Excess Body Fat Research Articles

The Risk of Sarcopenia among Adults with Normal-Weight Obesity in a Nutritional Management Setting.

Normal-weight obesity (NWO) is a phenotype characterized by excessive body fat (BF) despite normal body weight. We aimed to assess the association between NWO and the risk of sarcopenia. Two groups of patients with a normal body mass index [BMI (20-24.9 kg/m2)] were selected from a large cohort of participants. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and 748 participants were categorized as NWO or normal-weight without obesity (NWNO) and were classed according to whether or not they were at risk of sarcopenia. The "NWO group" included 374 participants (cases), compared to 374 participants (controls) in the "NWNO group", all of a similar BMI, age and gender. The participants in the "NWO group" displayed a higher prevalence of the risk of sarcopenia than the control group across both genders (0.6% vs. 14.1% in males; 1.4% vs. 36.5% in females). Regression analysis showed that being in the NWO category increased the risk of sarcopenia 22-fold in males (RR = 22.27; 95%CI: 3.35-147.98) and 25-fold in females (RR = 25.22; 95%CI: 8.12-78.36), compared to those in the NWNO category. In a "real-world" nutritional setting, the assessment of body composition to identify NWO syndrome is vital since it is also associated with a higher risk of sarcopenia.

Staple Food Preference and Obesity Phenotypes: The Regional Ethnic Cohort Study in Northwest China.

Staple food preference vary in populations, but evidence of its associations with obesity phenotypes are limited. Using baseline data (n = 105,840) of the Regional Ethnic Cohort Study in Northwest China, staple food preference was defined according to the intake frequency of rice and wheat. Overall and specifically abdominal fat accumulation were determined by excessive body fat percentage and waist circumference. Logistic regression and equal frequency substitution methods were used to evaluate the associations. We observed rice preference (consuming rice more frequently than wheat; 7.84% for men and 8.28% for women) was associated with a lower risk of excessive body fat (OR, 0.743; 95%CI, 0.669-0.826) and central obesity (OR, 0.886; 95%CI, 0.807-0.971) in men; and with lower risk of central obesity (OR, 0.898; 95%CI, 0.836-0.964) in women, compared with their wheat preference counterparties. Furthermore, similar but stronger inverse associations were observed in participants with normal body mass index. Wheat-to-rice (5 times/week) reallocations were associated with a 36.5% lower risk of normal-weight obesity in men and a 20.5% lower risk of normal-weight central obesity in women. Our data suggest that, compared with wheat, rice preference could be associated with lower odds ratios of certain obesity phenotypes in the Northwest Chinese population.

Genome Editing and Obesity.

Defined as a condition of body fat excess leading to significant morbidity, obesity is a chronic metabolic illness associated with a significant number of diseases. The incidence of obesity does not solely depend on dietary habits, with energy balance being regulated by the complex interactions between genetic, behavioural and environmental factors. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have demonstrated that several genes are linked to obesity, and these findings shed light on a growing number of novel potential therapeutics for weight management, including genome editing. In this regard, the cutting-edge technology known as clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas), thanks to its ability to edit DNA or modulate gene expression in eukaryotic cells, undoubtedly enables to understand the genetic mechanisms implicated in obesity and could be a promising tool for its treatment. This chapter summarizes the genetics underlying obesity and currently available obesity treatments, further discussing the research progress of genome editing in the knowledge and treatment of body fat excess.

Reward Systems and Ultra-processed Foods.

