Excess Electrical Energy Research Articles

Effect of oxymethylene ether-2-3-4 (OME2-4) on soot particle formation and chemical features

The reduction of carbon emissions is leading to alternative and renewable energy sources. Solar or wind sources can only be regulated to a limited extent and fluctuate considerably due to environmental conditions, which could be overcome by chemical energy storage solutions.Synthetic fuels are chemical energy carriers that can be produced using excess renewable electrical energy and can be directly used or easily stored. Different synthetic fuels have been investigated recently as a potential alternative or additive for fossil diesel and gasoline. Of the synthetic fuels, oxymethylene ethers (OMEs) have proven to be suitable candidates for compression-ignition engines while additionally reducing soot emissions when used either as a neat fuel or blended with fossil fuels. However, the effect of varying OME chain length on this soot reduction effect and the structure of the particulate matter has not yet been systematically investigated.This study therefore compares the soot reduction potential and analyzes the physicochemical particle features in laminar premixed flames fueled with pure ethylene and ethylene/OME2-4 flames at four equivalence ratios, from lightly to heavily sooting conditions. Particle size distribution (PSD) measurements and numerical investigations (Conditional Quadrature Method of Moments—CQMOM) were conducted to study particle formation and growth. The results indicate a reduction in the total number and size of particles at all equivalence ratios, while the number of nanoparticles remains almost unchanged. The CQMOM model predicts the general shape of the experimentally measured PSD for both ethylene and OME-blended flames. Further, carbon particulate matter was thermophoretically sampled and its chemical structure was analyzed. The nanostructure of soot was investigated using ultraviolet–visible and Raman spectroscopy, revealing slightly higher aromaticity for the pure ethylene soot, whereas OME2-4 particles exhibited increased reactivity, as evidenced by thermogravimetric analysis. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis showed that carbon particulate matter produced from OME2-4-doped flames contained higher amounts of oxygen, mainly as C = O. Mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups in OME2-4 particulate only.

Design and performance assessment of a solar-to-hydrogen system thermally assisted by recovered heat from a molten carbonate fuel cell

Solar-to-hydrogen plants are predominantly based on steam electrolysis. Steam electrolysis requires water, electricity and heat. The excess electric energy is generally converted into hydrogen via an electrolyser. The use of waste heat in hydrogen generation process promises energy efficiency improvement and production fluctuation reductions. This work investigates the techno-economic performance of the proposed system which recovers the waste heat from molten carbonate fuel cell and uses solar energy to produce steam. Comparison of thermally assisted solar system with corresponding solar system is done. The fuel cell provides 80% of the required thermal energy. The solar PV array provides the required electricity. The thermally assisted solar-to-hydrogen system annual energy efficiency (38.5%) is higher than that of solar- to- hydrogen system. The investment cost of the proposed system is 2.4% higher than that using only solar parabolic trough collector for the same required amount of heat. The advantage is that the fuel cell simultaneously produces electricity and heat. The recovery of waste heat allows getting an annual overall efficiency of 63.2% for the molten carbonate fuel cell. It yields 2152 MWh of electricity per year. The 1 MW electrolysers annually generates 74 tonnes of hydrogen.

Hydrogen production via using excess electric energy of an off-grid hybrid solar/wind system based on a novel performance indicator

