Excess Body Fat Research Articles

Obesity and Cancer: A Current Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Outcomes, and Management.

Obesity or excess body fat is a major global health challenge that has not only been associated with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease but is also a major risk factor for the development of and mortality related to a subgroup of cancer. This review focuses on epidemiology, the relationship between obesity and the risk associated with the development and recurrence of cancer and the management of obesity. A literature search using PubMed and Google Scholar was performed and the keywords 'obesity' and cancer' were used. The search was limited to research papers published in English prior to September 2022 and focused on studies that investigated epidemiology, the pathogenesis of cancer, cancer incidence and the risk of recurrence, and the management of obesity. About 4-8% of all cancers are attributed to obesity. Obesity is a risk factor for several major cancers, including post-menopausal breast, colorectal, endometrial, kidney, esophageal, pancreatic, liver, and gallbladder cancer. Excess body fat results in an approximately 17% increased risk of cancer-specific mortality. The relationship between obesity and the risk associated with the development of cancer and its recurrence is not fully understood and involves altered fatty acid metabolism, extracellular matrix remodeling, the secretion of adipokines and anabolic and sex hormones, immune dysregulation, and chronic inflammation. Obesity may also increase treatment-related adverse effects and influence treatment decisions regarding specific types of cancer therapy. Structured exercise in combination with dietary support and behavior therapy are effective interventions. Treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues and bariatric surgery result in more rapid weight loss and can be considered in selected cancer survivors. Obesity increases cancer risk and mortality. Weight-reducing strategies in obesity-associated cancers are important interventions as a key component of cancer care. Future studies are warranted to further elucidate the complex relationship between obesity and cancer with the identification of targets for effective interventions.

Exploration of body weight in 115 000 young adult dogs of 72 breeds

High body weight (BW), due to large size or excess body fat, has been associated with developmental and metabolic alterations, and degenerative diseases in dogs. Study objectives were to determine mean BW in young adult dogs of different breeds, including changes over a 10-year period. Body weight data from the official Swedish hip dysplasia screening program were used, including data from dogs screened at 1–2.5 years of age, in breeds with ≥ 15 individual observations/year during 2007–2016. Mean BW per breed and sex was established from 114 568 dogs representing 72 breeds. Estimates of breed BW showed significant change in 33 (45%) breeds over the 10-year period. Body weight increased in five breeds (2–14% change) and decreased in 26 breeds (1–8% change). In two breeds, BW increased in male and decreased in female dogs. This observational study provides extensive breed BW data on young adult dogs. The change in breed BW, noted in almost half of the breeds, could be due to changes either in size or in body fat mass. In certain breeds, the change in BW over time might have an impact on overall health. Studies with simultaneous evaluation of BW and body condition over time are warranted.

Poor Cognitive Agility Conservation in Obese Aging People.

Life expectancy has been boosted in recent decades at expenses of increasing the age-associated diseases. Dementia, for its incidence, stands out among the pathologies associated with aging. The exacerbated cognitive deterioration disables people from carrying out their daily lives autonomously and this incidence increases exponentially after 65 years of age. The etiology of dementia is a miscellaneous combination of risk factors that restrain the quality of life of our elderly. In this sense, it has been established that some metabolic pathologies such as obesity and diabetes act as a risk factor for dementia development. In contrast, a high educational level, as well as moderate physical activity, have been shown to be protective factors against cognitive impairment and the development of dementia. In the present study, we have evaluated the metabolic composition of a population between 60-90 years old, mentally healthy and with high academic degrees. After assessing agility in mental state, we have established relationships between their cognitive abilities and their body composition. Our data support that excess body fat is associated with poorer maintenance of cognition, while higher percentages of muscle mass are associated with the best results in the cognitive tests.

Potential Role of Oxidative Stress in the Production of Volatile Organic Compounds in Obesity.

