Exercise-induced Asthma Research Articles

Ventilatory responses to constant load exercise following the inhalation of a short-acting ß2-agonist in a laboratory-controlled diesel exhaust exposure study in individuals with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction

ObjectiveIndividuals with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) use ß2-agonists to reduce respiratory symptoms during acute exercise. The resultingbronchodilation could increase the dose of inhaled pollutants and impair respiratory function when exercise is performedin air pollution. We aimed to assess respiratory responses in individuals with EIB when completing a cycling bout while being exposed to diesel exhaust (DE) or filtered air (FA) with and without the inhalation of salbutamol (SAL), a short-acting ß2-agonist. MethodsIn a double-blind, repeated-measures design, 19 participants with EIB (22-33 years of age) completed four visits: FA-placebo (FA-PLA), FA-SAL, DE-PLA, DE-SAL. After the inhalation of either 400 µg of SAL or PLA, participants sat in the exposure chamber for 60 min, breathing either FA or DE (PM2.5 = 300 μg/m3). Participants then cycled for 30 min at 50 % of peak work rate while breathing FA or DE. Respiratory responses were assessed via spirometry, work of breathing (WOB), fractional use of ventilatory capacity (V̇E/V̇E,CAP), area under the maximal expiratory flow-volume curve (MEFVAUC), and dyspnea during and following cycling. ResultsBronchodilation in response to SAL and acute cycling was observed, independent of FA/DE exposure. Specifically, FEV1 was increased by 7.7 % (confidence interval (CI): 7.2–8.2 %; p < 0.01) in response to SAL, and MEFVAUC was increased after cycling by 1.1 % (0.9–1.3 %; p = 0.03). Despite a significant decrease in total WOB by 6.2 J/min (4.7–7.5 J/min; p = 0.049) and a reduction in V̇E/V̇E,CAP by 5.8 % (5–6 %, p < 0.01) in the SAL exposures, no changes were observed in dyspnea. The DE exposure significantly increased V̇E/V̇E,CAP by 2.4 % (0.9–3.9 %; p < 0.01), but this did not affect dyspnea. DiscussionOur findings suggest that the use of SAL prior to moderate-intensity exercise when breathing high levels of DE, does not reduce respiratory function or exercise ventilatory responses for up to 60 min following exercise.

Montelukast and Neuropsychiatric Events in Children With Asthma: A Nested Case-Control Study

SD Glockler-Lauf, Y Finkelstein, J Zhu, LY Feldman, T To. J Pediatr. 2019;209:176–182.e4 To assess the association between montelukast prescription and neuropsychiatric events in children with asthma. Ontario children aged 5–18 years with an index neuropsychiatric event between April 1, 2004, and March 31, 2016, were identified as cases within a study cohort of children with physician-diagnosed asthma prescribed an asthma maintenance medication. Patients with pre-existing mental health conditions or a dispensed prescription for zafirlukast were excluded. Each case was matched based on sex, asthma diagnosis date, and birthdate to a maximum of four control patients without a neuropsychiatric event from the same study cohort. …

The interest of rehabilitation of respiratory disorders in athletes: Myth or reality?

Healthy trained athletes generally have an "overbuilt" respiratory system in order to face the huge ventilation and gas-exchange demand imposed by strenuous exercise. Athletes frequently complain of respiratory symptoms regardless of whether they have a diagnosed respiratory disease, therefore evoking a kind of respiratory limitation during exercise. Some respiratory pathologies athletes present are closely linked to exercise and include asthma, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) or exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction. Management of asthma and EIB are mainly based on pharmacological treatments. However, many athletes still complain of respiratory symptoms despite optimal pharmacological treatments, which highlights the need for non-pharmacological approaches including breathing retraining, inspiratory muscle training and/or laryngeal exercise performed under the guidance of a physiotherapist in this specific population. With this literature overview, we aimed to report evidence supporting the interest of rehabilitation for athletes with respiratory disorders and discuss whether inspiratory muscle training programs can improve performance in healthy athletes. We searched MEDLINE and Cochrane databases for trials, reviews and meta-analyses assessing respiratory rehabilitation and muscle training programs in athletes by using the MesH terms "athletes", "asthma", "dyspnea", "rehabilitation" and "education" published from January 2010 to March 2020. The selection of articles was based on the author's expertise to elaborate this review of the literature. Major findings suggest that breathing retraining may help asthmatic athletes better control their respiratory symptoms and that inspiratory muscle training may improve respiratory symptoms of exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction in athletes. Improvement of performance by respiratory muscle training still remains controversial. Respiratory rehabilitation could be of interest in the specific population of athletes but should be further evaluated to improve the level of evidence of such strategies.

