Exact Time Research Articles

QTCS: Efficient Query-Centered Temporal Community Search

Temporal community search is an important task in graph analysis, which has been widely used in many practical applications. However, existing methods suffer from two major defects: (i) they only require that the target result contains the query vertex q , leading to the temporal proximity between q and other vertices being ignored. Thus, they may find many temporal irrelevant vertices (these vertices are called query-drifted vertices) concerning q for satisfying their objective functions; (ii) their methods are NP-hard, incurring high costs for exact solutions or compromised qualities for approximate/heuristic algorithms. In this paper, we propose a new problem named query-centered temporal community search to overcome these limitations. Specifically, we first present a novel concept of Time-Constrained Personalized PageRank to characterize the temporal proximity between q and other vertices. Then, we introduce a model called β -temporal proximity core, which can seamlessly combine temporal proximity and structural cohesiveness. Subsequently, our problem is formulated as an optimization task that finds a β -temporal proximity core with the largest β. We theoretically prove that our problem can circumvent these query-drifted vertices. To solve our problem, we first devise an exact and near-linear time greedy removing algorithm that iteratively removes unpromising vertices. To improve efficiency, we then design an approximate two-stage local search algorithm with bound-based pruning techniques. Finally, extensive experiments on eight real-life datasets and nine competitors show the superiority of the proposed solutions.

Lucy Observations of the DART Impact Event

The Lucy LOng Range Reconnaissance Imager (L’LORRI) took 1549 images of the Didymos–Dimorphos binary system, starting 12 hr before the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) impact event on 2022 September 26 and ending 24 hr after it. The Lucy imaging campaign provided pre-impact monitoring of the baseline brightness of the Didymos system, as well as intensive 1 s cadence imaging starting 3 minutes prior to impact and extending until 4 minutes after impact, and then continued monitoring at increasing cadences and image exposure times to measure the Didymos system brightness changes produced by ejecta released during the impact. One of the L’LORRI images encompassed the exact time when the DART spacecraft impacted Dimorphos, but there is no evidence of a thermally generated optical flash in the image. L’LORRI observed a shell of fast-moving ejecta, and we derive a range of projected speeds (∼0.26–3.6 km s−1) for that material. The much slower moving ejecta (≲1 m s−1) stayed within a single L’LORRI pixel for the entire duration of the Lucy-DART program. We find that the slow ejecta were responsible for 57.4% ± 2.2% of the total post-impact brightness increase measured by L’LORRI, while the fast ejecta were responsible for 42.6% ± 2.3% of the post-impact brightness increase. The initial brightness increase relative to the pre-impact Didymos system brightness was significantly smaller for L’LORRI compared to that measured by some ground-based observers, which is plausibly explained by differences in phase angles and different responses to sodium emission depending on the camera spectral bandwidths.

Where To Go at the Next Timestamp

The next Point of Interest (POI) recommendation is the core technology of smart city. Current state-of-the-art models attempt to improve the accuracy of the next POI recommendation by incorporating temporal and spatial intervals or by partitioning the POI coordinates into grids. However, they all overlook a detail that in real life, people always want to know where to go at an exact time point or after a specific time interval instead of aimlessly asking where to go next. Moreover, due to individual preferences, different users may visit different places at the same timestamp. Therefore, utilizing timestamp queries can enhance the personalized recommendation capability of the model and mitigate overfitting risks. These implies that using timestamp can achieve more precise recommendations. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to use the next timestamp for next POI recommendation. In particular, we propose a Time-Stamp Cross Attention Network (TSCAN). TSCAN is a two-layer cross-attention network. The first layer, Time Stamp Cross Attention Block (TSCAB), uses cross-attention between the next timestamp and historical timestamps, and multiplies the attention scores on corresponding POI to predict the next POI that is most related to the history. The other layer, Cross Time Interval Aware Block (CTIAB), applies the time intervals between the next timestamp and historical timestamps to the POI obtained by TSCAB and historical POIs, allowing temporally adjacent POIs to have a greater similarity. Our model not only has a significant improvement in accuracy but also achieves the goal of personalized recommendation, effectively alleviating overfitting. We evaluate the proposed model with three real-world LBSN datasets, and show that TSCAN outperforms the state-of-the-art next POI recommendation models by 5~9%. TSCAN can not only recommend the next POI, but also recommend the possible POI to visit at any specific timestamp in the future.