Indeed, the prehistoric period was associated with chronic malnutrition, which was a fundamental rule of human history. Because of this, natural selection favored genetic patterns that could survive in these harsh conditions by storing fat. This is because the main function of body fat is to store food reserves for the body [1]. Feeding behavior could be an interaction of a physiologic need for food with the reward system that powerfully encourages excessive eating in some people. Neuroadaptations in the reward system happens when people eat too many tasty foods. This disconnects eating behavior from caloric needs and leads to uncontrollable overeating [2]. Over time, body fat became a major issue. However, the negative effects of being overweight were not recognized in medical literature until as late as the 18th century. Then, technological advancement and economic prosperity resulted in the comfortable availability and simple cost of high-calorie foods, which are palatable to a large segment of the population [3]. Many factors that were formed as a result of this technological development have become major contributors to the increase in the obesity epidemic, including the increased use of sugar substitutes, the addition of preservatives to foods, sugar-sweetened beverages, changing eating patterns, as well as the promotion of sedentary lifestyles [4]. Excess calories taken in comparison to calories burned from any source result in the accumulation of these calories as body fat. Obesity may be characterized in many ways: For starters, it is a condition in which excess body fat interferes with normal activity and health. Second, the weight is more than 20% greater than the ideal height and body size. Third, a body mass index (BMI) is over 30. [5].

Relationship between Obesity and Serum Vitamin D Levels in Young Women

Background: The prevalence of obesity rises gradually worldwide and it is a chronic metabolic disease, which is defined by an excessive accumulation of body fat resulting from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Some studies suggested that the level of serum 25(OH)D was associated with obesity. Vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency is closely associated with chronic diseases, such as tumours, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Vitamin D is fat soluble that can be stored in body fat tissues and excessive body fat can reduce 25(OH) D levels in the blood, especially in obese individuals. Many studies revealed that young women are at a high risk of vitamin D deficiency. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between serum 25(OH)D level and obesity among young women. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry of Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital, during July 20- June 21. 100 female subjects aged belongs to 19-29 yrs were selected by purposive sampling. Among them 50 women were obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m²) and 50 women were non-obese (BMI< 25 kg/m²). Initial evaluation was done by history taking and anthropometric indices were measured. Here, used student unpaired t-test, chi square test and Pearson's correlation test to determine the association between vitamin D statuses with different variables. Lipid profile assay were carried out by a semi auto biochemistry analyzer and Vitamin D was estimated by immunoanalyzer. SPSS (22) was used for test of significance and p value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The mean value of weight, BMI, WC, WHR were significantly higher but height was significantly lower (p<0.01) in obese young women in comparison to non-obese young women. TC, TAG, LDL-C were significantly higher (p<0.01) but HDL-C and vitamin D were significantly low (p<0.01) in obese young women as compared to non- obese young women. Vitamin D had ...........

Impact of the herbal medicine, Ephedra sinica stapf, on gut microbiota and body weight in a diet-induced obesity model.

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease caused by excessive body fat and has become a global public health problem. Evidence suggests that obesity and obesity-induced metabolic disorders are closely related to gut microbiota. Bupropion (BP), an antidepressant medicine, and Ephedra sinica Stapf [Ephedraceae; Ephedrae Herba], a herbal medicine, are sympathetic stimulants and have weight loss effects. However, to our best knowledge, no studies have simultaneously assessed the effects of drugs and herbal medicines on obesity and gut microbiota. This study aimed to determine the effects of BP and ES on weight loss and re-modulation of host gut microbiota. To test this hypothesis, we fed C57BL/6J mice with a high-fat diet supplemented with bupropion (BP; 30mg/kg/day) and Ephedra sinica Stapf extract (ES; 150mg/kg/day) via oral gavage for eight weeks. Further, we evaluated the effects of BP and ES on body weight and fat accumulation. In addition, we evaluated the effects of BP and ES on gut microbiota using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Our results showed that weight loss was confirmed in both BP and ES; however, it was more pronounced in ES. ES changed the overall composition of the gut microbiota by restoring the relative abundance of Oscillospiraceae, Lachnospiraceae, and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, an indicator of gut microbiota dysbiosis. Nine amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) of the gut microbiome were significantly recovered by BP and ES treatment, of which eight ASVs correlated with body weight and fat accumulation. Additionally, three ASVs were significantly recovered by ES treatment alone. In conclusion, the anti-obesity effects of BP and ES, especially fat accumulation, are related to the regulation of gut microbiota. Moreover, ES had a greater influence on the gut microbiota than BP.

