Nutrition Exercise Research Articles

The Nuance of Bilingualism as a Reserve Contributor: Conveying Research to the Broader Neuroscience Community.

The neurological notion of “reserve” arises from an individually observable dissociation between brain health and cognitive status. According to the cognitive reserve hypothesis, high-reserve individuals experience functional compensation for neural atrophy and, thus, are able to maintain relatively stable cognitive functioning with no or smaller-than-expected impairment. Several lifestyle factors such as regular physical exercise, adequate and balanced nutrition, and educational attainment have been widely reported to contribute to reserve and, thus, lead to more successful trajectories of cognitive aging (CA). In recent years, it has become clear that bilingualism is also a potential reserve contributor. Yet, there is little communication between the neuroscience of bilingualism research community and researchers working in the field of CA more generally, despite compelling reasons for it. In fact, bilingualism tends to be overlooked as a contributory factor in the CA literature, or reduced to a dichotomous trait, despite it being a complex experience. Herein, we discuss issues that are preventing recognition of bilingualism as a reserve contributor across all literatures, highlight the benefits of including language experiences as a factor of interest across research disciplines, and suggest a roadmap to better integrate bilingualism and aging moving forward. We close with calls toward a model of aging that examines the contributions across lifestyle factors, including that of bilingual experience.

A Brief Overview of the Effects of Exercise and Red Beets on the Immune System in Patients with Prostate Cancer

Research over the past few decades has focused on the use of functional ingredients such as an active lifestyle and proper diet as a treatment for many diseases in the world. Recent studies have shown a variety of health benefits for red beets and their active ingredients such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, blood pressure and fat reduction, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity effects. This review article examines the effects of exercise and red beet consumption and the effective mechanisms of these two interventions on cellular and molecular pathways in prostate cancer. However, there is a significant relationship between an active lifestyle and proper diet with the incidence of cancer, and the use of these natural interventions for cancer patients in the treatment protocol of avoidance patients. Furthermore, this review article attempts to examine the role and effect of exercise and beetroot nutrition on prostate cancer and provide evidence of the appropriate effects of using natural interventions to prevent, reduce, and even treat cancer in stages. In addition, we examine the molecular mechanisms of the effectiveness of exercise and beetroot consumption. Finally, the use of natural interventions such as exercising and eating beets due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties, due to the lack or low level of side effects, can be considered an important intervention for the prevention and treatment of cancer.

Feasibility of Rehabilitation during Chemoradiotherapy among Patients with Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Proof-of-Concept Study.

Simple SummaryCurrently, patients with a poor physical status undergoing chemoradiotherapy (CHRT) for stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are at high risk for poor treatment tolerance and poor survival. Rehabilitation during CHRT might prevent an often-observed reduction in physical fitness and deterioration in nutritional status. In this proof-of-concept study, we investigated whether a multimodal program for rehabilitation during CHRT, constructed in collaboration with patients and healthcare professionals, was feasible with respect to program adherence during CHRT, patient motivation, patient preferences and experiences, dropout rate, adverse events, and logistic planning. Results demonstrate that supervised and personalized rehabilitation in patients with stage III NSCLC undergoing CHRT seems feasible when the intensity of the physical exercise training program and nutritional advice are adjusted to the possibilities and preferences of the patients. It is recommended to design a supervised and personalized rehabilitation program with a low-to-moderate training intensity and a longer training session duration.Rehabilitation during chemoradiotherapy (CHRT) might (partly) prevent reduction in physical fitness and nutritional status and could improve treatment tolerance in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of this proof-of-concept study was to investigate the feasibility of a multimodal program for rehabilitation during CHRT. A home-based multimodal rehabilitation program (partly supervised moderate-intensity physical exercise training and nutritional support) during CHRT was developed in collaboration with patients with stage III NSCLC and specialized healthcare professionals. A predetermined number of six patients with stage III NSCLC (aged > 50 years) who underwent CHRT and participated in this program were monitored in detail to assess its feasibility for further development and optimization of the program. The patient’s level of physical functioning (e.g., cardiopulmonary exercise test, six-minute walking test, handgrip strength, body mass index, fat free mass index, energy and protein intake) was evaluated in order to provide personalized advice regarding physical exercise training and nutrition. The program appeared feasible and well-tolerated. All six included patients managed to perform the assessments. Exercise session adherence was high in five patients and low in one patient. The performed exercise intensity was lower than prescribed for all patients. Patients were motivated to complete the home-based rehabilitation program during CHRT. Preliminary effects on physical and nutritional parameters revealed relatively stable values throughout CHRT, with inter-individual variation. Supervised and personalized rehabilitation in patients with stage III NSCLC undergoing CHRT seems feasible when the intensity of the physical exercise training was adjusted to the possibilities and preferences of the patients. Future research should investigate the feasibility of a supervised and personalized rehabilitation program during CHRT with a low-to-moderate exercise intensity with the aim to prevent physical decline during CHRT.