Obesity is associated with numerous health issues such as sleep disorders, asthma, hepatic dysfunction, cancer, renal dysfunction, diabetes, cardiovascular complications, and infertility. Previous research has shown that the distribution of excess body fat, rather than excess body weight, determines obesity-related risk factors. It is widely accepted that abdominal fat is a serious risk factor for illnesses associated with obesity and the accumulation of visceral fat promotes the release of pro-oxidants, pro-inflammatory, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The metabolic process in the human body produces several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) via urine, saliva, breath, blood, skin secretions, milk, and feces. Several studies have shown that VOCs are released by the interaction of ROS with underlying cellular components leading to increased protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, or DNA damage. These VOCs released via oxidative stress in obese individuals may serves as a biomarker for obesity-related metabolic alterations and disease. In this review, we focus on the relationship between oxidative stress and VOCs in obesity.

Gut microbiome composition is similar between pregnant women with excess body fat with healthy and less healthy dietary intake patterns.

Dietary composition influences the composition of the gut microbiota in healthy adults. Little is known about the effect of dietary patterns on gut microbiota composition in pregnancy. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the associations between two diet quality scores adapted from the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS) and the Mediterranean Dietary Score (MDS) with the composition of the gut microbiota in pregnant women with excess body fat at 28 weeks' gestation. Women from the Study of Probiotics IN Gestational diabetes (SPRING) who had completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ; n = 395) were classified according to tertiles of ARFS and the MDS. Higher dietary pattern scores in both the ARFS and the MDS represent better diet quality. Gut microbiota composition was assessed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and analysed using MicrobiomeAnalyst in a subset of 196 women with faecal samples. No significant difference was found in alpha or beta diversity. A higher ARFS was associated with a higher abundance of Ruminococcus and lower abundance of Akkermansia, whereas a higher MDS was associated with a higher abundance of Ruminococcus and Butyricicoccus, though these changes disappeared after correction for multiple testing. These results suggest that dietary patterns defined by the ARFS and MDS were not associated with gut microbiota composition in pregnant women classified as overweight and obese at 28 weeks' gestation within this study.

Diagnostic performance of anthropometric indicators used to assess excess body fat in adolescence.

Objective:To compare the performance of anthropometric indicators that identify excess body fat (BF) in adolescents.Methods:This is a methodological study that used probability cluster sampling through school and class draws. Data collection included sociodemographic characteristics and anthropometric measures. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), conicity index (C index), and waist circumference (WC) were calculated. Body fat percentage (BF%) was calculated from skinfold thickness and used as the gold standard. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, Student’s t-test, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, and Youden’s index were used, in addition to correlation coefficient calculation between the indicators and BF%.Results:A total of 997 adolescents enrolled in municipal secondary schools participated in the study. By calculating the BMI, we found that 10.6% of adolescents were overweight, and 4.7% were obese. BMI, WC, and WtHR had the highest accuracy to predict body fatness. All the anthropometric indicators had higher specificity than sensitivity to diagnose excess BF in males. WC had the highest sensitivity in both genders. C index had the smallest area under the ROC curve and the lowest sensitivity in both genders, but its specificity was equivalent to that of the other indicators.Conclusions:BMI, WtHR, and WC were the best anthropometric indicators to predict excess BF in adolescents and had the best correlation coefficients. These tools can be considered in the screening to detect excess BF in adolescents.