Comparing the performance of body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio in predicting Malaysians with excess adiposity

Background Body mass index (BMI) is a widely used surrogate tool to screen for obesity/adiposity, but it cannot differentiate between lean and fat mass. Thus, alternative tools to detect excess adiposity should be identified. Aim This study aimed to compare the performance of BMI, waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WtHR) in predicting Malaysians with excess body fat defined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Subjects and methods A total of 399 men and women aged ≥40 years were recruited from Klang Valley, Malaysia. The body composition of the subjects, including body fat percentage, was measured by DXA. The weight, height, WC and WHtR of the subjects were also determined. Results BMI [sensitivity = 55.7%, specificity = 86.1%, area under curve (AUC) = 0.709] and WC (sensitivity = 62.7%, specificity = 90.3%, AUC = 0.765) performed moderately in predicting excess adiposity. Their performance and sensitivity improved with lower cut-off values. The performance of WHtR (sensitivity = 96.6%, specificity = 36.1, AUC = 0.664) was optimal at the standard cut-off value and no modification was required. Conclusion The performance of WC in identifying excess adiposity was greater than BMI and WHtR based on AUC values. Modification of cut-off values for BMI and WC could improve their performance and should be considered by healthcare providers in screening individuals with excess adiposity.

Body fat percentage is independently and inversely associated with serum antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines

Vaccination is widely considered the most effective preventative strategy to protect against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. An individual’s exercise habits, and physical fitness have been shown to impact the immune response following vaccination using traditional vaccine platforms, but their effects are not well characterized following administration of newer vaccination technology (mRNA vaccines). We investigated these effects on the magnitude of antibody responses following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination while accounting for known covariates (age, sex, time since vaccination, and the type of vaccine administered). Adults of varying fitness levels (18–65 years; N = 50) who had received either the Moderna or Pfizer SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine between 2 weeks and 6 months prior, completed health history and physical activity questionnaires, had their blood drawn, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and strength assessed. Multiple linear regressions assessed the effect of percent body fat, hand grip strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and physical activity levels on the magnitude of receptor binding domain protein (RBD) and spike protein subunit 1 (S1) and 2 (S2) while accounting for known covariates. Body fat percentage was inversely associated with the magnitude of S1 (p = 0.006, β = − 366.56), RBD (p = 0.003, β = − 249.30), and S2 (p = 0.106, β = − 190.08) antibodies present in the serum following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Given the increasing number of infections, variants, and the known waning effects of vaccination, future mRNA vaccinations such as boosters are encouraged to sustain immunity; reducing excess body fat may improve the efficacy of these vaccinations.

Sarcopenic obesity predicts negative health outcomes among older patients with type 2 diabetes: The Ageing and Body Composition of Diabetes (ABCD) cohort study