The present study aims to assess the potential of renewable energy resources in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) for electricity and hydrogen production. A hybrid renewable energy system which comprises of solar photovoltaic panels, wind turbine, batteries, electrolyzer, and a hydrogen-tank, is considered to meet the electrical requirements of a typical residential house in Dhahran city, eastern province, KSA, while providing the hydrogen fuel to a hydrogen driven vehicle. To determine the effective configuration of the hybrid renewable energy system, a computer code is developed and used for hourly based simulations incorporating real weather data and electric demand. The influence of the hydrogen vehicle refueling profile is investigated and optimization study is performed to minimize levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and levelized cost of hydrogen while achieving specified relatability limits. To assess the performance of the hydrogen production sub-system, novel performance indicators are introduced, which include: deficiency in hydrogen supply, and loss of hydrogen supply probability (LHSP). The results showed that the electricity demand is fully covered when the optimum configuration of the hybrid system comprised 18 kW PV, 2 wind turbines and 14 batteries with LCOE of 0.593 $/kWh. Hydrogen production and hydrogen storage tank are sized based on the hybrid system excess energy generated after satisfying the electrical load for various hydrogen vehicle refueling scenarios. In this case, daily refueling scenario leads to the minimum possible hydrogen cost of 36.32 $/kg, and zero level of LHSP with 14 kg hydrogen storage. The environmental analysis shows that the developed system contributed in reduction of CO2 emission by 9.66 Tons per year.

Sizing, Optimization, and Financial Analysis of a Green Hydrogen Refueling Station in Remote Regions

Hydrogen (H2) can be a promising energy carrier for decarbonizing the economy and especially the transport sector, which is considered as one of the sectors with high carbon emissions due to the extensive use of fossil fuels. H2 is a nontoxic energy carrier that could replace fossil fuels. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) can decrease air pollution and reduce greenhouse gases when H2 is produced from Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and at the same time being accessible through a widespread network of Hydrogen Refueling Stations (HRSs). In this study, both the sizing of the equipment and financial analysis were performed for an HRS supplied with H2 from the excess electrical energy of a 10 MW wind park. The aim was to determine the optimum configuration of an HRS under the investigation of six different scenarios with various numbers of FCEVs and monthly demands, as well as ascertaining the economic viability of each examined scenario. The effect of the number of vehicles that the installation can refuel to balance the initial cost of the investment and the fuel cost in remote regions was investigated. The results showed that a wind-powered HRS could be a viable solution when sized appropriately and H2 can be used as a storage mean for the rejected wind energy. It was concluded that scenarios with low FCEVs penetration have low economic performance since the payback period presented significantly high values.

SeizureSeeker: A Novel Approach to Epileptic Seizure Detection Using Machine Learning

Hamza Arman Lateef, Gabriel Ralston, Tony Bright, Aravindh Soundarajan and Jessica Carpenter Epilepsy is a neurologic disease characterized by seizures which occur due to sudden and synchronized bursts of excessive electrical energy in the brain.

SeizureSeeker: A Novel Approach to Epileptic Seizure Detection Using Machine Learning

Hamza Arman Lateef, Gabriel Ralston, Tony Bright, Aravindh Soundarajan and Jessica Carpenter Epilepsy is a neurologic disease characterized by seizures which occur due to sudden and synchronized bursts of excessive electrical energy in the brain.

Remark on creation and dis-creation processes related to origination of charge and matter

The ubiquitous creation process of the electron-positron pairs is brought out as being due to resonant von Karman vortex streets caused by local aether flows, as related to the Kelvin-Helmholtz vortex model of the electron and positron from fluid dynamics. The origination of electric charge is discussed as being caused by the bending and slowing of infinite velocity vortex lines, where electrons and positrons exhibit continuous charge because vortex lines are captured, always bent away from a perfectly straight line, and constantly circulate internal to these particles. The ubiquitous dis-creation (dissociation) of atomic matter due to gamma ray resonance with the given atom, can be controlled, and can produce any manner of force desired, arising from the vicinity of the atomic dissociation site. Both processes, creation and dis-creation, can produce excess electrical energy, so we think these investigations are valuable, in this regard. As these useful matter creation processes are more deeply investigated and new technologies arise from these studies, we will be able to make any amount of any kinds of atoms we like. We will also will be able to make designer atoms which will have physical properties, as desired by us, perfectly suited for the selected application

Flexible hydrogen production source for fuel cell vehicle to reduce emission pollution and costs under the multi-objective optimization framework

