Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are released by cells and circulate freely in body fluids. Under physiological and pathological conditions, they serve as cargo for various biological substances such as nucleotides (DNA, RNA, ncRNA), lipids, and proteins. Recently, exosomes have been revealed to have an important role in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative illnesses, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). When secreted from damaged neurons, these exosomes are enriched in non-coding RNAs (e.g., miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs) and display wide distribution characteristics in the brain and periphery, bridging the gap between normal neuronal function and disease pathology. However, the current status of ncRNAs carried in exosomes regulating neuroprotection and PD pathogenesis lacks a systematic summary. Therefore, this review discussed the significance of ncRNAs exosomes in maintaining the normal neuron function and their pathogenic role in PD progression. Additionally, we have emphasized the importance of ncRNAs exosomes as potential non-invasive diagnostic and screening agents for the early detection of PD. Moreover, bioengineered exosomes are proposed to be used as drug carriers for targeted delivery of RNA interference molecules across the blood-brain barrier without immune system interference. Overall, this review highlighted the diverse characteristics of ncRNA exosomes, which may aid researchers in characterizing future exosome-based biomarkers for early PD diagnosis and tailored PD medicines.
Highlights
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Reddy et al, 2020)
The results showed that the expression levels of synaptophysin, synaptophysin, synaptopodrin, and neurogranin in fetal central nervous system-derived extracellular vesicles (FCEs) of pregnant women exposed to heavy ethanol was significantly decreased (P < 0.001 for all) and the inhibition level of miR-9 in fetal FCE is tenfold high (90%)
It is worth noting that FTY720 and its derivatives approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) may increase miR376b-3p, miR-128-3p, miR-146b-5p, miR-7a-5p, miR-9- 5p and miR-3p 30d-5p expression to reduce the loss of α-syn and DA neurons in PD and related diseases (Vargas-Medrano et al, 2019). miR-128, which is prevalent in the hippocampus, is expressed at higher levels in neurons than glial cells (Qiu et al, 2014)
Summary
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Reddy et al, 2020). In the follow-up studies, they generated a series of mice that expressed different levels of miR-218, such as a motor neuronselective gene regulator was associated with motor neuron disease.
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