The definition of and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity (SO) remain unclear, hindering the assessment of its prevalence as well as its clinical relevance to negative health outcomes, especially in diabetic patients, who are more prone to body composition changes. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of SO and its impact on negative health outcomes among elderly patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) from the Ageing and Body Composition of Diabetes (ABCD) cohort. This retrospective cohort study included 386 elderly patients with T2DM (177 males and 209 females, mean age of 67.91±6.10 years). SO was defined as the coexistence of sarcopenia defined by the 2019 Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia up-to-date consensus and obesity identified by five alternative measurements as follows: body mass index (BMI)≥28kg/m2 (BMI28), BMI≥25kg/m2 (BMI25), body fat percentage (BF%)≥25% for men or 35% for women, visceral fat area (VFA)≥100cm2, or android fat mass (AF) higher than the sex-specific median. The primary endpoint was all-cause death or fragility fracture, and the secondary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to estimate the association between SO and negative health outcomes. The prevalence of SO was 0.2% (BMI28), 2.5% (BMI25), 9.8% (AF), and 18.7% (BF% or VFA) among elderly patients with T2DM, according to the different obesity surrogate markers. During a mean follow-up period of 3.46±1.15 years, 50 patients reached the primary endpoint, and 33 patients had incident CVD. SO classified using BF% was significantly associated with the primary endpoint [hazard ratio (HR)=2.94, 95% CI=1.25-6.92] and incident CVD (HR=6.02, 95% CI=1.56-23.15), even after comprehensive adjustment for bone-, comorbidity-, and diabetes-specific confounding variables. When SO was classified using BMI25, VFA and AF, similar results were found for adverse outcomes. However, SO classified using BMI25 resulted in misclassification of SO for 61 participants, 19 of whom experienced adverse events during follow-up, and SO classified using VFA or AF was not significantly associated with incident CVD. SO is not uncommon in geriatric patients with T2DM, and its prevalence varies widely depending on the diverse surrogate indices of body fat excess. Furthermore, SO may be a better independent risk factor for negative health outcomes when classified using BF%.

RF18 | PSAT146 Bone Quality in Lean Adults with Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract Purpose Metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises a constellation of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, which are thought to be derived from truncal obesity. Adipose tissue can have positive effects on bone density through mechanical stimulation on weight bearing sites and can have hormonal influences which affect bone cells, however in obesity this relationship is inversed as the deleterious effects of excess fat mass predominate. It is unclear how MetS and the regional distribution of fat relate with bone density and bone quality in lean individuals who do not benefit from increased weight bearing. Methods We performed a cross sectional analysis of adults who underwent bone density and body composition by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at a university health system bone clinic, and had laboratory and demographic data available in the electronic medical record. We included adults with BMI below 24.9 kg/m2 in the analysis. Individuals were classified as being metabolically unhealthy lean (MUL) when they fulfilled at least 2 of the following criteria: blood pressure > 130/85, triglyceride >150 mg/dL, HDL < 50 mg/dL for women and < 40 mg/dL for men, fasting plasma glucose >100mg/dL (or HbA1c >=5.7), and metabolically healthy lean (MHL) when they did not fit the criteria. Linear regression was used to evaluate the association of body composition fat parameters with trabecular bone score (TBS), and bone mineral density (BMD) at the total hip (TH). Results Among the 119 (100%) lean adults, 50 (42%) were classified as being MUL. Mean age was 62 ±14 years old and mean BMI was 22 ±1.9kg/m2. The population was mostly white 105 (88%) and 70 (41%) were Hispanics. Additionally, 43 subjects (40%) had a history of a previous fracture. Total body fat was similar between the two groups (mean,%) MHL 33.5, MUL 34.1 (p=0.32), as were age (mean, years) MHL 62.3 vs MUL 62.5 (p=0.48), BMI (mean, kg/m2) MHL 22.2, MUH 22.2 (p=0.49), TH BMD (mean, g/cm2) MHL 0.74, MUL 0.72 (p=0.140) and TBS (mean, unitless) MHL 1.34, MUL 1.33 (p=0.308). However, visceral adipose tissue area (VAT) (mean, cm2) was statistically significantly different between the groups (MHL 69.0, MUL 86.7, p=0.004). In linear regression analyses total body fat had negative association with TBS (B=-0.44, p<0.001) and TH BMD (B= -0.37, p<0.001) while VAT had negative association with TBS (B=-0.26, p=0.02) but not TH BMD (B=-0.17, p=0.08). Conclusion In our sample of older lean individuals body fat distribution varied by classification of metabolic health. Total body fat amount was associated with decreasing bone density and quality, while higher truncal fat as measured by VAT area was associated with decreasing bone quality. Our findings suggest that excess body fat may have deleterious effects on bone health even in lean individuals Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m., Sunday, June 12, 2022 1:06 p.m. - 1:11 p.m.

