Excursion Method Research Articles

Exploration of Pedagogical Approaches during the Buddhist Era

This research article explores the education system prevalent in ancient India during the era of the Buddha. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the teaching methods employed during that time and elucidate various facets and dimensions of teaching practices. The article examines insights gleaned from Buddhist literature and scriptures, focusing on the Buddha’s innovative and impactful teaching methods such as sermons, parables, and interactive exchanges. It also explores the pedagogical approaches of Buddhism, highlighting the egalitarian nature of Buddhist education and its inclusivity of individuals from all social backgrounds. The article discusses different teaching methods employed during the Buddhist era, including the Shravan method, imitation method, demonstration and practice method, interpretation method, lecture method, debate and logic method, seminar, conference and Shāstrārtha method, self-study method, and excursion method. The research article concludes by highlighting the enduring relevance of the teaching methods from the Buddha’s era in enriching the ancient culture and fostering a moral and virtuous society.

Training of the future tourist guides for intercultural communicative interaction within professional activity

Relevance. Intercultural communication is seen as a purposeful connection between different cultures, which performs an exchange of information, cultural and spiritual value through professional activities to meet the needs of tourists, while taking into account the uniqueness of every culture.Purpose. This study argues for the significance of the cultural approach to the professional training of the future tourist guide for intercultural communicative interaction. Notably, meeting the constantly growing needs of the tourist market consumer is a pressing issue. It is emphasised that the professional training of a specialist in this field should be focused on providing a high quality theoretical and practical training for a specialist to be ready for professional and communicative interaction with consumers of tourist services.Methodology. When interacting with the audience, the guide uses methods of pedagogical influence, which are based on didactic principles (scientific, ideological, connection with real life, accessibility, system, responsiveness and persuasiveness). They define the content, organisation and methods of educating tourists during the excursion, regardless of them being children or adults. The excursion method is the basis of the tour and is a compilation of the ways for the guide to share the knowledge and tourists� reception of this knowledge.Results. Personal qualities associated with understanding people�s inner world and humane treatment are crucial for the future guide. Travel services reveal the inner world of a person in new aspects, accompanied by the emergence of new emotions and psychological relief. In this process, intellectual, sensory, cognitive efforts are made in a non-linear way for enriching the social experience, regardless of a person's financial status (which to some extent is the democracy of tourism).Conclusions. The main aspects of professional training of the future guide for the intercultural communicative interaction in professional activities are presented.

ИНЖЕНЕРНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ АПК В ПРОВИНЦИИ ХЭНАНЬ КИТАЙСКОЙ НАРОДНОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ

For the successful conduct of agricultural production, a modern system of its engineering and technical support is needed, performing the material equipping of farms with machines, operational materials, providing high-quality technical service, promoting innovations and providing personnel and information support for production. Similar systems in agriculture in developed countries and Russia have a similar structure and set of functions, and their management mechanism is based on market principles and free relationships with business entities. (Research purpose) The research purpose is analyzing the features of the organization of agricultural production and the system of its engineering and technical support in Henan province, identifying the main differences between the analyzed system and foreign analogues, showing the results of its activities and development prospects. (Materials and methods) Applied analytical and excursion methods, used materials from specialized papers, Internet sites and observations during the excursion and visiting the exhibition. (Results and discussion) It was noted that agriculture in Henan is the basic industry, leading in terms of wheat and rice production in the country. In the region, the current level of mechanization of crop production processes does not exceed 72 percent. It was determined that Chinese specialists are solving innovative tasks to further increase the level of mechanization, automation and intellectualization of production, as well as to reach the world's leading positions in the field of "smart agriculture" after 2035. They showed the organization of engineering and technical support for agricultural production in the province on the basis of territorial agricultural clusters, current achievements in the field of unmanned agricultural machinery. (Conclusions) The economic effect of the organization of the engineering and technical support system is to increase the level of mechanization, in the mass distribution of process automation systems, in the introduction of serial samples of unmanned agricultural machinery.

РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ КОНЦЕПЦИИ «МЯГКОЙ СИЛЫ» ПРИ ОБУЧЕНИИ ИНОСТРАННЫХ СТУДЕНТОВ В РОССИИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ВОЛГГТУ)

The article examines the implementation of such “soft power” tools as language and education. Examples of “support” and “protection” of language in Russia and other countries are given. Education is one of the most effective tools of “soft power”, international practice is student mobility and admission of foreign students to study. The authors describe various forms of conducting classes with students for their integration into the Russian-speaking environment and acculturation. The article presents those approaches to working with foreign students that have a positive effect and demonstrate the implementation of the “soft power” policy. Thus, Russian language teachers actively use the excursion method in teaching Russian as a foreign language. Good results are obtained from working with foreign graduates who have now returned to their homeland and are employed in their specialty and have realized themselves professionally. The authors conclude that to implement the concept of “soft power” it is necessary to actively work with foreign graduates, promote the spread of the Russian language in the post-Soviet space, and expand the use of positive educational practices.

Dynamic range enhancement of self-referenced spectral interferometry with extended time excursion method by the cascaded Kerr lens process.

Self-referenced spectral interferometry with extended time excursion (SRSI-ETE) is a powerful method for single-shot characterization of the temporal contrast of a high peak power laser, which has high temporal resolution but a low dynamic range. Here, a temporal contrast reduction method is proposed that uses the cascaded Kerr lens process in two thin glass plates. Combined with the SRSI-ETE method, the measurement dynamic range of the method is increased about two orders of magnitude while having a 20fs temporal resolution and a 40ps time window in single shot.

Robust fault detection for chemical processes based on dynamic low-rank matrix and optimized LSTM

The data collected by sensors in modern chemical process systems are always contaminated by industrial noise, so robust fault detection is an important technology to ensure process safety. However, the existing robust detection techniques have limitations in extracting dynamic and time series features of chemical process data. In this paper, a robust fault detection method based on dynamic low-rank matrix and optimized LSTM is proposed for dynamic chemical processes under noise background. First, a new low-rank matrix decomposition method, dynamic principal component pursuit (DPCP), is proposed for the dynamic characteristics of process data containing noise. The PCP is improved using the time delay excursion method, i.e., the DPCP is constructed by embedding an augmented dynamic matrix with a time lag factor on the PCP and solved using the alternating direction multiplier method. The purpose is to strip the useless noise from the useful detection information and extract the dynamic low-rank matrix. Second, an optimized LSTM (OPLSTM) is proposed for the time series features of dynamic low-rank matrix. vector factors for feature selection of memory cells in the LSTM are reweighted to balance the time series features of industrial processes and avoid heavy reliance on erroneous fault information. In addition, support vector data description (SVDD) is used to describe the hypersphere with clear boundary, and distance-based statistic is constructed to achieve fault detection with high fault detection rate and low false alarm rate. Finally, to assess the effectiveness of the proposed method, we performed extensive experiments on the Tennessee Eastman Process and the electrolytic aluminum process, and compared them with multiple methods. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective and robust for chemical processes fault detection in the background of industrial noise.

Characterizing moment arms of the coracobrachialis and short head of biceps in native shoulders and after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty during elevation and rotation: a modeling study.

Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) alters the line of action of muscles around the glenohumeral joint. The effects of these changes have been well characterized for the deltoid, but there is limited information regarding the biomechanical changes to the coracobrachialis (CBR) and short head of biceps (SHB). In this biomechanical study, we investigated the changes to the moment arms of the CBR and SHB due to RTSA using a computational model of the shoulder. The Newcastle Shoulder Model, a pre-validated upper-extremity musculoskeletal model, was used for this study. The Newcastle Shoulder Model was modified with bone geometries obtained from 3-dimensional reconstructions of 15 nondiseased shoulders, constituting the native shoulder group. The Delta XTEND prosthesis, with a glenosphere diameter of 38 mm and polyethylene thickness of 6 mm, was virtually implanted in all the models, creating the RTSA group. Moment arms were measured using the tendon excursion method, and muscle length was calculated as the distance between the muscle's origin and insertion points. These values were measured during 0°-150° of abduction, forward flexion, scapular-plane elevation, and -90° to 60° of external rotation-internal rotation with the arm at 20° and 90° of abduction. Statistical comparisons between the native and RTSA groups were analyzed using 1-dimensional statistical parametric mapping (spm1D). Forward flexion moment arms showed the greatest increase between the RTSA group (CBR, 25.3±4.7 mm; SHB, 24.7±4.5 mm) and native group (CBR, 9.6±5.2 mm; SHB, 10.2±5.2 mm). The CBR and SHB were longer in the RTSA group by maximum values of 15% and 7%, respectively. Both muscles had larger abduction moment arms in the RTSA group (CBR, 20.9±4.3 mm; SHB, 21.9±4.3 mm) compared with the native group (CBR, 19.6±6.6 mm; SHB, 20.0±5.7 mm). Abduction moment arms occurred at lower abduction angles in the RTSA group (CBR, 50°; SHB, 45°) than in the native group (CBR, 90°; SHB, 85°). In the RTSA group, both muscles had elevation moment arms until 25° of scapular-plane elevation motion, whereas in the native group, the muscles only had depression moment arms. Both muscles had small rotational moment arms that were significantly different between RTSA and native shoulders during different ranges of motion. Significant increases in elevation moment arms for the CBR and SHB were observed in RTSA shoulders; these increases were most pronounced during abduction and forward elevation motions. RTSA also increased the lengths of these muscles.

Pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure in hemodialysis patients

Background & Objectives: Cardiovascular complications are associated with poor outcomes in patients with End stage renal disease. This study is aimed to evaluate the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension and right side heart failure in hemodialysis patients, trying to decrease these complications by referring them to the cardiologist in order to manage them either by medical or interventional methods. Methods: A cross-sectional study for evaluation the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension and right sided heart failure in hemodialysis patients was carried out in Duhok kidney center in Kurdistan region-Iraq through a duration period of one year from first of February, 2020 to 31st of January, 2021 for 101 patients. Data were collected which included Age, gender, BMI, causes of renal failure and vascular access, and echocardiography was conducted by a cardiologist, he evaluated them by using tricuspid regurgitation jet peak gradient for pulmonary hypertension, and by using tricuspid annulus plane systolic excursion method for evaluation of right ventricular function. Results: In the current study 51 females with melasma. Their ages ranged between (19-46) years, with (59.9%) between (28-38) years. The duration of melasma was from 6 months to 9 years. Thirty-eight of them were married and had pregnancy. Thyroid stimulating hormone levels were high in 22 of them (43.1%), 20 out of 22 cases that was had high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone had dermal type of melasma by Wood’s lamp examination and their p-value was significant (0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of pulmonary hypertension among patients on hemodialysis in Kurdistan region-Iraq is within the Iraqi and international range studies with low prevalence of right ventricular dysfunction.

Life and scientific and methodological heritage of N.P. Antsiferov

The article is devoted to the study of the personality, life, activities and basic principles of the excursion method of the outstanding scientist Nikolai Pavlovich Antsiferov. N.P. Antsiferov was the founder of a comprehensive method for studying the urban environment as an integral historical and cultural organism, the author of the concept of the “soul of the locality”. His developments in urban studies, recommendations for the construction and conduct of excursions in our time are the most powerful methodological base in this field of activity. The purpose of the work is to get acquainted with the biography of N.P. Antsiferov, to identify the conditions for the formation of his personality, to study the main ideas and principles of the Antsiferov excursion method.

ID:16079 The Importance of Instrumentation on Measurement of Safe Charge Injection Limits at Neural Stimulation Electrodes

The development of safe and efficacious neural stimulation protocols critically depends on the accurate assessment of charge injection limits that do not result in toxic byproducts of stimulation or evolution of oxygen/hydrogen gas at neural stimulation electrodes. Since the introduction of voltage transient or voltage excursion methods by Roblee et al. in 1990, this method has become a standard used by pre-clinical researchers for understanding the charge injection limits of different materials or electrode geometries. It has also become an important part of safety testing for clinical devices and common requirement by FDA reviewers in assessing device safety. Although voltage transient measurements have been commonly applied across neural engineering, assessment of charge injection limits in the presence of baseline voltage offsets at the stimulation electrode has been inconsistent across the literature. Additionally, voltage transient measurements have provided results for safe charge injection limits that are inconsistent with charge injection capacities measured using slow scan cyclic voltammetry as well as with in vitro and in vivo testing. These inconsistencies highlight the need for developing well validated methods for accurate assessment of charge injection limits across studies.