Comparative and Microscopic Analysis of Vehicle Startup Behavior in Red Countdown Traffic Lights with Various Display Forms

Background: Countdown-type traffic lights provide drivers with the time remaining before the signal turns green or red. Most countdown devices inform the drivers of the exact signal switching time numerically on a display form. This study focuses on two vehicle startup behaviors when a red signal phase countdown (RC) is displayed: a premature start (PS) and an early reaction (ER). The PS is a vehicle crossing the stop line before the green phase, and the ER is a vehicle starting to move before the green phase. While there are many studies on PS rates under RC, there are only a few studies on ER rates. There are also few studies that have analyzed the relationship between the PS and ER rates and the display forms of RC have also been analyzed in terms of micro-behavior. Objective: This study microscopically analyzes the ER and PS by including data within 1 second at signal switching while comparing 10 types of display forms in RC in order to obtain the ideas of safer and more efficient display forms in signal countdown. Methods: We conducted the experiments with RC traffic lights of different display forms, and the surveys of no countdown (NC). Results: From the very limited conditions of the experiment, we found that there is a threshold at which the ER rates in RC and NC differ significantly. Conclusion: We were also able to analyze the basic characteristics related to the display forms of RC, which is a quick start and which reduces PS and ER.

Multiple imputation strategies for missing event times in a multi-state model analysis.

In clinical studies, multi-state model (MSM) analysis is often used to describe the sequence of events that patients experience, enabling better understanding of disease progression. A complicating factor in many MSM studies is that the exact event times may not be known. Motivated by a real dataset of patients who received stem cell transplants, we considered the setting in which some event times were exactly observed and some were missing. In our setting, there was little information about the time intervals in which the missing event times occurred and missingness depended on the event type, given the analysis model covariates. These additional challenges limited the usefulness of some missing data methods (maximum likelihood, complete case analysis, and inverse probability weighting). We show that multiple imputation (MI) of event times can perform well in this setting. MI is a flexible method that can be used with any complete data analysis model. Through an extensive simulation study, we show that MI by predictive mean matching (PMM), in which sampling is from a set of observed times without reliance on a specific parametric distribution, has little bias when event times are missing at random, conditional on the observed data. Applying PMM separately for each sub-group of patients with a different pathway through the MSM tends to further reduce bias and improve precision. We recommend MI using PMM methods when performing MSM analysis with Markov models and partially observed event times.

MFCC Selection by LASSO for Honey Bee Classification

The recent advances in smart beekeeping focus on remote solutions for bee colony monitoring and applying machine learning techniques for automatic decision making. One of the main applications is a swarming alarm, allowing beekeepers to prevent the bee colony from leaving their hive. Swarming is a naturally occurring phenomenon, mainly during late spring and early summer, but it is extremely hard to predict its exact time since it is highly dependent on many factors, including weather. Prevention from swarming is the most effective way to keep bee colonies; however, it requires constant monitoring by the beekeeper. Drone bees do not survive the winter and they occur in colonies seasonally with a peak in late spring, which is associated with the creation of drone congregation areas, where mating with young queens takes place. The paper presents a method of early swarming mood detection based on the observation of drone bee activity near the entrance to a hive. Audio recordings are represented by Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients and their first and second derivatives. The study investigates which MFCC coefficients, selected by the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator, are significant for the worker bee and drone bee classification task. The classification results, obtained by an autoencoder neural network, allow to improve the detection performance, achieving accuracy slightly above 95% for the chosen set of signal features, selected by the proposed method, compared to the standard set of MFCC coefficients with only up to 90% accuracy.

Estimation of Time Since Death by Potassium ion Level in the Vitreous Fluids: A Postmoterm Study in a Tertiary Care Center, South India

Background: It is of great value to find time since death in the medicolegal investigations like serious crimes.Vitreous humor was more often used for the biochemical analysis as it is less contaminated or not affected by the putrefactive changes than other fluids of the body. It was stated by many researchers that potassium levels in the vitreous humour is more accurate in predicting time since death.Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the time since death using potassium level in the vitreous humorMethodology: This study includes 54 cases of victims brought to the tertiary care hospital based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cases with known time of death and with clear vitreous humor samples were included. Baseline characteristics like name, age, gender, exact time since death was collected. Vitreoushumor was collected through appropriate standardized technique. Sampling time was also noted. The collected data was entered in MS excel and analysis done in SPSS 23 software. P value <0.05 is considered to be significant.Results: Majority of the study participants belongs to 57-67 years of age group (28%) followed by 27-37 years of age (22%).Male predominance was observed in our study 41(76%). There is a linear correlation found between the vitreous potassium concentration and the postmortem interval (R2=0.907). The rate of the vitreous potassium increase was 0.36 meq/hr (Coefficient of regression =2.76 meq/l/hr)Conclusion: There is a linear relationship found between vitreous potassium concentration and time since death.Thus potassium in the vitreous can be used for assessing the time since death.