PSUN137 Suppression of endogenous insulin secretion during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia – effects of obesity

Abstract Hyperinsulinemia is strongly linked with excessive body fat. However, with the exception of plasma glucose concentrations, the other factors regulating insulin secretion are under-studied. We examined the effects of hyperinsulinemia itself on beta cell insulin secretion during exogenous insulin and glucose infusions in adults with insulin-resistant upper body (UBO), insulin-sensitive lower body obesity (LBO) and non-obese controls. Data from the euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp studies of 33 volunteers (9 controls, 5 LBO, 19 UBO) was analyzed; basal and insulin-suppressed (residual) insulin secretion rates were determined using deconvolution of C-peptide concentrations. Obesity phenotype was determined using waist: hip ratio and body composition was assessed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and abdominal computed tomography. Plasma insulin concentrations were log transformed to achieve a normal distribution before statistical analysis. The plasma glucose concentration change during the clamp was 0.3 (SD: 3) mg/dl, and similar among groups (p=0.7). Median, achieved serum insulin concentrations was 66 (IQR: 45-105) mIU/mL, and greater in participants with obesity. Fasting insulin secretion rates were 0.093 (SD: 0.029), 0.158 (SD: 0.036), and 0.216 (0.078) nmol/min in controls, LBO and UBO, respectively (UBO p<0.001 vs. other groups). Insulin secretion was suppressed by 28% during hyperinsulinemia with no between group differences (p= 0.69). The ratios of insulin secretion rate (from C-peptide deconvolution) to serum insulin concentration (nmol/min per mIU/mL) was 0.058 (SD: 0.015) in controls, 0.090 (SD: 0.016) in LBO and 0.111 (SD: 0.039) in UBO (UBO vs. other groups P = 0.001). The ratio of insulin secretion rates to plasma insulin concentrations was correlated with BMI (r=0.69, P <0.001). We conclude that adults with obesity have greater residual insulin secretion during an exogenous insulin infusion and that this is related to upper body fat distribution. However, because the proportional suppression of endogenous insulin secretion is similar in these groups, this could indicate the primary abnormality is fasting insulin secretion. Presentation: Sunday, June 12, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.

Energy cost of walking in obese survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort.

Adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have impaired adaptive physical function and poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Obesity may contribute to these impairments by increasing the physiological cost of walking. Due to treatment exposures during ALL therapy, survivors' cost of walking may be more impacted by obesity than the general population. Therefore, we examined associations between obesity, persistent motor neuropathy, and energy cost of walking; and examined associations between energy cost of walking, adaptive physical function, and HRQoL, in adult survivors of childhood ALL vs. community controls. Obesity was measured via body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage. The physiological cost index (PCI) was calculated from the six-minute walk test. Adaptive physical functioning was measured using two tests: the timed up and go (TUG) test and the physical performance test. Persistent motor neuropathy was measured using the modified total neuropathy score; HRQoL was measured using the Short-Form-36 questionnaire. The associations between obesity and PCI were evaluated using multivariable linear regressions in adult survivors of childhood ALL (n = 1,166) and community controls (n = 491). Then, the associations between PCI, adaptive physical functioning and peripheral neuropathy were examined using multivariable linear regressions. Finally, to determine the association between obesity, and neuropathy on PCI, while accounting for potential lifestyle and treatment confounders, a three model, sequential linear regression was used. Obese individuals (BMI > 40 kg/m2 and excess body fat percentage [males: >25%; females: >33%]) had higher PCI compared to those with normal BMI and body fat percentage (0.56 ± 0.01 vs. 0.49 ± 0.009 beats/meter p < .01; and 0.51 ± 0.007 vs. 0.48 ± .0006 beats/meter p < .01, respectively). Treatment exposures did not attenuate this association. Increased PCI was associated with longer TUG time in survivors, but not community controls (6.14 ± 0.02 s vs. 5.19 ± 0.03 s, p < .01). Survivors with PCI impairment >95th percentile of community controls had lower HRQoL compared to un-impaired ALL survivors: 46.9 ± 0.56 vs. 50.4 ± 1.08, respectively (p < .01). Obesity was associated with increased PCI. Survivors with high PCI had disproportionately worse adaptive physical function and HRQoL compared to controls. Survivors with increased energy costs of walking may benefit from weight loss interventions.

