA pathogenesis by transmitting these biomolecules via exosomes among different cells. Therefore, the investigation of lncRNAs in RA exosomes may be a feasible pathway to elucidate RA pathogenesis, identify new diagnostic biomarkers, and identify potential therapeutic targets. MethodsIn the first phase of exosomal non-coding RNAs screening, exosomes were isolated from the peripheral blood of six patients with RA and healthy controls (HC). High-throughput RNA sequencing was performed to obtain lncRNA expression profiles, and 15 lncRNAs with the highest differential expression were selected as candidate lncRNAs. In the second phase of validation using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), differential expression of the 15 candidate lncRNAs was verified in 42 patients with RA and their matched HC. Their potential value as RA diagnostic biomarkers was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Their relationships with common clinical indices of RA were explored using Spearman’s rank correlation and linear regression analyses. ResultCompared to HC, patients with RA had 206 upregulated and 2,332 downregulated lncRNAs. Fifteen candidate lncRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR, of which 12 (SNHG6, RPS18P9, RPL21P28, EBLN3P, FAM153CP, RPL23P8, SNHG31, NORAD, H3P6, DLEU2, TUG1, and OIP5-AS1) were upregulated, and three (CXXC4-AS1, OLMALINC, and NPHP3-AS1) were downregulated. In the ROC analysis of the 15 candidate lncRNAs, the area under the curve (AUC) ranged from 0.847 (0.767, 0.927) for OLMALINC to 0.994 (0.984, 1.000) for CXXC4-AS1. Spearman rank correlation analysis revealed erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and disease activity score of 28 (DAS28) were correlated with seven, six, and five lncRNAs, respectively. Further linear regression analysis revealed a negative relationship between exosomal SNHG6 and ESR (B = -0.384, P = 0.006), and a positive relationship between SNHG31 and ESR (B = 0.381, P = 0.007). Exosomal SNHG6 also showed a negative relationship with CRP (B = -0.361, P = 0.019). Moreover, exosomal RPS18P9 and SNGH31 had a negative effect and a positive effect on DAS28, respectively (B = -0.463, P < 0.001; B = 0.586, P < 0.001), implying novel exosomal lncRNAs were the independent influencing factors of the main RA-related clinical indices. ConclusionslncRNAs in RA plasma exosomes have characteristic expression profiles, including some lncRNAs with potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for RA.

Exosomal non-coding RNAs in glioma progression: insights into tumor microenvironment dynamics and therapeutic implications.

Gliomas are the most common and deadly types of brain tumors, known for their extensive genetic and epigenetic variability, which poses considerable challenges for pharmacological treatment. Glioma heterogeneity is also related to their intricate and dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME), which comprises a diverse array of cell types, including immune cells, vascular cells, glial cells, and neural precursors, collectively influencing tumor behavior and progression. A pivotal aspect of this intercellular communication relies on the exchange of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which contain and transfer complex molecular cargoes typical of their cells of origin, such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, metabolites, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), that encompass microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). Glioma cells actively release EVs loaded with specific ncRNAs that can target genes and other ncRNAs in recipient cells residing within the TME. Among these recipient cells, prominent players include tumor-associated macrophages and microglia (TAMs), non-neoplastic astrocytes and endothelial cells. The intricate interplay between EVs derived from glioma cells and these recipient cells significantly contributes to the establishment of a tumor-permissive microenvironment, promoting tumor cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and invasion, by targeting various downstream pathways. This review critically examines the current understanding of the intricate interplay between glioma, exosomal ncRNAs, and various components of the glioma TME. By shedding light on the roles of ncRNAs in mediating intercellular communication, this review underscores their significance in orchestrating TME transformation and highlights their potential as novel therapeutic targets for effectively tackling glioma progression.

Tumor cells-derived exosomal noncoding RNAs in cancer angiogenesis: Molecular mechanisms and prospective.

Exosomes, heterogeneous, membrane-bound nanoparticles that originated from eukaryotic cells, contribute to intracellular communication by transferring various biomolecules both on their surface and as internal cargo. One of the most significant current discussions on cancer progression is noncoding RNAs cargo of exosomes, which can regulate angiogenesis in tumor. A growing body of evidence shows that exosomes from tumor cells contain various microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs that can promote tumor progression by inducing angiogenesis. However, some noncoding RNAs may inhibit cancer angiogenesis. Targeting angiogenic noncoding RNA of exosomes may serve as a hopeful implement for cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss the latest knowledge of the roles of exosomal noncoding RNAs in tumor angiogenesis Understanding the biology of exosomal noncoding RNAs can help scientists plan exosomes-based innovations for the treatment of cancer angiogenesis and cancer biomarkers.

Recent Advances of Using Exosomes as Diagnostic Markers and Targeting Carriers for Cardiovascular Disease.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of human death worldwide. Exosomes act as endogenous biological vectors; they possess advantages of low immunogenicity and low safety risks, also providing tissue selectivity, including the inherent targeting the to heart. Therefore, exosomes not only have been applied as biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic outcome confirmation but also showed potential as drug carriers for cardiovascular targeting delivery. This review aims to summarize the progress and challenges of exosomes as novel biomarkers, especially many novel exosomal noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), and also provides an overview of the improved targeting functions of exosomes by unique engineered approaches, the latest developed administration methods, and the therapeutic effects of exosomes used as the biocarriers of medications for cardiovascular disease treatment. Also, the possible therapeutic mechanisms and the potentials for transferring exosomes to the clinic for CVD treatment are discussed. The advances, in vivo and in vitro applications, modifications, mechanisms, and challenges summarized in this review will provide a general understanding of this promising strategy for CVD treatment.