Integrating Temperature Data with Other Forensic Methods for Time Since Death Estimation

To reliably calculate the time since death is most important for investigating officers in all unnatural deathcases. Reliability of the study can be obtained only when potential influencing factors are considered during the calculation of time since death. One of the methods used for calculating the time since death is based on the cooling of the body. Cooling of the body is influenced by various internal as well as external factors. There are various body temperature-based methods in practice (Henssge’s rectal nomogram, Henssge’s brain nomogram, and Baccino’s both interval and global formulae based on ear temperature) to estimate the post-mortem interval (PMI). The rectum has been traditionally used to determine the central core temperature after death, though the external auditory canal has been proposed as an alternative site. According to published research, techniques based on ear temperature are just as trustworthy as those based on rectal temperature for determining the early PMI and may be employed as rapid, easy, and non-invasive procedures on the scene. It is vital to keep in mind that other aspects such as rigor mortis, lividity, and decomposition must also be taken into account to achieve a more accurate estimate, even if calculating the time since death based on the cooling of the corpse might be informative.Aim: The goal of this study is to thoroughly examine some of the available approaches, compare the accuracy of the results, and determine which method is more accurate (reliable) at estimating the time of death.Methods: It was decided to evaluate some of the earlier research’ published works from different publications and databases. A digital database was searched. Picks were made at random from the studies that were thought to be pertinent to the present goal.Result: Therefore, in addition to the body’s cooling rate, other factors like post-mortem lividity, rigor mortis,chemical changes in the body, and mechanical and electrical excitability of the skeletal muscles, are crucial for a more accurate prediction of the time of death.Conclusion: It is usually advisable to take into account additional factors in addition to the algor mortis-based one when determining the time since death so that a more exact and trustworthy time of death can assist the investigating officer in more precisely resolving medico-legal matters.

Using an automated tail movement sensor device to predict calving time in dairy cows

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an automated tail movement sensor device (Moocall; Bluebell, Dublin, Ireland) to predict time of calving in dairy cows. At a commercial dairy farm in southern Ontario, Moocall (MC) devices were attached with the device's strap, and an additional elastic wrap, to the tail of cows approximately 3 d before their expected calving date. The MC has 2 types of alarm, a high activity alarm in the previous hour (1HA), and a high activity alarm in the previous 2 h (2HA); these alarms were sent and registered to the MC software. The calving and close-up pens were video monitored to determine the exact time of the onset of stage II of calving (amniotic sac visible at the vulva) and the end of stage II of calving (total expulsion of the calf). A total of 49 cows were enrolled, but we excluded 13 animals from the analysis as they had 3 or more MC drops from the tail (n = 6), a swollen tail (n = 3), or the MC device was lost (n = 4); this left 36 cows. In total, the device dropped off 21 (42%) cows. The average number of alarms (1HA and 2HA) per cow before stage II of calving was 2.7 ± 2.3 (± standard error). The first alarm after fitting the device on the tail was used to determine the device's sensitivity and specificity. Depending on the interval before the onset of parturition (i.e., 2, 4, 8, 12 h) in which the alarm was triggered, sensitivity varied from 5% to 72% and specificity from 50% to 93%. The false positive rate varied between 6% and 50% depending on the interval from the alarm to the onset of parturition. The high false positive and device drop rates (despite the addition of the elastic wrap) may compromise the applicability of this sensor device in a commercial setting.

Overcoming the obstacle of excess acetonitrile content in the final fluorine-18 radiotracers

Abstract Acetonitrile is widely used as a solvent in synthesizing various fluorine-18 positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers. Acetonitrile is classified as a Class II residual solvent, and due to its inherent toxic properties, the quantity of residual acetonitrile in drug products has to be limited. When working under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) during the radiosynthesis of a radiotracer, the aim is to control all solvent concentrations contained in the ready-to-use product. All products must meet predetermined specifications. Rarely, these limits may be exceeded. To avoid eliminating the entire batch, applying a straightforward time-based technique would be desirable to allow the majority of the product to be safely used. This technique should be based on determining a specific time and volume for which the radiotracer can be utilized in the patients after completing quality control analysis. Here, we report a very simple Excel sheet program based on existing mathematical equations that calculates the exact time and volume at which the radiotracer product can be safely administered to a patient.

