Executive Decree Research Articles

Política migratoria argentina reciente: función simbólica del derecho y derechos humanos

Executive Decree 70/2017 profoundly modified the legal regime for migration in Argentina. This article aims to analyze the use of this legal reform as a symbolic instrument of criminal policy and contrast them with human rights standards. The methodological approach combines legal analysis with the theoretical study of the reform. The work shows that the decree sought to link immigration and criminality and convey a message of firmness from the State in the fight against crime. As well as provide an update of the debate on the legal reform considering what happened subsequently. It is concluded that the reform has increased the margins of state discretion, generating a greater degree of legal insecurity for migrants. Although limited to a specific national case, the research may have theoretical implications for the study of similar cases.

Política migratoria argentina reciente: función simbólica del derecho y derechos humanos

Executive Decree 70/2017 profoundly modified the legal regime for migration in Argentina. This article aims to analyze the use of this legal reform as a symbolic instrument of criminal policy and contrast them with human rights standards. The methodological approach combines legal analysis with the theoretical study of the reform. The work shows that the decree sought to link immigration and criminality and convey a message of firmness from the State in the fight against crime. As well as provide an update of the debate on the legal reform considering what happened subsequently. It is concluded that the reform has increased the margins of state discretion, generating a greater degree of legal insecurity for migrants. Although limited to a specific national case, the research may have theoretical implications for the study of similar cases.

This time is different?—on the use of emergency measures during the corona pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only caused millions to die and even more to lose their jobs, it has also prompted more governments to simultaneously declare a state of emergency than ever before enabling us to compare their decisions more directly. States of emergency usually imply the extension of executive powers that diminishes the powers of other branches of government, as well as to the civil liberties of individuals. Here, we analyze the use of emergency provisions during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and find that it can be largely explained by drawing on political economy. It does, hence, not constitute an exception. We show that many governments have (mis-)used the pandemic as a pretext to curtail media freedom. We further show that executive decrees are considered as a substitute for states of emergency by many governments.

Preventing immigration detention of children: a comparative study of laws in 150 countries

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has shined a spotlight on the fundamental incompatibility of immigration detention with health. Yet immigration detention's threats to human rights did not begin with COVID-19. International treaties are clear that detaining children based on citizenship is a violation of human rights law. However, for international treaties and agreements to be fulfilled, most individual countries must enact domestic laws and policies to implement their commitments. In this study, we examine how many countries have laws to limit the detention of children. To assess the legislative protections for migrant and refugee children from detention, we created quantitatively comparable data on legal provisions across the 150 most populous UN member states. Our primary sources consisted of national-level laws, regulations, ministerial decisions, and executive decrees pertaining to asylum-seekers, refugees, and immigration. Globally, less than a quarter of countries legally protect unaccompanied asylum-seekers from detention and only 11% do so for accompanied minor migrants. Among countries that permit detention in at least some circumstances, only a minority address basic rights such as separation from adult strangers, family unity, access to education, and access to health care. Yet effective and human rights-respecting alternatives to detention exist; the evidence on these is provided.

Global Analysis of Durable Policies for Free-Flowing River Protections

Freshwater ecosystems are poorly represented in global networks of protected areas. This situation underscores an urgent need for the creation, application, and expansion of durable (long-term and enforceable) protection mechanisms for free-flowing rivers that go beyond conventional protected area planning. To address this need, we must first understand where and what types of protections exist that explicitly maintain the free-flowing integrity of rivers, as well as the efficacy of such policy types. Through policy analysis and an in-depth literature review, our study identifies three main policy mechanisms used for such protections: (1) River Conservation Systems; (2) Executive Decrees and Laws; and (3) Rights of Rivers. We found that globally only eight counties have national river conservation systems while seven countries have used executive decrees and similar policies to halt dam construction, and Rights of Rivers movements are quickly growing in importance, relative to other protection types. Despite the current extent of protection policies being insufficient to tackle the freshwater and biodiversity crises facing the world’s rivers, they do provide useful frameworks to guide the creation and expansion of protections. Ultimately, as countries act on global calls for protections, policy mechanisms must be tailored to their individual social and ecological geographies.