Gestational and Postpartum Weight Trajectories Among Women With and Without Asthma.

Asthma leads to increased weight gain in nonpregnant populations, but studies have not examined this association within the context of pregnancy. The association between asthma and perinatal weight trajectories was examined in the Breathe-Wellbeing, Environment, Lifestyle, and Lung Function Study (2015-2019). Multilevel linear spline models were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, income, marital status, education, cigarette smoking, parity, study site, and prepregnancy body mass index were used to examine differences in perinatal weight trajectories between women with (n=299) and without (n=101) asthma. Secondary analyses were conducted to assess whether associations differed by asthma phenotypes. At 40 weeks' gestation, women with asthma gained 16.2 kg (95% confidence interval (CI): 14.6, 17.7) and women without asthma gained 13.1 kg (95% CI: 10.9, 15.4). At 3 months postpartum, women with asthma retained 10.4 kg (95% CI: 8.9, 11.9) and women without asthma retained 8.0 kg (95% CI: 5.9, 10.2). Among women with asthma, exercise-induced asthma and step 3 asthma medications were associated with excess gestational weight gain. These study findings suggest women with asthma gain and retain more weight during pregnancy and postpartum than do women without asthma.

Determinants of exercise capacity in children and adolescents with severe therapy-resistant asthma

Objective To evaluate the exercise capacity of children and adolescents with severe therapy resistant asthma (STRA) aiming to identify its main determinants. Methods Cross-sectional study including individuals aged 6–18 years with a diagnosis of STRA. Clinical (age and gender), anthropometric (weight, height and body mass index) and disease control data were collected. Lung function (spirometry), cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) test were performed. Results Twenty-four patients aged 11.5 ± 2.6 years were included. The mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was 91.3 ± 9.2%. EIB occurred in 54.2% of patients. In CPET, the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) was 34.1 ± 7.8 mL kg−1 min−1. A significant correlation between ventilatory reserve and FEV1 (r = 0.57; p = 0.003) was found. Similarly, there was a significant correlation between CPET and percent of FEV1 fall in the EIB test for both V E/VO2 (r = 0.47; p = 0.02) and V E/VCO2 (r = 0.46; p = 0.02). Patients with FEV1<80% had lower ventilatory reserve (p = 0.009). In addition, resting heart rate correlated with VO2peak (r=-0.40; p = 0.04), V E/VO2 (r = 0.46; p = 0.02) and V E/VCO2 (r = 0.48; p = 0.01). Conclusions Exercise capacity is impaired in approximately 30% of children and adolescents with STRA. The results indicate that different aspects of aerobic fitness are influenced by distinct determinants, including lung function and EIB.

Prevalence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and laryngeal obstruction in adolescent athletes.

ObjectivesTo study the prevalence of exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and exercise‐induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) in adolescent athletes.MethodsAll adolescents (n = 549) attending first year at a sports high school in 2016 and 2017, were invited to answer a questionnaire on respiratory symptoms. The 367 responding participants were divided into two groups based on whether they reported exercise‐induced dyspnea (dyspnea group) or not (nondyspnea group). Randomly selected participants in each group were invited to undergo two standardized exercise tests, an EIB test and a continuous laryngoscopy exercise (CLE) test, to investigate EILO.ResultsIn total, 98 participants completed an EIB test, 75 of whom also completed a CLE test. Positive EIB tests: eight of 41 in the dyspnea group and 16 of 57 in the nondyspnea group. Positive CLE tests: 5 of 34 in the dyspnea group and three of 41 in the nondyspnea group. The estimated prevalence of EIB was 23.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.5–33.8) and of EILO 8.1% (95% CI: 2.5–18.5) in the whole study population. No differences in prevalence of EIB or EILO were found between the dyspnea and the nondyspnea groups.ConclusionEIB was highly prevalent in this cohort of adolescent athletes. EILO was less prevalent, but represents an important differential diagnosis to EIB. Self‐reported exercise‐induced dyspnea is a weak indicator for both EIB and EILO and standardized testing should be provided.