Management of Sarcopenia: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

This study aimed to determine the comparative effectiveness of interventions in treatment of sarcopenia. The primary outcome was the measure of treatment effect on muscle mass, and secondary outcomes were the treatment effect on muscle strength and physical performance. Systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA). Participants with sarcopenia receiving interventions targeting sarcopenia in any setting. Data sources: Relevant RCTs were identified by a systematic search of several electronic databases, including CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) from January 1995 to July 2019. Duplicate title and abstract and full-text screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were performed. All RCTs examining sarcopenia interventions [mixed exercise (combined aerobic and resistance exercise), aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, balance exercise, physical activity and protein or nutrition supplementation, acupuncture, whole-body vibration, protein supplement or interventions to increase protein intake, any nutritional intervention other than protein, and pharmacotherapy] were included. Comparators were standard care, placebo, or another intervention. We performed Bayesian NMA; continuous outcome data were pooled using the standardized mean difference effect size. Interventions were ranked using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) for each outcome. A total of 59 RCTs were included after screening of 4315 citations and 313 full-text articles. Network meta-analysis of muscle mass outcome (including 46 RCTs, 3649 participants, 11 interventions) suggested that mixed exercise were the most effective intervention (SUCRA= 93.94%) to increase muscle mass. Physical activity and protein or nutrition supplementation, and aerobic exercise were the most effective interventions to improve muscle strength and physical performance, respectively. Overall, mixed exercise is the most effective intervention in increasing muscle mass and was one of the 3 most effective interventions in increasing muscle strength and physical performance. Mixed exercise and physical activity with nutritional supplementation are the most effective sarcopenia interventions. Most of the included studies have a high risk of bias. More robust RCTs are needed to increase the confidence of our NMA results and the quality of evidence.

Anthocyanin-Rich Supplementation: Emerging Evidence of Strong Potential for Sport and Exercise Nutrition.

Dark-colored fruits, especially berries, have abundant presence of the polyphenol anthocyanin which have been show to provide health benefits. Studies with the berry blackcurrant have provided notable observations with application for athletes and physically active individuals. Alterations in exercise-induced substrate oxidation, exercise performance of repeated high-intensity running and cycling time-trial and cardiovascular function at rest and during exercise were observed with intake of New Zealand blackcurrant. The dynamic plasma bioavailability of the blackcurrant anthocyanins and the anthocyanin-derived metabolites must have changed cell function to provide meaningful in-vivo physiological effects. This perspective will reflect on the research studies for obtaining the applied in-vivo effects by intake of anthocyanin-rich supplementation, the issue of individual responses, and the emerging strong potential of anthocyanins for sport and exercise nutrition. Future work with repeated intake of known amount and type of anthocyanins, gut microbiota handling of anthocyanins, and coinciding measurements of plasma anthocyanin and anthocyanin-derived metabolites and in-vivo cell function will be required to inform our understanding for the unique potential of anthocyanins as a nutritional ergogenic aid for delivering meaningful effects for a wide range of athletes and physically active individuals.

Efficacy and safety of antidiabetics agents in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): a literature review

One of the most common metabolic diseases during pregnancy period is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). It is associated with several perinatal complications, especially in those who have risk factors such as obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome, and a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Some research has shown that physical exercise and medical nutrition treatment can give beneficial effects to control glycemic and body weight for GDM affected women. Furthermore, pharmacological agents such as insulin and a specific oral antidiabetic can be prescribed safely during pregnancy to decrease maternal glucose blood. Therapy of GDM is needed to control blood for the wellness of the patient during and after the pregnancy. The main treatment therapy for GDM is lifestyle modification, which includes medical nutritional therapy and daily physical exercise. In the special case of disorder glucose level, drug therapy will be given to the patient. Insulin is the chosen drug because it is safe and does not cross the placenta. It is the gold standard pharmacological agent for GDM treatment. However, it still has some disadvantages such as the difficulties of how to use it, how many doses must be given, and the price that tends to be expensive. Consequently, the alternative drug may have to substitute it. Insulin can be substituted by metformin and glyburide (glibenclamide) in the form of oral antidiabetic. They are equal in terms of efficacy and safety compare to insulin as a treatment for GDM. Besides, they are also cheaper, and easy to use.