As countries strive to meet their targets for reducing the effects of global climate change, the de-carbonization of energy systems becomes a hot topic in the worldwide energy business. In the meantime, Fuel-cell vehicles (FCVs) play an influential role in integrating more renewable sources and reducing urban pollution as a suitable replacement for diesel vehicles. However, emission pollution from the preparation of the primary fuel for hydrogen-based transportation cannot be neglected. This paper presents a multi-objective approach to operating FCVs along with wind and solar sources and power-to-gas (P2G) storage to reduce operating costs and pollution emissions in a hybrid power-gas-hydrogen system. One of the main concerns in the performance of FCVs is the stable supply of hydrogen as the primary fuel. In this paper, P2G is coupled with FCVs as a high-efficiency technology to convert excess electrical energy into hydrogen and natural gas to play an influential role in carbon capturing while maintaining its stable performance. The proposed hybrid system participates in the electricity and gas markets while supplying the hydrogen needed for FCV and selling hydrogen to hydrogen-based industries. Considering the uncertainty related to renewable sources and prices, the problem is modeled as a multi-objective probabilistic model, and the weighted sum approach based on fuzzy decision-making is used to solve it. After comprehensively analyzing FCV's performance, results show an 8.04% and 9.8% reduction in the cost and emission pollution, respectively, under the comprehensive operation approach of FCV and P2G technology.

Role of Cushion Gas on Underground Hydrogen Storage in Depleted Oil Reservoirs

Hydrogen storage in underground structures is an appropriate way for keeping the balance between the energy production and consumption. Indeed, excessive electrical energy can be converted, through electrolysis, to chemical energy of hydrogen molecules, which can then be temporarily stored in underground structures. Later on, when the demand for energy rises, the process can be reversed to satisfy the demand. Hydrogen has distinctive characteristics compared to other gases. It possesses good potentials for energy generation and exhibits widely different behaviors in porous media. In the present study, underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in a depleted oil reservoir was numerically simulated and the results were investigated. The UHS requires base or cushion gas to retain the reservoir pressure high enough as the hydrogen is being retrieved out of the reservoir. We herein studied gaseous forms of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and methane as candidate cushion gas. Various scenarios, in terms of the type and composition of the cushion gas flow, were simulated and the results were evaluated in terms of hydrogen recovery factor, unwanted fluid production, and hydrogen loss. Moreover, an attempt was made to present the mechanism of hydrogen behaviour based on different hydrodynamic reservoir phenomena, such as gravity segregation and overriding, under various scenarios. Our findings show that the maximum hydrogen recovery (89.7%) was anticipated when methane was injected as the cushion gas. In the absence of any cushion gas, the hydrogen loss was estimated at 15.5%. Prior to water breakthrough, the pressure buildup due to water injection was found to improve the hydrogen recovery in annual cycles, but the effect on the UHS performance was seen to be the opposite since after the water breakthrough.

Investigation of a hybrid renewable-based grid-independent electricity-heat nexus: Impacts of recovery and thermally storing waste heat and electricity

Hybrid renewable energy systems meeting tight reliability constraints often generate a substantial quantity of excess energy, which if not utilized ultimately gets wasted. This study focuses on stand-alone energy systems meeting both electric and thermal loads. It compares a baseline (simplistic) scenario in which an equivalent electrical load is solely used to meet both electrical and thermal demands to three others: (i) gas-fired boiler to meet base thermal load (no thermal energy storage) and two others, both of which include thermal energy storage, namely (ii) recovering and storing the waste heat from the micro gas turbine's exhaust and the excess electrical energy, and (iii) recovering both quantities but storing only the waste heat. Systems modelled include solar photovoltaic, wind turbine, micro gas turbine, and lithium-ion batteries, all of which are conceptually modelled and optimized by a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II using MATLAB.Results indicate that whilst appreciable improvements to the cost of energy can be achieved in all the three alternate scenarios compared to the (simplistic) baseline (0.22$/kWh at 3,976 kg/yr of carbon footprint, and 99% renewable fraction but dumping 564,130kWh/yr), integrating thermal storage and excess energy (electrical, thermal) recovery gives improved overall renewable fraction and carbon footprints. Out of the three alternate scenarios considered, the thermal energy storage integrated scenario that stores both excess electrical and thermal energy (waste heat) appears to be the best at a cost of energy of 0.166$/kWh, 25,220 kg/yr of carbon footprint, and 92.85% renewable fraction, with the potential of using all excess energy (0% dumped).