Male hypogonadism in overweight and obesity

Obesity-related gonadal dysfunction in males has been defined recently as male obesity secondary hypogonadism (MOSH). Affected individuals present with signs and symptoms related to the sex hormone imbalance but also with a burden of metabolic risk factors and occasionally compromised fertility. In pathophysiological terms, excess body fat is associated with leptin and insulin resistance. Accelerated synthesis of leptin and hyperinsulinemia downregulate the expression of kisspeptin receptors and, consequently, the action of kisspeptin. This critical neuropeptide is known to control gonadotropin secretion. In obese males, enhanced activity of the aromatase enzyme is associated with an increase in the conversion of circulating testosterone to estrogen, further promoting a state of hypogonadism. In addition, high fat and low fiber intake alter the intestinal microbiome and the dysfunction of the gut-brain axis. Weight loss appears to be the key to readjusting the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. It can be achieved with lifestyle measures in combination with weight loss medications or bariatric surgery. The degree of weight loss appears to resolve the symptoms related to hypogonadism and improve fertility chances. However, the role of hormone replacement is also important, as testosterone replacement has been shown to reduce fat mass and increase the amount of lean body mass while also contributing to weight loss and the regulation of body mass index and waist circumference. This narrative review analyzes the evidence on developing obesity-related endocrinopathies and the available management options. Further research is required to estimate the cut-off of body mass index associated with a higher risk for hypogonadism.

Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants: An updated Review

Hyperglycemia is the primary symptom of diabetes, a metabolic condition caused by impaired insulin production, insulin action, or both. There are two main subtypes of diabetes: type I and type II. Genetic predisposition, excess body fat, high blood pressure, and other similar variables all contribute to the development of diabetes. Many diabetic medications, including biguanides, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, etc., are now available for conventional use. However, we have yet to reach the point where we can cure people effectively. This is why scientists are actively seeking for new methods of treating diabetes. The study and application of medicinal plants holds great promise for the future of complementary treatment. Traditional diabetes treatment and management in India often include the use of medicinal herbs. Herbs with potentially beneficial effects on diabetes are discussed in this review article.

Correlação entre níveis séricos de vitamina D e IMC de crianças e adolescentes atendidos em um ambulatório universitário

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between BMI indices and serum vitamin D levels in children and adolescents. METHODS: Survey of BMI values and serum vitamin D levels of patients aged between one and 16 years, from April 2017 to November 2020, treated at a university hospital RESULTS: The statistical association between BMI classification and serum vitamin D level by Fishers exact test was p= 0,053, a value very close to the limit of significance. Thus, there was a borderline correlation between obesity and hypovitaminosis D CONCLUSIONS: The causal relationship between excess fat and low seeric vitamin D is still not well understood. It is questioned whether reduced serum vitamin D levels function as a direct or indirect cause or consequence of increased BMI. Routine screening of levels of this vitamin in patients with excess body fat is considered relevant, due to its multisystemic and multifunctional role, in addition to the important need for supplementation in patients with its deficiency.

A New Anthropometric Model for Body Composition Estimation in the Assessment of Metabolic Risk Factors of Obese Women

Excessive body fat is associated with disorders defined as Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). The study sets out to uncover the underlying mechanisms of MetS pathogenesis comparing metabolic and inflammatory variables with increasing amounts of fat mass. Aiming to solve this issue, the study refers to an anthropometric model named Dahlmann-Body- Analysis (DBA) to define the percentage of fat mass (%FM).

Padrões alimentares de adolescentes recém-ingressos em uma universidade pública

ABSTRACT Objective To identify the association between dietary patterns and nutritional status in adolescent freshmen at a public university in Northeastern Brazil. Methods In this cross-sectional study anthropometric variables, body composition and food intake were collected and assessed using the food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were evaluated through factor analysis using the principal component extraction method. Results Two dietary patterns were identified: “Western” pattern, consisting of foods with high energy density and low nutritional value, and the “traditional Brazilian” pattern, with foods from Brazilian cuisine such as rice, beans, corn, roots and tubers, fruits, greens and vegetables. The multiple regression analysis revealed a negative association between the “traditional Brazilian” pattern and both excess weight and body fat in females. Conclusion A healthy dietary pattern with typical local cuisine foods can offer protection to health and should be encouraged.