Dietary Recommendations for Active and Competitive Aerobic Exercising Athletes: A Review of Literature

Aerobic exercise is a common sport activity participated by numerous individuals in many parts of the world. Individuals involved in this sport may participate for various reasons, for instance, improved health and weight management while others are involved for competitive purposes. Recommendations, therefore, vary according to the aim and the intensity of the engagement. Depending on the purpose, dietary practices related to the type of foods or meals to be consumed, timing of intake and hydration strategies used by athletes remain important. There is a concern, however, that dietary recommendations for aerobic sport lack scrutiny. It is important for athletes involved in aerobic exercises to adhere to recommendations for them to enjoy their sports engagement while maintaining good health. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss the aerobic exercise nutrition recommendations for aerobic exercising athletes with a specific focus on energy, macro- and micronutrients, nutrients dosing, and timing thereof. 

A Guide to Different Intensities of Exercise, Vaccination, and Sports Nutrition in the Course of Preparing Elite Athletes for the Management of Upper Respiratory Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review.

Elite athletes use high-intensity training to maintain their fitness level. However, intense training can harm the immune system, making athletes suspectable to COVID-19 and negatively affecting their performance. In addition, the diet of athletes should be appreciated more as it is another influencer of the immune system, especially during the COVID 19 pandemic. The other important issue elite athletes face currently is vaccination and its possible intervention with their training. The present study attempts to discuss the impact of different training intensities, nutritional strategies, and vaccination on the immune system function in elite athletes. To this end, Scopus, ISC, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched from 1988 to 2021 using the related keywords. The results of our review showed that although high-intensity exercise can suppress the immune system, elite athletes should not stop training in the time of infection but use low- and moderate-intensity training. Moderate-intensity exercise can improve immune function and maintain physical fitness. In addition, it is also better for athletes not to undertake high-intensity training at the time of vaccination, but instead perform moderate to low-intensity training. Furthermore, nutritional strategies can be employed to improve immune function during high-intensity training periods.

Abstracts From the 2021 International Sport + Exercise Nutrition Conference

Abstracts From the 2021 International Sport + Exercise Nutrition Conference

Can Muscle Building Supplements Increase Testicular Cancer Risk?

OPINION article Front. Nutr., 28 January 2022Sec. Sport and Exercise Nutrition Volume 9 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.778426

Experiences of Participation in a Multimodal Preventive Trial MIND-ADMINI Among Persons with Prodromal Alzheimer's Disease: A Qualitative Study.

IntroductionAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the world’s leading public health challenges. One-third of AD cases are attributable to modifiable vascular and lifestyle-related risk factors. The Multimodal Preventive Trial for Alzheimer’s Disease, MIND-ADMINI a 6-month multinational parallel-group randomized controlled trial (RCT), targeted persons with prodromal AD and built on the positive outcomes from the Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER) trial. The intervention consisted of four main components of (i) physical exercise training program, (ii) nutrition guidance, (iii) cognitive training, and (iv) social stimulation, as well as (iv) monitoring of metabolic/vascular risk factors.AimThe study aimed to explore and describe the experiences of participation in MIND-ADMINI among persons with prodromal AD.MethodsThis qualitative study was part of the larger MIND-ADMINI project. Eight participants were interviewed twice, before and after the intervention. The data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis.ResultsThe results are presented as categories of (i) knowledge of AD and prevention, (ii) motives for study participation, (iii) experiences of the received information about the study, (iv) taking the decision to participate, (v) expectations on study participation, (vi) experiences of study participation and (vii) internal and external factors influencing study participation.ConclusionThe MIND-ADMINI was well-tolerated by the participants. At the beginning of the study, the number of tasks and visits was perceived as burdensome but was later well-tolerated. The participant’ knowledge about AD and prevention increased during the trial. Their motives for participating in MIND-ADMINI were described as both altruistic and self-beneficial. Health benefits from the study components, access to specialized medical care were identified as benefits. Managing the intensive flow of information was described a major challenge. The participants’ needs for personalized support during the trial stress the importance of applying a person-centered approach providing the preventive trials.