An Economic Case Study of Hydrogen Energy Storage

The use of hydrogen as an energy vector has been considered as one promising way to attend society decarbonization. Hydrogen can be used as a chemical to store electricity and as a fuel to electric fuel cell mobility. This work makes hydrogen production potential economical evaluation of 5 real solar photovoltaic installations intended primarily for self-consumption. The surplus electrical energy can be used to produce hydrogen, which will be used later as a form of energy, potentially in an application. That provides greater economic value. Hydrogen serves as an important career to the storage of energy and can be more interesting and competitive than a battery-based solution. The results show that the use of hydrogen is only economically viable for mediumsized installations, greater than 300MW and for the production of hydrogen for mobility.

Gas turbine cogeneration concepts for the pressureless discharge of high temperature thermal energy storage units

Power-to-heat technology allows the leveling of high electrical power production peaks by converting excess electrical energy into high-exergy heat and storing it in a high-temperature thermal energy storage (HTS). When electricity is needed, a gas turbine process can be used for an efficient discharge in decentralized usage scenarios. As a novelty of this work, different configurations of the Brayton cycle are presented and investigated, which permit a pressureless storage discharge and thus a cost-efficient and scalable HTS unit. The processes enable combined heat and power generation (CHP) to increase the total efficiency of the system. Stationary process simulations are conducted with the software EBSILON®Professional to thermodynamically analyze four process designs. The influence of the HTS outlet temperature, process-internal pressure conditions, as well as other component-specific efficiencies are examined in separate parameter studies. Based on state-of-the-art components, the process variants show electrical efficiencies above 29% and total efficiencies about 87% for an HTS outlet temperature of 900 °C. By reducing thermal losses, closed processes can increase the total efficiency to 97%. Two processes can be determined as suitable for CHP. The open externally heated Brayton cycle achieves the highest electrical efficiency of 33.14% at the design point, while the closed inverse Brayton cycle is achieving the highest total energetic and exergetic efficiency.

Ultrahigh-Current-Density and Long-Term-Durability Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting.

Hydrogen economy is imagined where excess electric energy from renewable sources stored directly by electrochemical water splitting into hydrogen is later used as clean hydrogen fuel. Electrocatalysts with the superhigh current density (1000 mA cm-2 -level) and long-term durability (over 1000 h), especially at low overpotentials (<300 mV), seem extremely critical for green hydrogen from experiment to industrialization. Along the way, numerous innovative ideas are proposed to design high efficiency electrocatalysts in line with industrial requirements, which also stimulates the understanding of the mass/charge transfer and mechanical stability during the electrochemical process. It is of great necessity to summarize and sort out the accumulating knowledge in time for the development of laboratory to commercial use in this promising field. This review begins with examining the theoretical principles of achieving high-efficiency electrocatalysts with high current densities and excellent durability. Special attention is paid to acquaint efficient strategies to design perfect electrocatalysts including atomic structure regulation for electrical conductivity and reaction energy barrier, array configuration constructing for mass transfer process, and multiscale coupling for high mechanical strength. Finally, the importance and the personal perspective on future opportunities and challenges, is highlighted.