AS DIFERENÇAS ENTRE OS MODOS MODERNOS DE TREINAMENTO DE BIATLO NOS JOGOS OLÍMPICOS DE INVERNO

ABSTRACT Introduction The biathlon is a snow sport that combines cross-country skiing and shooting, originating in Scandinavia. It requires athletes to not only have the ability to glide quickly over long distances but also to have the ability to shoot quickly and accurately. There is little research on biathlon characteristics and analysis of influencing factors and training strategies in China. Objective This study analyzes modern biathlon athletes’ specific explosive power, endurance and training effects at the Winter Olympics. Methods Twenty biathlon athletes were selected as research volunteers. Physiological and biochemical indicators of the athletes were experimentally tested after training. Results There was a correlation between maximum speed and the height of the athletes’ double stand test (SD) (p < 0.05). The heavier athletes skied relatively faster. However, the excessive body fat rate is not conducive to maintaining high-intensity skiing in the long term. The athletes’ VO2max was closely related to their skiing performance and shot hit percentage (p < 0.05). Conclusion Maintaining gun ski training can positively improve the competitive level of world-class biathletes. The athlete's muscles have a solid ability to generate high mechanical power in a short time. It is beneficial to take advantage of a favorable position after the start of the competition. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Influência do excesso de peso sobre o equilíbrio postural e a mobilidade de candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica

Abstract Obesity is considered a risk factor to health and besides generating metabolic and cardiovascular alterations, it is related to mechanical complications. Since stability may be altered due to anthropometric and biomechanical factors, studies investigating the relationship of excess weight on the mobility and balance of obese adults are still scarce. The research aimed to evaluate the postural balance and mobility of obese individuals who are waiting for bariatric surgery. This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study, conducted at the Hospital das Clínicas of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. The sample consisted of 97 individuals, 81 women, 16 men, age 38.39 ± 10.60 years and body mass index 47.5 ± 6.9 kg/m2. The Timed Up and Go test, which evaluates the mobility, resulted in 7.6 ± 1.7 seconds as the average of the longest times spent to perform the test. Regarding the evaluation of dynamic balance and mobility, it was found that the domains of anticipatory postural adjustments, necessary to prevent postural disturbances (median 5, 95%CI 5-6) and the domain of dynamic movement, which corresponds to the balance necessary to walk (median 8, 95%CI 7-9) are the most impaired in the subjects with obesity. Positive correlations were found between weight and dynamic balance. The findings indicate that excess body fat interferes with dynamic balance.

Effects of Phytotherapeutic Administration of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) as a Treatment for Obesity: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Experimental Studies

Obesity is characterized by an excessive body-fat and a chronic low-grade inflammatory state. Its population diagnosis is measured by body mass index (BMI), which classifies obesity as a BMI of ≥ 30 kg/m². Raised BMI is a known risk factor for multiple chronic disorders, particularly diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In recent decades, there has been an emergent scientific interest in more natural therapeutic approaches, including phytotherapy.

Effect of Gait Alteration on Fatigability during Walking in Adult Women with High Body Fat Composition.

Background and Objective: The risk factors for injury due to alterations in gait efficiency and fatigability during walking are a rising concern. Therefore, the aims of this study were to characterize the changes in gait pattern and performance fatigability among adult women with a high body fat percentage and to study the association between the gait pattern and performance fatigability during walking. Materials and Methods: A total of 160 adult women were enrolled in the study and were divided into two groups: a high-body-fat percentage group (HBF; n = 80; fat% = 42.49 ± 3.51) and a comparison group with a normal body fat percentage (NBF; n = 80; fat% = 29.68 ± 4.30). The 10 min walking test (10-MWT) was used to measure performance fatigability. Treadmill-based gait analysis was used for the acquisition of gait parameters. The correlation between the variables was examined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Forward stepwise linear regression was carried out to examine the association between all independent variables, and performance fatigability was adjusted for age and height. The level of statistical significant was set at p-value < 0.05 in all analyses. Results: The mean performance fatigability during the 10-MWT was reported to be high (1.4 ± 0.13) among the participants with HBF, as compared with a fatigability of 1.25 ± 0.11 in the NBF group. The data analysis of the spatial parameters indicated that stride length and step length were statistically smaller in the participants with HBF, as compared with the NBF group. The effects of average maximum force, speed, cadence, step length, and stride length explained the variation in the performance fatigability by 61% (p = 0.007). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that gait alteration due to excess body fat induced a reduction in performance, as reflected by the high fatigability performance during walking. The study demonstrated a significant association between the severity of performance fatigability and spatial gait parameters.