Sarcojoint®, the branched-chain amino acid-based supplement, plus resistance exercise improved muscle mass in adults aged 50years and older: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial.

Functional ability and intrinsic capacity are key elements of healthy aging, in which exercise and good nutrition play important roles. This 12-week double-blinded randomized controlled trial enrolled community-dwelling adults aged 50years and older to examine the effects of Sarcojoint®, a comprehensive formula for the musculoskeletal system, plus resistance exercise on muscle mass. This study intended to enroll 80 participants with a randomly selected subsample of 32 participants (16 from the intervention group and 16 from controls) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the cross-sectional area of the bilateral mid-thighs. The participants were then randomly assigned to the intervention group (Sarcojoint® 1 package twice a day) and control group (vitamin B as placebo) at a 1: 1 ratio. All the participants were required to undergo a regular exercise program (45min at the gym per week and two sessions of 30-min exercise at home). The data from 66 participants (68.1±7.1years and 16.7% males; intervention group: 32, control group: 34) were available for analysis. The whole study was pre-registered and data reporting followed Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials with the primary endpoints of muscle mass, 30-s chair-rise test, and gait speed. Results of MRI were the subgroup analysis to examine muscle mass and intramuscular adiposity. The baseline characteristics of all the participants between groups were similar, as well as those of the MRI subgroups. Within-group comparisons showed that the intervention group, but not the control group, significantly reduced the total body fat percentage (34.3±5.5 vs. 35.0±5.4%, P=0.021). Serum vitamin D was increased in the intervention group (24.1±6.1 vs. 21.1±7.0ng/mL; P=0.025) and was reduced in the control group (18.0±5.2 vs. 20.2±5.8ng/mL; P=0.006). The physical performance tests of both groups were significantly improved. The between-group analysis showed no significant differences in 30-s chair stand test, handgrip strength and appendicular muscle mass. The sub-group analysis showed significant improvement in the serum levels of vitamin D (6.70±8.20 vs. -0.50±3.90ng/mL; P=0.001) and the mid-thigh cross-sectional area of the nondominant legs (165.4±291.4 vs. -61.1±195.0mm2; P=0.034) in the intervention group. In conclusion, Sarcojoint® plus resistance exercise significantly increased muscle mass and serum levels of vitamin D, but not significantly better in muscle strength and physical performance than controls. More investigations are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of Sarcojoint® on middle-aged and older adults.

Beyond Services and Prescriptions: Reimagining Healthy Lifestyle Centers as Cooperative Enterprises.

While the health-enhancing benefits of exercise and good nutrition have been well documented, the ability of health professionals to encourage healthier lifestyle behaviors among those they serve continues to prove challenging. Creating the conditions where healthier living can both occur and be sustained requires thinking beyond the traditional provision of services and prescriptions that occur in healthcare settings. Healthy Lifestyle Centers are emerging as a way of deploying lifestyle medicine practices. Turning these centers into cooperative businesses has the potential to make them more effective. Cooperative business principles are well established, and they enable individuals to become makers and producers of their own healthy lifestyles, providing a greater opportunity for sustained lifestyles changes. The purpose of this article is to further examine the role of engagement practices and coproduction as they relate to cooperative business models and to propose a framework for a Cooperative Healthy Lifestyle Center.

A Review of Sarcopenia Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Future Direction.

Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. The prevalence of sarcopenia was reported to be up to 29% in older persons in the community healthcare setting. Sarcopenia diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of low muscle mass plus low muscle strength or low physical performance. Sarcopenia management options include non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches. Non-pharmacological approaches include resistance exercise and adequate nutrition. Of the two, resistance exercise is the standard non-pharmacological treatment approach for sarcopenia with significant positive evidence. Some dietary approaches such as adequate intake of protein, vitamin D, antioxidant nutrients, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid have been shown to have positive effects against sarcopenia. Currently, no specific drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of sarcopenia. However, several agents, including growth hormone, anabolic or androgenic steroids, selective androgenic receptor modulators, protein anabolic agents, appetite stimulants, myostatin inhibitors, activating II receptor drugs, β-receptor blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and troponin activators, are recommended and have been shown to have variable efficacy. Future research should focus on sarcopenia biological pathway and improved diagnostic approaches such as biomarkers for early detection, development of consistently pre-eminent treatment methods for severe sarcopenia patients, and establishing sensitive measures for predicting sarcopenia treatment response.