Sex Differences in Ventilation amongst Athletes Undergoing EVH Challenge Testing for Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction

Sex Differences in Ventilation amongst Athletes Undergoing EVH Challenge Testing for Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction

The feasibility of eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea for the diagnosis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in a community pulmonary practice

Objective Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a common condition and is typically treated empirically based on symptoms alone. However, symptoms of EIB are typically nonspecific. Objective testing with eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea (EVH) is a sensitive and specific method to diagnose EIB and may suggest alternative etiologies such as exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO). To this point, EVH has been primarily utilized in large academic centers and in elite athletes. We intend to discuss the feasibility and clinical application of utilizing EVH to diagnose EIB in a community-based pulmonary practice. Methods Retrospective analysis of 62 patients who completed EVH at The Oregon Clinic Pulmonary Clinic. Patients with inspiratory flow volume loop flattening or clinical symptoms were assessed by otolaryngology for evidence of EILO. Results: 61 of 62 patients were included in the final analysis. 52 of 61 patients (85%) achieved an interpretable test with a maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) >60%. There was no difference in baseline spirometry or patient characteristics between those who were able to reach an MVV >60% and those who did not. 14 (23%) patients were diagnosed with EIB, 18 (30%) with EILO, and 4 (7%) were diagnosed with both EIB and EILO. Only 1 patient had a non-diagnostic evaluation with MVV <60% and negative for EIB and EILO. Conclusions EVH is a feasible diagnostic modality to evaluate for EIB in a community pulmonary practice and may suggest alternative conditions such as EILO. Accurate diagnosis is paramount to prescribing proper therapy, decreasing inappropriate medication use, and relieving exercise-induced symptoms.

Sex Differences in Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a common complication of athletes and individuals who exercise regularly. It is estimated that about 90% of patients with underlying asthma (a sexually dimorphic disease) experience EIB; however, sex differences in EIB have not been studied extensively. With the goal of better understanding the prevalence of EIB in males and females, and because atopy has been reported to occur at higher rates in athletes, in this study, we investigated sex differences in EIB and atopy in athletes. A systematic literature review identified 60 studies evaluating EIB and/or atopy in post-pubertal adult athletes (n = 7501). Collectively, these studies reported: (1) a 23% prevalence of EIB in athletes; (2) a higher prevalence of atopy in male vs. female athletes; (3) a higher prevalence of atopy in athletes with EIB; (4) a significantly higher rate of atopic EIB in male vs. female athletes. Our analysis indicates that the physiological changes that occur during exercise may differentially affect male and female athletes, and suggest an interaction between male sex, exercise, and atopic status in the course of EIB. Understanding these sex differences is important to provide personalized management plans to athletes with underlying asthma and/or atopy.

Reduced Exercise Tolerance Does Not Always Mean Bronchial Asthma.

Reduced exercise tolerance in a patient in whom any heart diseases were preliminarily excluded suggests other frequent causes of effort-related symptoms, that is, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, lack of training, or overweight. The presented case underscores the importance of comprehensive diagnostic workup in children with exercise-related symptoms.

High prevalence of exercise-induced stridor during Parkrun: a cross-sectional field-based evaluation

Background and objectiveThe differential diagnosis for exercise-associated breathlessness is broad, however, when a young athletic individual presents with respiratory symptoms, they are most often prescribed inhaler therapy for presumed exercise-induced...