Vulnerabilidad de la obesidad definida por el índice de masa corporal, perímetro abdominal y porcentaje de grasa corporal

AimTo ascertain to what extent it is possible to stop being obese (to normalize body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC] and/or body fat percentage [BFP]). DesignLongitudinal observational and retrospective study. SiteEleven Spanish health centers. ParticipantsMen and women with BMI≥30kg/m2 (n=1246) or general obesity (GO), with WC>102cm and >88cm, respectively (n=2122) or abdominal obesity (AO) and with BFP>25% and >35%, respectively (n=2436) or excess body fat (EBF), from the PEPAF Study cohort of 4927 participants aged 20-80years. Main measurementsData from the PEPAF study at baseline and at 6, 12 and 24months: gender, age, diagnoses of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia, smoking, levels of and compliance with physical activity recommendations, maximum oxygen consumption, weigh, height, WC and three skin-folds (thoracic, umbilical and anterior thigh for men and triceps, suprailiac and anterior thigh for women). ResultsOf 2054 participants with any type of obesity at baseline and valid data at 2years, 240 (11.6%) had normalized all of their obesity diagnostic indexes. 19.5% (95% confidence interval (95%CI: 17.6-21.4) ceased to have EBF, 12.0% (95%CI: 10.4-13.7) ceased to have AO and 10.5% (95%CI: 8.5-12.7) ceased to have GO. ConclusionsObesity differs from other chronic diseases in that it can be «cured» by normalizing the amount of body fat.

Body Composition of Young Women and The Consumption of Selected Nutrients.

The choices of food products and their nutritional value have a significant impact on nutritional status and body composition parameters. Popular and low-cost indicators of nutritional status, such as BMI, may not reflect the actual condition of the body. The aim of the study was to assess the consumption of energy as well as selected nutrients, such as protein, fats, carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, lactose, starch, and dietary fiber, and to evaluate body mass index (BMI) and the parameters of the body composition among young women. Next, correlations were made between these nutrients and the parameters, such as percent body fat (PBF), visceral fat area (VFA), and fitness score (FS). The study group included 478 young women. To assess their consumption, the participants completed 72 h dietary interviews. In addition, the participants had a body composition analysis performed by bioelectric impedance technology by the InBody 720 Body Composition Analyzer (InBody, South Korea). The average energy value of the diets was about 1480 kcal. Most diets contained adequate portions of protein, fat, and carbohydrates. The diets were deficient in terms of unsaturated fatty acids and fiber. We showed that up to 37% of women with normal BMI had excess body fat. Moreover, the % energy from plant protein consumption negatively correlated with PBF and BMI (r = -0.10, p = 0.029, r = -0.10, p = 0.037, respectively) and dietary fiber with PBF, BMI, VFA, and FS (r = -0.17, p = 0.0003, r = -0.12, p = 0.01, r = -0.18, p = 0.0001, r = 0.09, p = 0.041, respectively). Education on the proper consumption of basic nutrients, including plant-based protein and dietary fiber, seems to be essential in preventing overweight and obesity.