The Effect on the Immune System in the Human Body Due to COVID-19: An Insight on Traditional to Modern Approach as a Preventive Measure

The COVID-19, the most infectious pandemic disease arising due to SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) has caused huge issues globally. In this review, we discuss the impact of COVID-19 on the immune system of the human body and the protective mechanisms of the host immune system opposing viral infections. Here, we summarize the effect of the pandemic of the novel coronavirus disease on the immune system such as sleep and Behavioral Immune System (BIS) together with consideration of researcher’s observation points of view. We draw particular attention to recent up-to-date reports concerning COVID-19 drugs as well as information about the landscape document for COVID-19 vaccines released by WHO (World Health Organization), and some adverse events of COVID-19 vaccination. Additionally, can take part in the preventive appraise in opposition within this pandemic severe COVID-19 infections disease may affect some outcome in physical exercise, physical movement, healthy diets, and good nutrition are significant for supporting the immune systems and summarize AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) Indian medicinal systems guidelines for immunity boosting procedures during COVID-19 pandemic.

Health Care Disparities in the Utilization of Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Services Among Ambulatory Care Patients in the United States

Background: Exercise routines, diet management, education and Medication Therapy Management (MTM) have shown to improve glycemic control, lower blood pressure and body weight. While the majority of patients are on some form of weight management, many do not receive professional guidance to create their diet plan. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine if the utilization of type 2 diabetes mellitus prevention services were impacted by patient and physician characteristics in visits to ambulatory providers in the United States. Findings: A total of 1,932 patients with a primary diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus were extracted from the 2017 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey database, collected by the National Center of Health Statistics. The patients’ age, sex, race, gender, region, insurance and physician characteristics were among the demographic variables studied. The prevalence of lifestyle preventive services, including exercise therapy, nutrition therapy, patient education or counseling, were analyzed. Patients older than 61 years and white patients were offered more exercise therapy than their comparable demographics. The southern region of the U.S. and patients with Medicaid or state insured plans were offered and utilized the most exercise therapy, nutrition therapy and education. Family practice physicians and internists defined as primary care physicians offered the most exercise therapy, nutrition therapy and education services. Majority of the studied population were not offered exercise therapy, nutrition therapy, or education services, indicating the need for more preventative lifestyle services. Conclusions: Overall, the findings of this study revealed that there was a significant difference in the utilization and offering of preventive resources amongst various demographic groups and physician characteristics. This confirms the prevalence of disparities in the U.S. Healthcare System and calls for the need to narrow this gap both at the policy and community level.

Impact of a Mobile Telerehabilitation Solution on Metabolic Health Outcomes and Rehabilitation Adherence in Patients With Obesity: Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundObesity is a major public health issue. Combining exercise training, nutrition, and therapeutic education in metabolic rehabilitation (MR) is recommended for obesity management. However, evidence from randomized controlled studies is lacking. In addition, MR is associated with poor patient adherence. Mobile health devices improve access to MR components.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to compare the changes in body composition, anthropometric parameters, exercise capacity, and quality of life (QOL) within 12 weeks of patients in the telerehabilitation (TR) program to those of usual care patients with obesity.MethodsThis was a parallel-design randomized controlled study. In total, 50 patients with obesity (BMI>30 kg/m²) were included in a TR group (TRG) or a usual care group (UCG) for 12 weeks. Patients underwent biometric impedance analyses, metabolic exercise tests, actimetry, and QOL and satisfaction questionnaires. The primary outcome was the change in fat mass at 12 weeks from baseline. Secondary outcomes were changes in body weight, metabolic parameters, exercise capacity, QOL, patients’ adhesion, and satisfaction.ResultsA total of 49 patients completed the study. No significant group × time interaction was found for fat mass (TRG: mean 1.7 kg, SD 2.6 kg; UCG: mean 1.2 kg, SD 2.4 kg; P=.48). Compared with the UCG, TRG patients tended to significantly improve their waist to hip ratios (TRG: −0.01 kg, SD 0.04; UCG: +0.01 kg, SD 0.06; P=.07) and improved QOL physical impact (TRG: +21.8, SD 43.6; UCG: −1.2, SD 15.4; P=.005). Significant time effects were observed for body composition, 6-minute walk test distance, exercise metabolism, sedentary time, and QOL. Adherence (95%) and satisfaction in the TRG were good.ConclusionsIn adults with obesity, the TR program was not superior to usual care for improving body composition. However, TR was able to deliver full multidisciplinary rehabilitation to patients with obesity and improve some health outcomes. Given the patients’ adherence and satisfaction, pragmatic programs should consider mobile health devices to improve access to MR. Further studies are warranted to further establish the benefits that TR has over usual care.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03396666; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03396666