Metabolic syndrome and possible treatments (consecutive therapies): a literature review

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is defined by a cluster of risk factors including insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Metabolic syndrome is also defined as having at least three metabolic risk factors— increased blood pressure, high blood sugar level, excess body fat, and abnormal cholesterol levels— and greatly increases the chance of future cardiovascular problems. The last 50 years have seen a dramatic increase in metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, with the number of individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes worldwide expected to surpass 360 million by 2030. Early diagnosis is important in order to employ effectively lifestyle and risk factor modification. Pharmaceutical therapy in MS is aimed at treating the individual components of MS such as antihypertensives, statins, and metformin. Some natural compounds, Yoga and dietary elements. Therefore in this article various therapies (possible treatments) were reviewed. The world is in emergent need for searching of treatments for metabolic syndrome. The MS is a constellation of common metabolic disorders that is associated with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Insulin resistance and dyslipidemia play central roles in the pathophysiology of this syndrome. In this modern world, metabolic syndrome is reaching epidemic proportions. With only a handful of people following the healthy diet and lifestyle, majority still fall in the bracket of those with compromised diet and lifestyle, burdening the health services. Socio economic changes and eventually globalization has led to transformation in the society. This has led to alterations in the dietary habits eventually resulting in nutrition transition. Pharmacological treatment is only based on only diagnosis and symptoms. Recently approved anti-obesity drugs can be prescribed to reduce body weight, particularly abdominal visceral fat. A first line intervention targeting MS involves dietary and lifestyle modification with regular physical activity over a period of time. However, improvement in MS parameters can only be maintained when these modifications can be sustained. Therefore, dietary and lifestyle modification in continuum is required to overcome MS holistically. The main and foremost treatment for metabolic syndrome is to eliminate the causative risk factors of it.

Effect of obesity and excessive body fat on glycaemic control in paediatric type 1 diabetes.

Excessive adiposity is believed to contribute to insulin resistance, resulting in more complex metabolic outcomes and poorer glycaemic control. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of overweight/obese, excessive adiposity, and metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) children, who were from a relatively overweight/obese population, and to assess the effects on glycaemic control. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2019 to August 2020 on T1DM children between 6 and 18years old who attended the Paediatric Endocrine Clinic Putrajaya Hospital. Anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis (Inbody 720) were measured to analyse their effects towards glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) via SPSS 21. A total of 63 T1DM were recruited with an equal male-to-female ratio. The mean age was 12.4±3.3 years old with a mean HbA1c of 9.8±2.0%. The prevalence of overweight/obese and excessive body fat was 17.5 and 34.9%, respectively. Only 3 (6.8%) fulfilled the metabolic syndrome criteria. The waist circumference had a significant relationship with HbA1c. Every 10cm increment of waist circumference was predicted to raise HbA1c by 0.8. The odds ratio of having abdominal obesity among T1DM with excessive body fat was 9.3 times. Abdominal obesity is significantly associated with a poorer glycaemic control in T1DM children. Monitoring of waist circumference should be considered as part of the routine diabetic care.