Artificial neural network coupled building-integrated photovoltaic thermal system for indian montane climate

Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) encompass approximately 16.2% of India’s geographical area and characterized as a montane climatic zone. The ambient temperature of this region is extremely low, with a minimum average temperature of 2–18 °C. Major settlements in this region are located at an altitude of more than 1000 m above sea level. Therefore, according to The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), India, there is excessive thermal and electrical energy consumption in these regions pertaining to space heating. Moreover, the current energy sources utilized are not clean sources and hence contribute towards CO2 emissions. A building-integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPVT) system is modelled to provide the necessary thermal energy alongside electricity for space heating intended for the climatic conditions of Srinagar. The study utilized an application-centric approach in modelling and analyzing the BIPVT system and, hence quantifying the annual outputs for Srinagar, India. Furthermore, the developed mathematical model is used for training an artificial neural network to predict the annual thermal and exergy outputs of the system based on six different model parameters. Three designs, one operational and two application-based parameters are considered as inputs to the network. Moreover, a multi-criteria decision-making method is employed to determine the best set of BIPVT parameters giving optimum annual thermal and exergy outputs along with electrical, thermal and exergy efficiencies of the modelled system. The modelled neural network performed reasonably well against the unseen test dataset in predicting the BIPVT yield with an R2 value >0.97. An optimum annual thermal and exergy gains of 2,25,459 kWh and 67,132.38 kWh, respectively, are quantified for the best set of BIPVT parameters. The system’s optimum average electrical (power conversion), thermal and exergy efficiencies are observed to be 14.87, 56.28, and 17.59%, respectively.

Is Magnetic Seizure Therapy Ready to Round the Corner?

Is Magnetic Seizure Therapy Ready to Round the Corner?

A study on improving the current density performances of CO2 electrolysers

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) technology can reduce CO2 emission with converting excess electrical energy to high-value-added chemicals, which however needs further improvement on the electrolyser cell performance. In this work, extensive factors were explored in continuous CO2 electrolysers. Gold, one of the benchmark materials for CO2RR to produce CO, was used as the catalyst. Electrolyser configurations and membrane types have significant influences on cell performance. Compact MEA-constructed gas-phase electrolyser showed better catalytic performance and lower energy consumption. The gas diffusion electrode with a 7:1 mass ratio of total-catalyst-to-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ionomer exhibited the best performance. At a low total cell voltage of 2.2 V, the partial current density of CO production achieved 196.8 mA cm−2, with 90.6% current efficiency and 60.4% energy efficiency for CO producing respectively. Higher CO selectivity can be achieved using anion exchange membranes, while higher selectivity for hydrogen and formate products can be achieved with cation exchange membranes. This research has pointed out a way on how to improve the CO2RR catalytic performance in flow cells, leaving aside the characteristics of the catalyst itself.

Towards the Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 to Formic Acid at an Applicative Scale: Technical and Economic Analysis of Most Promising Routes

AbstractIn the last decade, the electrochemical conversion of CO2 to formic acid, FA, using Sn‐based cathodes, was widely investigated. In this work, the technical feasibility and economic viability of this process were evaluated considering the most promising electrochemical routes reported in the literature. Five case studies, based on the utilisation of gas diffusion electrode (GDE) technologies or high CO2 pressures, were analysed. The cost for producing FA by the electrochemical route was compared with that of the conventional chemical route. Several scenarios were envisioned finding the target figures of merit, the potential bottlenecks (including low FA concentration, GDE cost and high energy consumption) of each technology and the challenges that need to be faced. It was shown that the performances of these processes are not still adequate from an economic point of view and the improvements that should be achieved were identified. To be suitable for the commercialisation, the process should reach simultaneously high current density, faradaic efficiency and actual FA concentration as well as good stability with time and a limited cost of electrodes. In addition, it was shown that the utilisation of the excess electric energy generated from renewable sources could significantly reduce the costs of the process.

Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer in Electric Vehicles

An Electrical vehicle can utilize a force move framework to charge the on-board Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS the battery) or to give the capacity to the electric engine. It is additionally conceivable to utilize remote force move to charge the batteries while fixed, using charging pads. Both of these arrangements are satisfactory for assessing at home or in-vehicle parking, yet at the same time, require the vehicle to stop in a proper area to charge the battery. We propose an eco-friendly wireless charging system for electric vehicles, which enables wireless charging of the vehicle while running on the highways. The proposed approach is also used for the charging of cars in the shopping malls and other parking places. Moreover, the proposed charging system may require electrical energy from the solar PV systems and wind turbines, installed along the highways. The solar PV system and wind turbines are connected to form a Microgrid system and feed generated electrical energy to the wireless charging system. The surplus electrical energy may be either fed back to the primary grid or used for highway illumination. The wireless charging system also consists of an air-core transformer with its primary winding below the highway surface and secondary mounted on the vehicle. The ac power from secondary passes through a rectifier and dc-dc conversion stage to produce suitable dc voltage and current for the charging of the battery unit.

A WAVELET TRANSFORM AND DATA MINING TECHNIQUE BASED PROTECTION TECHNIQUE FOR MICROGRID

With the emphasis on reducing carbon footprint and promoting the utilization of non renewable resources of energy in production of electricity, the micro grids have emerged as popular arrangement. Micro grids have empowered the users with flexibility in generating &amp; controling electricity as per their requirements and have reduced their dependence on utility grid. Also they can now transfer surplus electrical energy to utility grid and can earn monetary gains. Photovoltaic systems have emerged as indispensable alternative over other distributed energy resources that can be inetrated in microgrids due to their simple design, easy to install and easy to maintain features. However the deep penetration of microgrid systems is posing threat to reliable &amp; optimal operation of main utility grids.

Моделювання використання системи акумулювання для перенесення надлишкової електричної енергії сонячної електростанції

The peculiarity of the operation of solar photovoltaic power plants is the dependence of the generation power on weather conditions, which leads to the maximum production of electrical energy at noon hours of the day. Due to a decrease in electricity consumption, insufficient unloading capacity of pumped storage power plants in the integrated energy system of Ukraine and the specifics of electricity production at solar photovoltaic power plants, dispatching restrictions on the level of generation power are already taking place. To transfer volumes of electrical energy in the world, electrical energy storage systems are used, which operate based on lithium-ion storage batteries. Such systems have a number of advantages over other battery energy systems, which allows their implementation in almost any power generation facility. With the help of energy storage systems, it is possible to make a profit through the purchase of electric energy during a period of low prices and its release during a period of high prices, allowing consumers to save money on its payment. In this paper, we simulate the use of a battery energy storage system for storing electrical energy to transfer excess electrical energy from a solar photovoltaic power plant. To conduct a study and identify excess capacity of a solar photovoltaic power plant, the daily schedule of electrical load is equalized to the capacity of a separate power plant Because of the study, the optimal time for charging and discharging the battery was determined, from which it can be seen that the need to transfer excess electricity to a solar photovoltaic power plant occurs at lunchtime, and their discharge at the peak is the graph of the electrical load of the power system. The aggregate operation of a solar power plant with a total installed capacity of photovoltaic power at the level of 10 MW (DC) and a battery energy storage system for accumulating electric energy with a capacity of 3.75 MWh was simulated. For the study day, the required capacity of a battery system for accumulating electric energy at the level of 1.58 MW was determined. Using the methodology of the levelized cost of electricity and storage, a technical and economic assessment of the transfer of excess capacity of a solar photovoltaic power plant using a battery system for storing electrical energy was carried out. When calculating the cost of storage, the cost of the transferred electrical energy from the solar power plant was taken into account. From the results of technical and economic calculations, it can be seen that, in terms of the cost of equipment, as of 2020, the cost of supplying excess electrical energy from the battery energy storage system is growing when compared with the supply from a solar photovoltaic power plant. Taking into account some forecast assumptions, the cost of electricity supply from the battery energy storage system was calculated for the mode of transferring excess capacity of a solar photovoltaic power plant for 2025 and 2030 years. Keywords: modeling, power system, load demand curve, solar photovoltaic power plant, electric energy storage system, cost