Physical factors in medical rehabilitation of children with spinal osteochondropathies

The article is devoted to a targeted search of scientific literature sources aimed at compiling a review of data on the use of physiotherapy methods in the medical rehabilitation of children with spinal osteochondropathy. One of the most urgent and socially significant issues of modern medicine is the widespread prevalence of orthopedic pathology, among which the leading positions are taken by diseases of the spine. Recently, in the population of children and adolescents, there has been a steady increase in pain syndromes of a vertebrogenic nature, leading to impaired physical functioning. According to various population studies, the prevalence of this nosological form ranges from 0.42 to 37% among the child population. The prevalence of Scheuermann — Mau disease in the general population of children and adolescents ranges from 0.4–8.3%. This pathology is the most common among all children osteochondropathies. To date, the etiology of spinal osteochondropathy is still unclear. Due to the asymptomatic course, the disease is not always diagnosed in the early stages of development, which creates certain difficulties in diagnosing and prescribing an effective treatment for the disease. Medical rehabilitation of children with osteochondropathy of the spine is aimed at preventing further progression of deformity, improving posture, respiratory function and cardiovascular system and includes: a rational exercise regime and nutrition, bracing and cold water treatment procedures, conservative orthopedic measures (wearing a corset, staying in a plaster bed), active correction of deformity (kinesiotherapy), hydrokinetic therapy, massage, passive correction of deformity (treatment by position), physiotherapy (electrical muscle stimulation), sports (skiing, swimming).

High-protein intake and early exercise in adult intensive care patients: a randomized controlled phase III study to evaluate the impact on functional outcomes

Rationale: We evaluated the efficacy of high protein intake and early exercise versus standard nutrition care and routine physiotherapy on the outcome of critically ill patients.

Explosive Hypertrophy Development: 5rd Method, Advanced Way for Explosive Hypertrophy, Cases Report Series Research

The knowledge of muscle function plays a major role in bodybuilding training and makes big difference for bodybuilders. Muscle monitoring is of great interest in areas such as clinical assessment, and sport science. Understanding, ideally quantifying, when a muscle state has changed in relation to whole body motion can assist in physical training and muscle conditioning. There are lot of different methods to gain muscle mass and improve weak parts; bodybuilders been using those methods for decades such: drop-set, rest-pause, super-set, tri-set, giant sets, contrast time, multi hold pump set, intra set load contrast, regressive range of motion, iso dynamic contrast Our method is based on scientific work; our main goal is to improve bodybuilder’s weak muscles and increase muscle mass in very short period of time, to asses our work we used electromyography (EMG) to assess the skeletal muscles activity and ultrasonography (US) to measure muscle thickness. Bodybuilding is the use of progressive resistance exercise to develop the musculature, is the process of developing muscle fibres through the combination of weight training, increased caloric intake, and rest. Bodybuilding decreases risk of developing diseases, Improve Mental Health, simply Weight training exercise, aerobic exercise and right nutrition have beneficial effects for strong mind and body. Muscle hypertrophy is a term for the growth and increase of the size of muscle cells. Hypertrophy is, by definition, the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells. Not to be confused withhyperplasia, the process of increasing the number of cells, hypertrophy is the process of increasing the size of the cells that are already there. By that a hormonal response is triggered, so a release of growth factor, cortisol, and testosterone. Growth factors help stimulate muscle hypertrophy while testosterone increases protein synthesis. This process makes satellite cells multiplying and their daughter cells go to the damaged tissue. To build muscle through weight lifting, you need to have both mechanical damage and metabolic fatigue. When you lift a heavy weight, the contractile proteins in the muscles must generate force to overturn the resistance provided by the weight.