The association between body fat percentage and self-reported depression in the United Arab Emirates

Abstract Background The United Arab Emirates Healthy Future Study (UAEHFS) is one of the first large prospective cohort studies in the region which examines causes and risk factors for chronic diseases among adult UAE nationals. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between body fat percentage (BF%) and the eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) as a screening instrument for depression among the UAEHFS pilot study participants. Methods We analyzed the UAEHFS pilot data to investigate the association between BF% and PHQ-8 adjusted for age and gender. We used multivariate logistic ordinal regression model. To impute missing values, 100 multiple imputations (MI) were performed using multivariate imputation of classification and regression tree. The statistical analysis was performed using R Statistical Software (version 4.2.0) Results Out of 517 participants, data from 487 (94.2%) were analyzed after excluding participants who didn't fill out the questionnaires. The median age was 30 years (Interquartile Range: 23 - 38). There were more males (67.8%) than females in the UAEHF pilot data. Approximately, 64 (13.1%) of the participant reported depression. The prevalence of obesity was 35.2% in this study population. The estimated odds ratio of BF% from the fitted multivariate logistic ordinal regression model was OR = 1.046 (95% CI: 1.012-1.08), and OR = 1.03 (95% CI: 1.003-1.057) for the omitted data, and MI (sensitivity analysis) respectively. Conclusions High body fat percentage was statistically significantly associated with high risk of reporting depression. Additional research is needed, using the main UAEHFS data (after recruitment is complete), to further investigate the association between body fat percentage and depression. Key messages • Our results can help contribute to the knowledge based on current and potential population mental health in the UAE and Gulf Region. • The main finding of this study that excess body fat is associated with an increased risk of developing depression and vice versa; thus, this could add to the future direction of mental health research.

Activity-based Photoacoustic Probes Reveal Elevated Intestinal MGL and FAAH Activity in a Murine Model of Obesity.

Obesity is a chronic health condition characterized by the accumulation of excessive body fat which can lead to and exacerbate cardiovascular disease, type-II diabetes, high blood pressure, and cancer through systemic inflammation. Unfortunately, visualizing key mediators of the inflammatory response, such as monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), in a selective manner is a profound challenge owing to an overlapping substrate scope that involves arachidonic acid (AA). Specifically, these enzymes work in concert to generate AA, which in the context of obesity, has been implicated to control appetite and energy metabolism. In this study, we developed the first selective activity-based sensing probes to detect MGL (PA-HD-MGL) and FAAH (PA-HD-FAAH) activity via photoacoustic imaging. Activation of PA-HD-MGL and PA-HD-FAAH by their target enzymes resulted in 1.74-fold and 1.59-fold signal enhancements, respectively. Due to their exceptional selectivity profiles and deep-tissue photoacoustic imaging capabilities, these probes were employed to measure MGL and FAAH activity in a murine model of obesity. Contrary to conflicting reports suggesting levels of MGL can be attenuated or elevated, our results support the latter. Indeed, we discovered a marked increase of both targets in the gastrointestinal tract. These key findings set the stage to uncover the role of the endocannabinoid pathway in obesity-mediated inflammation.

Activity‐based Photoacoustic Probes Reveal Elevated Intestinal MGL and FAAH Activity in a Murine Model of Obesity

AbstractObesity is a chronic health condition characterized by the accumulation of excessive body fat which can lead to and exacerbate cardiovascular disease, type‐II diabetes, high blood pressure, and cancer through systemic inflammation. Unfortunately, visualizing key mediators of the inflammatory response, such as monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), in a selective manner is a profound challenge owing to an overlapping substrate scope that involves arachidonic acid (AA). Specifically, these enzymes work in concert to generate AA, which in the context of obesity, has been implicated to control appetite and energy metabolism. In this study, we developed the first selective activity‐based sensing probes to detect MGL (PA‐HD‐MGL) and FAAH (PA‐HD‐FAAH) activity via photoacoustic imaging. Activation of PA‐HD‐MGL and PA‐HD‐FAAH by their target enzymes resulted in 1.74‐fold and 1.59‐fold signal enhancements, respectively. Due to their exceptional selectivity profiles and deep‐tissue photoacoustic imaging capabilities, these probes were employed to measure MGL and FAAH activity in a murine model of obesity. Contrary to conflicting reports suggesting levels of MGL can be attenuated or elevated, our results support the latter. Indeed, we discovered a marked increase of both targets in the gastrointestinal tract. These key findings set the stage to uncover the role of the endocannabinoid pathway in obesity‐mediated inflammation.