Leptin and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in obese asthmatic children

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in asthmatic children has been associated with obesity. Leptin, the proinflammatory adipokine, is typically increased in obesity, whereas cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are the main inflammatory mediators implicated in the pathogenesis of EIB. The aim of this work was to study the possible impact of obesity on the severity of EIB in asthmatic children and the possible association with the adipokine leptin. The study included eighty pre-pubertal asthmatic children divided according to their body mass index (BMI) and response to exercise into four groups; obese exercise-responders (n=20), normal-weight exercise-responders (n=20), obese exercise non-responders (n=20), and normal-weight exercise non-responders (n=20). A baseline spirometry test and a standardized exercise challenge test (ECT) were performed. The severity of EIB was assessed by the maximum percentage fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (MF%FEV1) after exercise. The level of fasting serum leptin and the release of cysLTs during exercise were compared between the 4 groups. The MF%FEV1 during exercise was significantly greater in obese responder compared to normal-weight responder patients (p=0.004) and MF%FEV1 was positively correlated with cysLT release during exercise, BMI z-score, waist circumference and serum leptin. CysLT release during exercise was positively correlated with the level of serum leptin (r =0.514, p=0.001). This study reports that the severity of EIB is significantly greater in obese compared to normal-weight asthmatic children and suggests an association between leptin and airway hyperresponsiveness to exercise in obese asthmatic children through a mechanism related to cysLT release

Type 2 Inflammatory Biomarker Response After Exercise Challenge Testing.

IntroductionExercise-induced bronchoconstriction is due to osmotic stimulus of the airway epithelium and leads to a cascade of biomarker release from several inflammatory cells. Several type 2 (T2) mediators have been linked to exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, but the T2 response per se has not been described during exercise. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate T2 biomarkers in plasma and urine from subjects with asthma and healthy controls before and after an exercise challenge.MethodsTwenty-two subjects with mild asthma and 18 healthy controls performed an exercise challenge test on a treadmill, and fractional exhaled NO (FeNO) was measured at baseline. Blood and urine samples were collected repeatedly during 60 min after the test and Interleukin-13 (IL-13), thymus and activation-related chemokine (TARC), periostin and leukotrienes were measured.ResultsAsthmatics and controls showed similar levels of IL-13, TARC, periostin and Cys-LT in plasma at baseline, and there were no differences in baseline levels between subjects with a negative and positive exercise challenge. After exercise, there was an overall increase in interleukin-13 (IL-13) in plasma in all subjects (p<0.001), with a peak at 10 min after the exercise challenge in both the asthmatic and control group. An increase in TARC in plasma was also seen (p<0.001), but only in the control subjects. In contrast, Cys-LT in plasma showed an overall decrease in all subjects (p<0.001), while periostin in plasma did not change. In conjunction with plasma, the level of IL-13 was increased in urine 30 min after the exercise challenge (p=0.002) and decreased again at 60 min (p=0.004). Similarly, leukotriene E4 (LTE4) was increased in urine samples, with a peak at 60 min and most pronounced in asthmatic subjects (p<0.001) but was seen also in controls (p=0.008).DiscussionIn conclusion, circulating levels of IL-13 are increased after exercise to the same extent in asthmatics and healthy control subjects, which indicates a physiological rather than a pathophysiological response. Also, the levels of TARC and leukotrienes were affected after exercise.

Oil supplementation with a special combination of n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids does not protect for exercise induced asthma: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial

BackgroundMany patients suffering from exercise-induced asthma (EIA) have normal lung function at rest and show symptoms and a decline in FEV1 when they do sports or during exercise-challenge. It has been described that long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) could exert a protective effect on EIA.MethodsIn this study the protective effect of supplementation with a special combination of n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA (sc-LCPUFA) (total 1.19 g/ day) were investigated in an EIA cold air provocation model. Primary outcome measure: Decrease in FEV1 after exercise challenge and secondary outcome measure: anti-inflammatory effects monitored by exhaled NO (eNO) before and after sc-LCPUFA supplementation versus placebo.ResultsNinety-nine patients with exercise-induced symptoms aged 10 to 45 were screened by a standardized exercise challenge in a cold air chamber at 4 °C. Seventy-three patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria of a FEV1 decrease > 15% and were treated double-blind placebo-controlled for 4 weeks either with sc-LCPUFA or placebo. Thirty-two patients in each group completed the study. Mean FEV1 decrease after cold air exercise challenge and eNO were unchanged after 4 weeks sc-LCPUFA supplementation.ConclusionSupplementation with sc-LCPUFA at a dose of 1.19 g/d did not have any broncho-protective and anti-inflammatory effects on EIA.Trial registrationClinical trial registration number: NCT02410096. Registered 7 February 2015 at Clinicaltrial.gov