The Superfluous Congress

This paper analyzes the roles played by the legislative, executive, and business sector in Mexico’s 2013 tax reform, drawing on original field-research findings. I examine each of these actors’ influence over the public period of congressional debate, as well as the typically invisible agenda-setting stage and the adoption of executive decrees following the legislative process. I find that Congress remains subordinated to the executive in budgetary matters and that business is more central in shaping the details of the tax bill. The tax reform achieved little, leaving the overall fiscal capacity of the Mexican State largely unchanged.

Soto Velasco, Sebastián. Palanza, Valeria (2019): Checking Presidential Power. Executive Decrees and the Legislative Process in New Democracies (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press) 245 pp.

Soto Velasco, Sebastián. Palanza, Valeria (2019): Checking Presidential Power. Executive Decrees and the Legislative Process in New Democracies (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press) 245 pp.

Procena iskorišćenja izmenjivača toplote vazduh-zemlja za pasivno hlađenje u tri regiona Alžira - studija slučaja

The energy consumption in buildings for heating and cooling continues to increase from year to year, in order to meet people's increased demand for thermal comfort. A key energy issue for the buildings sector, the largest consumer of energy, requires the rational use of traditional resources and the application of non-polluting, inexhaustible renewable energy technologies that allow sustainable development. The public authorities are currently showing a clear desire to reduce energy consumption in the buildings sector through various legislated thermal regulations. In Algeria, law 99-09 and executive decree 2000-09, followed by other regulations, have as objectives the control of energy and the introduction of energy efficiency in buildings. In this paper, we focused on the effectiveness of the earth-to-air heat exchanger system for cooling buildings in three different climate regions in Algeria. The Earth to air heat exchanger device is a promising technology for reducing or avoiding the use of air conditioning systems. The Earth to air heat exchanger system which exploits the thermal inertia of the soil puts two different temperature sources in thermal contact, the air which circulates in the tubes, and the ground placed in contact with the tubes. This model was validated to show a good agreement between simulated results and other experimental data published. The simulation results confirmed that A maximum energy gain of 2221.15 kWh, 523.56 kWh and 300.27 kWh over a cooling season can be reached for Timimoun, Djelfa, and Jijel.

الإجراءات الإدارية والقضائية (الجزائية) التي اتخذتها السلطات الجزائرية لمجابهة فيروس كورونا

In the face of the Corona pandemic, like the countries of the world, Algeria has taken precautionary and other deterrent measures that keep pace with and accompany the epidemic, aiming to protect the security and safety of the citizen in the first place. Which was approved by the President of the Republic, Abdel Majid Tebboune, and aimed at preventing and combating the spread of the Corona epidemic (Covid 19), as Executive Decree No. 20-69 issued on March 21, 2020, came with measures and measures that ranged from approving a total quarantine for some states, then Gradually, the state entered a partial quarantine for all the states of the homeland, with a variation in the hours of quarantine. And in front of the quarantine procedures, to ensure the safety and security of the citizen and to preserve public order within society, and in order to respect the quarantine procedures, Algeria entered into deterrent measures, ranging between Administrative penalties and criminal penalties imposed on citizens, as well as the adoption of deterrent measures for all violators of the quarantine procedures, and these penalties were financial fines and imprisonment as a penalty depriving freedom, as the Algerian legislator amended the Penal Code. Irrigation including articles stipulating criminal penalties for all quarantine violators and for everyone who stands an obstacle to the application of quarantine measures and the preservation of public order by the police and gendarmerie agents to maintain security.

Teletrabajo: fortaleciendo el trabajo en tiempos de pandemia por COVID-19.