Moment arms of the deltoid, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles for movements with high range of motion: A cadaveric study

BackgroundMoment arms are an indicator of the role of the muscles in joint actuation. An excursion method is often used to calculate them, even though it provides 1D results. As shoulder movement occurs in three dimensions (combination of flexion, abduction and axial rotation), moment arms should be given in 3D. Our objective was to assess the 3D moment arms of the rotator cuff (infraspinatus and teres minor) and deltoid muscles for movements with high arm elevation. MethodsThe 3D moment arms (components in plane of elevation, elevation and axial rotation) were assessed using a geometric method, enabling to calculate the moment arms in 3D, on five fresh post-mortem human shoulders. Movement with high range of motion were performed (including overhead movement). The humerus was elevated until it reaches its maximal posture in different elevation plane (flexion, scaption, abduction and elevation in a plane 30° posterior to frontal plane). FindingsWe found that the anterior deltoid was a depressor and contributes to move the elevation plane anteriorly. The median deltoid was a great elevator and the posterior deltoid mostly acted in moving the elevation plane posteriorly. The infraspinatus and teres minor were the greatest external rotator of the shoulder. The position of the glenohumeral joint induces changes in the muscular moment arms. The maximal shoulder elevation was 144° (performed in the scapular plane). InterpretationThe knowledge of 3D moment arms for different arm elevations might help surgeons in planning tendon reconstructive surgery and help validate musculoskeletal models.

Training of the future tourist guides for intercultural communicative interaction within professional activity

This study argues for the significance of the cultural approach to the professional training of the future tourist guide for intercultural communicative interaction. Notably, meeting the constantly growing needs of the tourist market consumer is a pressing issue. It is emphasised that the professional training of a specialist in this field should be focused on providing a high quality theoretical and practical training for a specialist to be ready for professional and communicative interaction with consumers of tourist services. Intercultural communication is seen as a purposeful connection between different cultures, which performs an exchange of information, cultural and spiritual value through professional activities to meet the needs of tourists, while taking into account the uniqueness of every culture. When interacting with the audience, the guide uses methods of pedagogical influence, which are based on didactic principles (scientific, ideological, connection with real life, accessibility, system, responsiveness and persuasiveness). They define the content, organisation and methods of educating tourists during the excursion, regardless of them being children or adults. The excursion method is the basis of the tour and is a compilation of the ways for the guide to share the knowledge and tourists’ reception of this knowledge.

EXCURSION METHOD OF TEACHING IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF CHUVASHIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY

Active formation of extracurricular education in the post-reform period was due to the fact that the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX century experienced changes in the political, economic, social and cultural spheres. Studying the history of extracurricular education in the post-reform period is important from the standpoint of a holistic understanding of the Russian post-reform period. To study the state of extracurricular education in Russia taken as a whole, it is necessary to study it in detail on the materials of various regions.
 
 In the post-reform period, new teaching methods were developed in Russian educational institutions. The excursion method of teaching became very popular. The initiator of the introducing excursions in the life of Chuvash schools is I.Ya. Yakovlev.
 
 The purpose of the work is to study the issue of organizing and implementing the excursion method of teaching in pre-revolutionary Chuvashia. In this article, archival data are introduced into scientific circulation, which enable to examine the process of introducing excursion practices in educational institutions of Chuvashia in the second half of the XIX – early XX century. The main attention is paid to the types of school excursions and their educational potential. The methodological basis of the work is made up of the principles of historicism in combination with a systematic approach, which made it possible to examine the introduction of the excursion teaching method in a historical retrospect. In addition, the article examines the first attempts on the part of the government to regularize schoolchildren excursions in the school, as well as describes the role of the print media in popularizing excursions. The practical significance of the study is to draw the attention of historians to an insufficiently studied issue.

Excursion method in regional educational institutions in early 20th century Russia

Studying the history of private-public partnership is still relevant for the discussion on modernizing education. In the early 20th century, it was common practice to attract private capital to solve financial problems associated with the work of educational institutions in Russia, which opened the way for using new forms of organizing the educational process. The excursion method became a groundbreaking phenomenon in the pedagogical system. Studying the history of the application of this method in regional educational institutions is of interest from the perspective of modernization of the educational process and the development of educational tourism. The authors aimed to study the practice of using the excursion method in educational institutions of Tver and determine the role of the state and public figures in organizing excursions for students from outside of Russian metropolitan areas. The authors apply the local history method that allows them to link the processes that take place in the capitals and the regions in the interdisciplinary field and highlight the regional features of modernizing the education system. Unpublished archival records are used in the article. The novelty of the study consists in the reconstruction of educational regional tourist-excursive practices of the early 20th century in the case study of Tver. The authors identify the mechanisms of the private-public partnership in the solution of organizational and financial problems of arranging excursion trips. The significance of individual public figures’ funds when arranging long excursion trips is discovered.