FOOD RECOGNITION AND CALORIE ESTIMATION USING CNN

Obesity and overweight have traditionally been linked to intake of high calorie food. Obesity may be a medical condition during which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it‘s going to have an adverse effect on health. Changes to diet and exercising are the major treatments. Diet quality are often improved by reducing the consumption of energy dense foods like those high in fat or sugars and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber. There are also many other reasons that lead to monitoring of food calorie estimation. Proposed system will be trained with many images in each category, which then classifies the food image and then estimates nutrition / calorie. Proposed system uses CNN as a classifier for food recognition and based on the food weight in grams the calorie of the food items are determined. This deep convolutional neural network will configure to detect and recognize local food images. Data about most consumed local food items were collected from internet. The main aim of this project is to improve the accuracy of the pre-training model using CNN.

High Blood Glucose and Excess Body fat Enhance Pain Sensitivity and Weaken Pain Inhibition in Healthy Adults: A Single-blind Cross-over Randomized Controlled Trial

To investigate links between blood glucose, body fat mass and pain, the effects of acute hyperglycaemia on pain sensitivity and pain inhibition were examined in healthy adults with normal (n = 24) or excess body fat (n = 20) determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Effects of hyperglycaemia on heart rate variability and reactive hyperaemia were also explored. For the overall sample, ingesting 75-g glucose enhanced pain sensitivity during 1-minute cold-water immersion of both feet (conditioning stimulus) and weakened the pain inhibitory effect of cold water on pressure pain thresholds (test stimulus). Exploratory subgroup analyses not adjusted for multiple comparisons suggested that this effect was limited to people with excess fat mass. In addition, acute hyperglycaemia suppressed resting heart rate variability only in people with excess fat mass. Furthermore, regardless of blood glucose levels, people with excess fat mass had weaker pain inhibition for pinprick after cold water and reported more pain during 5-minutes of static blood flow occlusion. Neither high blood glucose nor excess body fat affected pinprick-temporal summation of pain or reactive hyperaemia. Together, these findings suggest that hyperglycaemia and excess fat mass interfere with pain processing and autonomic function. PerspectiveIngesting 75-g glucose (equivalent to approximately 2 standard cans of soft drink) interfered with pain-processing and autonomic function, particularly in people with excess body fat mass. As both hyperglycaemia and overweight are risk factors for diabetes, whether these are sources of pain in people with diabetes should be further explored.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS AND BODY MASS INDEX IN YOUNG ADULTS

Background: Overweight and obesity nowadays have become a global concern in developed and developing countries. Obesity is a disorder involving excessive body fat that increases the risk of metabolic syndrome. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to observed the effect of increase in body mass index on dynamic pulmonary function parameters parameters like FVC, FEV1 and PEFR in the young adult male population of Ahmedabad. Material &amp; Methods: The study was undertaken to assess few pulmonary function test parameters in normal weight and overweight young adult males of Ahmedabad. The study and the control groups were comprised of 30 subjects each matched for age, sex and socioeconomic status, randomly selected from the population of Ahmedabad. Device used was spiroexcel digital spirometer by Medicaid system at Physiology Department of B.J. Medical College Ahemedabad. FVC, FEV1 and PEFR were used as measures of lung functions. Result and Conclusion: There were signicant differences in FVC, FEV1 and PEFR in the study group (p&lt;0.05). There was inverse relationship between pulmonary function parameters and an increase in BMI. These data demonstrate that pulmonary function test parameters of overweight young adults were signicantly reduced when compared to the normal weight counterparts. An increase in BMI had a signicant effect on spirometric measurements in young adult males of Ahmedabad.