El teletrabajo se convierte en la alternativa por excelencia que adoptan los empleadores para dar continuidad a sus operaciones una vez se publica el Decreto Ejecutivo 42227-MP-S del 16 de marzo del 2020 de emergencia nacional por el COVID-19 en Costa Rica. El Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social es el ente de la Administración pública que regula la aplicación del teletrabajo, que se basa en lo dispuesto por la Ley para Regular el Teletrabajo, Ley N° 9738 del 18 de setiembre de 2019, su Reglamento, Decreto Ejecutivo N° 42083 del 20 de diciembre de 2019 y la Directriz N°073-S-MTSS del 09 de marzo de 2020. Con la declaratoria de pandemia la directriz No.073-S-MTSS establece una serie de medidas de coordinación interinstitucional para garantizar el cumplimiento de los protocolos de las autoridades de salud e implementar lineamientos de teletrabajo en las oficinas estatales en ocasión de la alerta sanitaria. Es importante mencionar que esta medida es de carácter temporal para el sector público, a pesar de que varias dependencias del estado implementan esta práctica en su quehacer institucional desde años atrás, enfocado hacia puestos profesionales y que además impacta costos operativos en el uso de espacio o infraestructura. En tanto, para el sector privado el teletrabajo es una práctica común que impacta en menor grado la transición del trabajo presencial hacia una modalidad a distancia. Lo anterior es respuesta a las nuevas exigencias de mercado e interacción con clientes, se rompe con el paradigma de que el trabajo está sujeto a un lugar específico y se comprueba que para la realización de las actividades en puestos teletrabajables, estas se pueden llevar a cabo en cualquier sitio que disponga de facilidades a través de la conectividad, el uso de tecnologías modernas, la comunicación, las medidas de seguridad en materia laboral y riesgos del trabajo y el compromiso de las partes. Es relevante señalar que la normativa aprobada en materia de teletrabajo para Costa Rica post COVID-19, promueve que las organizaciones públicas y privadas, adapten las directrices a protocolos y políticas internas, que clarifiquen las responsabilidades, deberes y derechos de empleadores y colaboradores, las cuales deben guiarse por expertos internos o externos que garanticen la implementación de medidas seguras para la salud laboral y ocupacional, y que indirectamente incide en la salud social y familiar, ya que el hogar se transforma en una extensión de la oficina. La nueva realidad global hace que el mercado laboral deba repensarse y evolucionar hacia nuevos conceptos de cómo hacer las cosas. El teletrabajo se anticipa a la emergencia nacional en el caso de Costa Rica para algunos sectores de la industria, fortaleciendo a ciertas empresas que cuenten con esta alternativa para enfrentar las demandas y necesidades de sus socios estratégicos, a partir del cumplimiento de estándares de calidad y seguridad en la prestación de bienes y servicios, con solo el acceso al trabajo virtual, remoto o a distancia. La metodología utilizada es la consulta bibliográfica a nivel de leyes y decretos sobre el tema, además de una encuesta dirigida a personas que cumplen con la condición de trabajador activo en una organización y que deben acogerse a la modalidad del teletrabajo por contingencia a raíz de la declaratoria de emergencia en el país.

Las actividades y los servicios caracterizados como esenciales por la normativa de emergencia sanitaria:

El contexto de pandemia y la declaración de emergencia sanitaria, en Argentina, trajeron aparejada una sucesión normativa de decretos de necesidad y urgencia del Poder Ejecutivo nacional, resoluciones del Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social y otros reglamentos administrativos, con incidencia directa en las relaciones individuales de trabajo y con proyecciones en el plano colectivo. Esta situación excepcional, en sentido social y normativo, es abordada en el presente estudio de manera focalizada en el ejercicio de la huelga en el mencionado contexto, considerando especialmente que la normativa de excepción ha declarado a algunas actividades y servicios como “esenciales en la emergencia” que exceden el marco de la enumeración de servicios esenciales establecida en la ley a los fines de limitar el derecho en cuestión. El autor intenta responder a la pregunta sobre la hipotética asimilación o distinción entre ambas calificaciones de “esencialidad”.