Triangle mesh skeletonization using non-deterministic voxel thinning and graph spectrum segmentation

In the context of shape processing, the estimation of the medial axis is relevant for the simplification and re-parameterization of 3D bodies. The currently used methods are based on (1) General fields, (2) Geometric methods and (3) voxel-based thinning. They present shortcomings such as (1) overrepresentation and non-smoothness of the medial axis due to high frequency nodes and (2) biased-skeletons due to skewed thinning. To partially overcome these limitations, this article presents a non-deterministic algorithm for the estimation of the 1D skeleton of triangular B-Reps or voxel-based body representations. Our method articulates (1) a novel randomized thinning algorithm that avoids possible skewings in the final skeletonization, (2) spectral-based segmentation that eliminates short dead-end branches, and (3) a maximal excursion method for reduction of high frequencies. The test results show that the randomized order in the removal of the instantaneous skin of the solid region eliminates bias of the skeleton, thus respecting features of the initial solid. An Alpha Shape-based inversion of the skeleton encoding results in triangular boundary Representations of the original body, which present reasonable quality for fast non-minute scenes. Future work is needed to (a) tune the spectral filtering of high frequencies off the basic skeleton and (b) extend the algorithm to solid regions whose skeletons mix 1D and 2D entities.

PROBLEMS OF HISTORICAL EDUCATION AS SUBJECTS OF DISCUSSION IN THE WORK OF PEDAGOGICAL CONVENTIONS IN THE SOUTHERN UKRAINE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – AT THE BEGINNING OF XX CENTURIES

The purpose of this article is to study the phenomenon of celebrating the pedagogical congresses held in southern Ukraine (actually Odesa school district) in the second half of the XIX – early XX century, highlight the historical and methodological issues in the this congresses. Published sources are predominantly published in editions of congresses. Information of interest to us is mainly contained in the sources of the reports - the reports and reports of the companies. Narrative sources, publication of analytical articles about societies in the time magazines and newspapers are an essential addition.Thesis. The main idea of this article is that in the historical and methodological questions did not belong to the leading subjects of occupations of the pedagogical congresses participants on the territory of Southern Ukraine, only after linguistic and natural. This events gave rich material to theorists of pedagogy and officials for further meetings in the Central administrative bodies, the nomination of further reform initiatives. Similar actions for the exchange of views and development of long-term plans were distributed to almost all professional groups. Congresses were a significant factor in the formation of civil society in the Russian Empire and, in particular, in the Dnieper and black sea parts of Ukraine, which were at that time part of this state, significantly increasing its potential.The considerable body of literature dedicated to administration of the educational congresses in the Russian Empire and on the territory of Ukraine.However, historians of education only very casually mentioned the considerations for the development of historical education, which was one of the many issues discussed by the participants of the congresses. The purpose of this article is to highlight the historical and methodological issues in the pedagogical congresses held in southern Ukraine (actually Odessa school district) in the second half of the XIX – early XX century. The sources of our research are mainly Assembly materials – reports, protocols, proceedings of congresses. We also rely on press reports.At the same time, it cannot be said that these issues are ignored. The work of the congresses was revived by the participation of professors in their work. This indicates a close relationship between all levels of education in the educational system of the Russian Empire, which is confirmed by many other data. The merit of the participants of the congresses is the emphasis on the need to ensure interdisciplinary connections, visibility, dissemination of the excursion method. The documents show the existence of both trends towards the democratization of education and the preservation of conservative approaches. If within the first approach the independent work of students, the formulation of their own conclusions were encouraged, as within the second, which should be recognized throughout the period of dominance, the teacher was considered as a carrier of truth and a set of facts that he should broadcast to students. In the context of methodological issues there were discussions of purely historical aspects, historical assessments, a set of outstanding dates and figures, about which the teacher had to tell for a limited time. The materials of the congresses held in the South Ukraine cities testify to the natural desire of some people to take into account local peculiarities and opportunities. All the issues that were discussed by the participants of the congresses are still relevant. The rich historical experience can be quite useful during the solution of modern pedagogical problems and formulation of new perspective problems.