Walking transmutes the individual health system: diseases

Even though the advantages of regular physical activity (PA) are widely acknowledged, the majority of people fall short of the suggested levels of activity. The world health organization (WHO) lays emphasis on workplace PA promotion as a critical intervention setting to improve the health and well-being of the working population. Given the significance of well-being in work environments, it is worthwhile to investigate the literature's evidence of effectiveness. The purpose of this systematic study is to evaluate how well walking promotes overall improvement in well-being. Your general health can be enhanced or maintained by walking. Just 30 minutes of exercise every day can enhance cardiovascular health, reduce excess body fat, and strengthen bones while also enhancing muscle endurance and strength. It can also lessen your risk of developing conditions like heart disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and various cancers. Walking is a cost-free fitness option that doesn't call for any specialised gear or prior experience. Additionally, walking enhances brain function and helps older people have larger brains.

Improvement of obesity by Liupao tea is through the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 signaling pathway according to network pharmacology and experimental verification

BackgroundObesity is a state of accumulating excessive body fat, charactering by a high blood lipid and associating with various metabolic diseases. As a kind of dark tea, many studies revealed that long-term drinking Liupao tea (LT) can reduce weight (Liu et al., 2014). However, the anti-obesity mechanism and active ingredients of LT are not known. MethodsLiquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) combined with network pharmacology was used to screen the active components and related targets of Liupao tea water extract (LTWE). The key anti-obesity targets and pathways of LTWE were predicted by protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, and enrichment analyses using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology databases. Then, the active components selected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting were used together with LTWE in an adipogenic model and insulin resistance (IR) model in vitro. ResultsMost of the compounds identified from LTWE were flavonofids, esters, and amides. Key targets such as RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase, insulin, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were involved in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT) signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, and other pathways. Four active components were screened by network pharmacology combined with HPLC fingerprinting. The in vitro experiment of LTWE and its four active components showed that in insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 cells, LTWE, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and gallic acid (GA) inhibited adipocyte differentiation. Three factors could inhibit the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells by decreasing gene expression of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), fatty acid synthase (FAS), CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins-α (C/EBPα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Caffeine and ellagic acid (EA) showed opposite results, but their effects on promoting adipose differentiation diminished with increasing concentrations of drug. In dexamethasone-induced insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 cells, the fluorescence intensity of 2-Deoxy-2-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-Benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]-d-glucose revealed that LTWE, GA, EGCG, caffeine, and EA significantly promoted glucose consumption. LTWE, GA, and EA improved insulin resistance in adipocytes by upregulating gene expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), PI3K, AKT, and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). ConclusionLC-MS combined with network pharmacology preliminarianized that LTWE acts mainly on the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Cell experiments revealed that the anti-obesity effect of LTWE is the result of multi-component action, which inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes by regulating gene expression of adipogenic transcription factors and proinflammatory factors, and improves IR by activating the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 pathway.

Tackling the adverse health effects of excess body fat in breast cancer: where does physical activity fit in?

Weight gain is commonly observed during and after breast cancer treatment due to chemotherapy and endocrine therapies, induced menopause, changes in metabolism and food intake and decreased physical activity. Systematic reviews show that women who are overweight or obese at diagnosis, and those who gain weight, have poorer breast cancer survival outcomes than women of a healthy weight, irrespective of menopausal status. Excess body weight after breast cancer also increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and CVD. The adverse impact of excess body weight on survival outcomes is clearly shown for women with oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, which accounts for 70 % of all breast cancer cases. Higher body fat is thought to increase the risk of ER+ recurrence because of increased aromatase activity. However, this could be compounded by other risk factors, including abnormal insulin and adipokine metabolism, impaired anti-tumour immunity and chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. Observational evidence linking poorer survival outcomes with excess body fat and low physical activity in women recovering from early-stage curative-intent breast cancer treatment is reviewed, before reflecting on the proposed biological mechanisms. The issues and sensitivities surrounding exercise participation amongst overweight breast cancer patients is also discussed, before providing an overview of the co-design process involved in development of an intervention (support programme) with appropriate content, structure and delivery model to address the weight management challenges faced by overweight ER+ breast cancer patients.