التشريعات الوقائية المتخذة من طرف المشرع الجزائري للتصدي لفيروس كوفيد 19 وتأثير ذلك على الاقتصاد الوطني = Preventive Legislation Adopted by the Algerian Legislature to Address the COVID 19 Virus and Its Impact on the National Economy

فيروس كوفيد 19 | المراسيم التنفيذية | المراسيم التنظيمية | الحجر المنزلي | الاقتصاد | تذبذب أسعار البترول | Covid Virus 19 | Executive Decrees | Organizational Decrees | Domestic Quarantine | Economy | Oil Price Tidiness

Competências administrativas ordenadoras estaduais, autonomia municipal e direitos fundamentais individuais

O presente ensaio tem por objetivo examinar a validade do Decreto Executivo Estadual nº 29.583, de 1 de abril de 2020, que consolida as medidas de saúde para o enfrentamento do novo coronavírus (COVID-19) no âmbito do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte e dá outras providências, tendo-se em vista os princípios do Direito Administrativo, as liberdades econômica, religiosa e de reunião, o princípio federativo e a autonomia municipal, no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro em vigor.

Factores determinantes en la implementación del Plan Plurinacional para combatir el racismo en Ecuador: Eje Justicia y Legislación, 2009-2017

Mediante Decreto Ejecutivo No. 60, el Gobierno ecuatoriano aprobó el Plan Plurinacional, con el objetivo de eliminar la discriminación racial y la exclusión étnica y cultural y promover una ciudadanía plural, intercultural e inclusiva de los pueblos y nacionalidades históricamente discriminados. Uno de sus ejes de acción es la justicia y la legislación. En este contexto, el presente artículo analiza la fase de implementación de este eje e identifica aquellos factores (institucionales, políticos, económicos, sociales e ideológicos) que han incidido en su ejecución. Luego del levantamiento de información en varias instituciones que se encontraban a cargo de este plan se detectó que algunas de estas no disponían de datos cuantitativos ni resultados de gestión que permitieran evaluar la ejecución o cumplimiento de las acciones planteadas. Pese a haber transcurrido más de una década desde su promulgación, aún existen acciones que no se han ejecutado ni se ha realizado un seguimiento de su cumplimiento por parte de las entidades gestoras.

This Time is Different? - On the Use of Emergency Measures During the Corona Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only caused hundreds of thousands to die and millions to lose their jobs, it has also prompted more governments to simultaneously declare a state of emergency than ever before. States of emergency usually imply the extension of executive powers that diminishes the powers of other branches of government, as well as to the civil liberties of individuals. Here, we analyze whether the use of emergency provisions during the COVID-19 pandemic is an exception, and find that this is not the case. In fact, some measures point at long-term dangers to the rule of law and democracy. We also explicitly control for the use of executive decrees and find that many executives perceive of executive decrees as a substitute for states of emergency.

Inclusive Language for Exclusive Policies: Restrictive Migration Governance in Chile, 2018

Contemporary liberal democracies have employed exclusive or restrictive language, such as promising stricter border control, to ease domestic concerns about increased immigration, while simultaneously maintaining inclusive outcomes by accepting immigrants to support labor markets or to concur with global norms. Dynamic changes in migration flows disrupt this exclusive–inclusive balance known as the policy gap. Aligned with the South American shift since 2016 to more restrictive migration measures, in 2018, Chile’s new administration proposed legislation to replace the migration law, started a regularization process, and issued two executive decrees to change nationality‐specific visa procedures. We analyze the language, timing, and implementation of the decrees as units of analysis, juxtaposing their apparent versus actual purposes. Since Chile positions restrictive measures as protective of immigrants, this case of migration governance inverses the policy gap debate; now, inclusive language disguises exclusive outcomes.