CULTURAL EDUCATION OF SCHOOL STUDENTS: A NEW PROJECT

Purpose of the study: The author addresses the problem of cultural education, the search for the most effective forms and conditions for the implementation of study programs and new elective study courses.
 Methodology: The author highlights the following principles, on which the teacher should rely on the educational process: conceptual, civilizational, cultural and historical, religious, ethnic and national, regional and territorial, artistic and aesthetic.
 Main Findings: The content of the article is built on the disclosure of cultural education from the standpoint of a wide range of research by scientists and teachers, as well as the requirements for the results of mastering the basic educational program of general education. As an example, the author highlights the integral structure of the general culture of the individual, in which she (conditionally) identifies important components. The article reveals the essential characteristics of the basic principles of pedagogical organization of conditions for the realization of cultural education.
 Applications of this study: The article shows that the introduction of a new elective course "Cultural and educational tourism" contributes to the expansion of students' artistic needs and interests.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: The author reveals the importance of the interdisciplinary nature of training, as well as the application of the excursion method of knowledge, which helps to attract various information sources that reveal historical, geographical and cultural resources, as well as artistic attractions.

The Association between Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Systolic Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Patients with Acute Inferior ST- Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

AbstractBackground: Ischemic heart disease is considered the most common cause of death worldwide. Inflammation and oxidative stress play an important role in the pathogenesis of all phases of atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic plaque rupture which are the main mechanisms in the pathophysiology of acute ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). Acute inferior STEMI is associated with increased in-hospital morbidity and mortality particularly among patients with coexisting Right Ventricular (RV) involvement. High Neu-trophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) is an independent predictor of major adverse cardiac events and mortality in patients with myocardial infarction.Aim of Study: To study the relationship between the NLR and RV Dysfunction (RVD) in patients with inferior STEMI who underwent primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) or received fibrinolytic therapy. RVD measured by Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE) Patients and Methods: This study was conducted on sixty patients diagnosed with acute inferior STEMI and underwent primary PCI or received fibrinolytic therapy in Tanta University Hospitals, Cardiovascular Department, from December 2017 to June 2018. The cases were divided into two groups according to the presence of RVD or not. The groups were compared according to NLR and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to access the predictability of high NLR in patients with RVD.Results: The NLR was significantly higher in the group with RVD compared to that without RVD (p=0.002). In ROC analysis, NLR >3.2 predicted RVD with sensitivity of 82.16% and specificity of 89.19%. In a multivariate regression analysis, NLR remained an independent predictor of RVD (95% C.I 0.787-0.976, p=0.002).Conclusion: NLR was an independent predictor of RVD in patients with acute inferior STEMI who underwent primary PCI or received fibrinolytic therapy.

Didactic Potential of Excursion Method

In the theoretical part of the article, there is a description of the excursion method and its stages. The article further describes experience with school leavers in relation to their future career and maps the main shortcomings. The research part of the article is dedicated to viewing of didactic potential of master studies students, the future teachers at 1st-5th grades.

Bayesian Generalized Two-way ANOVA Modeling for Functional Data Using INLA

Functional analysis of variance (ANOVA) modeling has been proved particularly useful to investigate the dynamic changes of functional data according to certain categorical factors and their interactions. The current existing methods often encounter difficulties when the functional data are high-dimensional, non-Gaussian, and/or exhibit certain shape characteristics that vary with spatial locations. In this paper, we investigate the functional two-way ANOVA models from a novel Bayesian perspective. A class of highly flexible Gaussian Markov random fields (GMRF) are taken as priors on the functions in the model, which allows us to model various types of functional effects, such as (discrete or continuous) temporal effects and (point-level or areal) spatial effects. The resulting posterior distributions are obtained by an efficient computational tool based on integrated nested Laplace approximations (INLA) Rue, Martino and Chopin (2009). We then employ the excursion method introduced by Bolin and Lindgren (2015) to build simultaneous credible intervals of functional effects and test their significance from a Bayesian point of view. A simulation study and multiple data examples are presented to demonstrate the merits of our method.