A retrospective study of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis in barrel racing horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and asthma in Texas from 2016 to 2018

Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) and asthma in barrel racing horses is a common disease across the United States. Limited information is available on non-infectious respiratory diseases in this population, the interaction between these two diseases, and the occurrence of both EIPH and asthma in the horse. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cytological results of barrel racing horses with EIPH, asthma, or both. A retrospective study was conducted using the medical records of horses that presented with cough and decreased athletic performance and BAL results that met the criteria for inclusion. Data from 95 horses were included from a private practice referral hospital in Texas. No statistical difference was found in the frequency of neutrophilia, eosinophilia, or mastocytosis between diagnoses of EIPH, asthma, or concurrent diagnoses of EIPH and asthma. Bronchoalveolar lavage of horses suspected of EIPH is warranted to fully characterize the noninfectious respiratory disease of barrel racing horses.

Work Group Report: Perspectives in Diagnosis and Management of Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction in Athletes

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, otherwise known as exercise-induced bronchoconstriction with asthma or without asthma, is an acute airway narrowing that occurs as a result of exercise and can occur in patients with asthma. A panel of members from the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Sports, Exercise, & Fitness Committee reviewed the diagnosis and management of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes of all skill levels including recreational athletes, high school and college athletes, and professional athletes. A special emphasis was placed on the recommendations and regulations set forth by professional athletic organizations after a detailed review of their collective bargaining agreements, substance abuse policies, antidoping program manuals, and the World Anti-Doping Agency antidoping code. The recommendations in this review are based on currently available evidence in addition to providing guidance for athletes of all skill levels as well as their treating physicians to better understand which pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical management options are appropriate as well as which medications are permitted or prohibited, and the proper documentation required to remain compliant.

Does The Mixed Relay Triathlon Affect Respiratory Function In Healthy Junior Triathletes?

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a transient narrowing of the airway that can be attributed to heavy ventilation associated with sustained high intensity exercise greater than 8 min. High aerobic and ventilatory training demands can exacerbate the EIB response and lead to prevalence of EIB in endurance athletes like triathletes. The mixed relay triathlon, due to its high intensity and short duration format, will induce heavy ventilation that could lead to EIB. However, no research at present has determined the influence of a mixed relay on respiratory function and baseline spirometry measures which influence EIB. PURPOSE: To determine severity and prevalence of EIB in healthy triathletes competing in a mixed relay and understand if baseline spirometry is predictive of the EIB response and race performance. METHODS: Seven males (17.7 ± 0.4 years, 183.7 ± 3.0 cm) and 5 females (17.6 ± 0.6 years, 171.1 ± 2.7 cm) competed in the Canadian Championships (300m swim, 6km bike, 1.6km run). Spirometry measures of Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 sec (FEV1), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC (%), Forced Expiratory Flow at 50% FVC (FEF50), FEF 25-75% and Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) was performed before warm up and 5 min post-race. Measures were calculated as % delta change (for EIB determination) and in raw units to determine pre-post differences in measures via paired sample t-tests. RESULTS: Mean race time was 22.4 ± 1.5 min including transitions (swim 4.5 ± 0.5 min, bike 10.4 ± 0.7 min, run 6.1 ± 0.6 min). No spirometry measure was significantly decreased post-race. One athlete had mild EIB (% decrease in FEV1 between 10 and 25%) and 2 athletes had a baseline FEV1/FVC ratio <0.7. Percent delta change in PEF and FEF 25-75% were correlated to finish time (r=-0.78, r=-0.83, p<0.05 respectively). CONCLUSION: An all-out 20 min ultra-short triathlon does not negatively affect respiratory function in young healthy junior triathletes. It maybe that the decrease in PEF and FEF 25-75 affected finish time due to reduced airway function affecting exercise intensity. The low prevalence of EIB compared to older endurance athletes supports the late onset of EIB in endurance athletes (> 25 years) although the 2 athletes with <0.7 resting FEV1/FVC ratios show signs of underlying airway obstruction.