تفويض المرفق العام:, مفهومه، أسسه، أشكاله في ظل المرسوم التنفيذي 199/18

The Public Utility Shall Provide Services To Citizens Or Satisfy Their Needs For The Public Interest, And Since The Needs Evolve With The Development Of Society, Public Facilities Must Keep Pace With This Development, In Particular With Its Management Style, Especially After The Failure Of More Traditional Methods (Direct Exploitation, The Public Institution). That Is Due To The Development Of The Economy And The Growth Of Civil Awareness, In Addition To The State Relinquishing Control Over Economic Facilities, Which Required Alternatives To Operate Them Represented In The Mechanism Of Delegation Of The Public Facility, Which Took Its Place As A General Concept That Includes A Number Of Contracts (Concession, Rent, Incentive Agency, Management), Which Are Assigned To Public Or Private Entities In The Conduct Of Facility, And This Is Reflected In The Presidential Decree 15/247, The Executive Decree 18/199, Which Was Applied To Him. Keywords - Management, General Attachment, Authorization, Forms

Executive Decree Authority in Turkey Before the Constitutional Amendments of 2017: In Light of the Turkish Constitutional Court’s Retreat

Kanun hukmunde kararname cikarma yetkisinin 1971 yilinda anayasal dayanaga kavusmasindan bu yana Anayasa Mahkemesi (Mahkeme) kararname yetkisini oldukca dar yorumlama egilimine sahip olmustur. Bu cercevede Mahkeme, kararname cikarilmasi amaciyla yetki yasasi cikarilabilmesi icin anayasada ongorulmeyen sartlarin varligini aramis ve yetkilendirmenin acil, gerekli ve onemli olmasi gerektigine hukmetmistir. Mahkeme olaganustu hâl kararnameleri ile ilgili olarak da benzer bir tutum takinmis; anayasada yasak olmasina ragmen bu kararnamelerin denetimini gerceklestirmistir. Boylelikle hem olagan hem de olaganustu donemlerde kararname yetkisinin bu yetkinin kullanilmasina neden olan sebeplerle ilgili olarak kullanilmasi saglanmaya calisilmistir. Ancak Mahkeme 2011 ve 2016 yillarinda verdigi kararlarla soz konusu ictihatlarindan donmustur. 2011 yilinda verilen kararla, yetkilendirme icin olmasi gerektigi varsayilan acillik, gereklilik ve onemli olma gibi kosullarin artik aranmayacagina hukmedilmis; 2016 yilinda verilen kararla da olaganustu hâl kararnamelerinin denetiminin yapilamayacagi kararlastirilmistir. Mahkeme’nin soz konusu ictihat degisikliklerinin son zamanlarda gorulen, yonetimde yurutme organinin on plana cikmasi olgusunun temel sebeplerinden birisi oldugu dusunulmektedir.

Checking Presidential Power: Executive Decrees and the Legislative Process in New Democracies. By Valeria Palanza. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. 262p. $105.00 cloth.

Checking Presidential Power: Executive Decrees and the Legislative Process in New Democracies. By Valeria Palanza. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. 262p. $105.00 cloth.

MEDICAMENTOS DE VENTA LIBRE: Entre el acceso y el uso inseguro e irracional.


 
 Algunos ejemplos de principios del siglo XX, lo podemos identificar con el establecimiento de una campaña contra la anquilostomiasis1, lo que llevó quince años después al establecimiento del Departamento de Anquilostomiasis en la Secretaría de Policía2 . Con el paso del tiempo, el aumento de la preparación y conciencia de la atención de la salud, así como, de los recursos destinados para estos efectos, se crea en 1922 y por Decreto Ejecutivo, la Secretaría de Higiene y de Salud Pública, la cual centraliza algunas iniciativas creadas en años anteriores como el Servicio Antimalárico, de Profilaxis Venérea, las Clínicas de Atención Infantil y Clínicas Prenatales. Y un año más tarde en la Ley No. 72 ¨Sobre la Salud Pública¨ (marzo de 1923) se creó la Dirección de los Servicios de Salud Nacionales como dependencia del estado. Consecuentemente, como resultado de una reestructuración