Bronchial Provocation Testing for the Identification of Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) occurs in patients with asthma, children, and otherwise healthy athletes. Poor diagnostic accuracy of respiratory symptoms during exercise requires objective assessment of EIB. The standardized tests currently available are based on the assumption that the provoking stimulus to EIB is dehydration of the airway surface fluid due to conditioning large volumes of inhaled air. "Indirect" bronchial provocation tests that use stimuli to cause endogenous release of bronchoconstricting mediators from airway inflammatory cells include dry air hyperpnea (eg, exercise and eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea) and osmotic aerosols (eg, inhaled mannitol). The airway response to different indirect tests is generally similar in patients with asthma and healthy athletes with EIB. Furthermore, the airway sensitivity to these tests is modified by the same pharmacotherapy used to treat asthma. In contrast, pharmacological agents such as methacholine, given by inhalation, act directly on smooth muscle to cause contraction. These "direct" tests have been used traditionally to identify airway hyperresponsiveness in clinical asthma but are less useful to diagnose EIB. The mechanistic differences between indirect and direct tests have helped to elucidate the events leading to airway narrowing in patients with asthma and elite athletes, while improving the clinical utility of these tests to diagnose andmanage EIB.

Acute Effects Of Intermittent Physical Activity On Psychological Stress And Insecurity In Children And Adolescents With And Without Asthma

Intermittent physical activity (PA) may be a novel strategy to promote PA in children and adolescents with asthma, potentially averting the physiologic changes associated with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction that occurs during longer bouts of exercise. Yet, the psychological impact and acceptability of intermittent PA have not been rigorously evaluated in this clinical population. PURPOSE: To examine acute changes in psychological stress and insecurity in children and adolescents with and without asthma while performing five exercise conditions in a laboratory setting. METHODS: Thirty-one children and adolescents between the ages of 8-15 years (35% with asthma; 52% female; mean age: 11.1±0.4 years; BMI%ile: 57.8±5.2) were recruited from Southeast Michigan to participate in the Exercises for a Healthy Asthma Lifestyle and Enjoyment (ExHALE) Study. Participants completed 5 exercise conditions in the following order: i) 6-minute walk test, ii) 5-minute resistance circuit, iii) 5-minute activity video, iv) 5-minute gamified obstacle course, and v) the YMCA Three-Minute Step Test. Heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured to objectively and subjectively assess exercise intensity using HR monitoring and the children’s OMNI Perceived Exertion Scale, respectively. Psychological stress and insecurity were self-reported using a Visual Analog Scale pre- and post-activity. RESULTS: Mean HR was significantly different across all conditions (p<0.01), with the highest HRs observed during the obstacle course and the lowest HRs during the activity video (gamified obstacle course: 167.2±2.4 bpm; step test: 146.0±3.5 bpm; walk test: 122.4±4.1 bpm; resistance circuit: 113.8±2.9 bpm; activity video: 105.7±2.5 bpm). There were no differences in HR by asthma status (p>0.05). RPE followed the same trend as HR but there were no significant differences in RPE (p=0.05), psychological stress or insecurity across conditions or by asthma status (p’s>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent PA of varying intensity and duration did not increase psychological stress or insecurity in children and adolescents with and without asthma. These findings provide preliminary evidence in support of using intermittent PA to promote PA participation among children and adolescents with asthma.

Leptin, Adiponectin And Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction In Non-asthmatic Children

Leptin, Adiponectin And Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction In Non-asthmatic Children