Predefined-time sliding mode control based on exact time disturbance observer for second-order systems with matched and mismatched disturbances

This paper’s primary motivation is to present a globally predefined-time sliding mode control (PtSMC) strategy to stabilize a class of second-order systems subjected to matched and mismatched disturbances. To achieve this, the paper proposes a new exact time disturbance observer (DOB) based on a terminal time regulator, which accurately estimates the disturbances within a prescribed time, effectively preventing the system state from escaping to infinity due to high gains and overestimation. In addition, a new predefined-time sliding mode variable with the estimation of DOB is developed to ensure a predefined-time convergence on the sliding mode phase against mismatched disturbances. The proposed DOB-based technique can alleviate the chattering resulting from the use of an overestimated gain, in contrast to the controller without employing a DOB. Furthermore, a predefined-time reaching law is introduced to guarantee a global predefined-time convergence. This paper establishes the stability of the disturbed second-order system under the proposed controller through strict Lyapunov analysis. The novelty of the proposed method lies in its global predefined-time convergence, chattering-reduced properties and robustness against matched and mismatched disturbances. Finally, numerical simulations and application examples validate the proposed methodology’s effectiveness.

Chronostratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous succession in the Middle Magdalena Valley of Colombia (Northern South America)

The Upper Cretaceous succession in northern South America is significant because the related rock deposits are among the most prolific oil sources in the region. Although several geological studies have focussed on this period, we still have poor knowledge of the exact deposition time of the lithostratigraphic units. In this study, we constructed a chronostratigraphic framework based on U–Pb ages and time-calibrated carbon isotopic events to constrain the chronostratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous formations. The carbon isotope curve of the La Luna-1 core allowed us to identify several oceanic anoxic events also identified in the stratotypes of the Upper Cretaceous formations. The La Luna-1 also preserves a complete record of ash beds, from which zircons were extracted for U–Pb dating. The stratigraphic distribution of the ash beds indicates a crucial influence of volcanic activity during the Late Cretaceous. Sedimentological descriptions and mineralogical analysis were used to establish the primary lithological differences between the units. The Upper Cretaceous formations can be categorised as mixed rocks comprising variable percentages of carbonates, quartz and clay minerals. They also show silicification and, to a lesser extent, dolomitisation and recrystallisation. The Salada, Pujamana, and Galembo formations range in age between the Cenomanian and Coniacian, whereas the overlying La Renta Formation spans from the Santonian to at least the middle Campanian. The top of the La Renta Formation corresponds to a regional disconformity that contacted the middle Campanian with the Maastrichtian.

CONDITION BASED ASSESSMENT FOR PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE OF METALLURGICAL EQUIPMENT

The continuous nature of metallurgical technologies and the intensification of production increase the risk of damage to high-temperature equipment during the technological process. The destruction of the structural integrity of the refractory insulation of this equipment leads to the forced interruption of production and significant costs of emergency response and require measures to be taken to reduce the risk of such situations. An opportunity to solve these problems in the metallurgical industry is the introduction into the production process of sustainable systems for making informed decisions and predictive maintenance of equipment, based on continuous or periodic monitoring of the condition of refractory insulation of high-temperature furnaces and auxiliary equipment.
 Predictive maintenance of technological equipment and aggregates, based on an assessment of their current condition, extends their life, reduces downtime, maintains the optimal level of production, and guarantees compliance with the exact delivery time of production (raw materials, materials, energy). A procedure is presented for assessing the real condition of steel ladles based on periodic monitoring results as part of a decision-making system for predictive and safe use of their maximum resource.

Transmission chains of the first local outbreak cause by Delta VariantB.1.617.2 COVID-19 in Guangzhou, Southern China

BackgroundThe first local outbreak of Delta Variant B.1.617.2 COVID-19 of China occurred in Guangzhou city, south China, in May 2021. This study analyzed the transmission chains and local cluster characteristics of this outbreak, intended to provide information support for the development and adjustment of local prevention and control strategies.MethodsThe transmission chains and local cluster characteristics of 161 local cases in the outbreak were described and analyzed. Incubation period, serial interval and generation time were calculated using the exact time of exposure and symptom onset date of the cases. The daily number of reported cases and the estimated generation time were used to estimate the effective reproduction number (Rt).ResultsWe identified 7 superspreading events who had more than 5 next generation cases and their infected cases infected 70.81%(114/161) of all the cases transmission. Dining and family exposure were the main transmission routes in the outbreak, with 29.19% exposed through dining and 32.30% exposed through family places. Through further analysis of the outbreak, the estimated mean incubation period was 4.22 (95%CI: 3.66–4.94) days, the estimated mean generation time was 2.60 (95%CI: 1.96–3.11) days, and the estimated Rt was 3.29 (95%CI: 2.25–5.07).ConclusionsClassification and dynamically adjusted prevention and control measures had been carried out according to analysis of transmission chains and epidemical risk levels, including promoting nucleic acid screening at different regions and different risk levels, dividing closed-off area, controlled area according to the risk of infection, raising the requirements of leaving Guangzhou. By the above control measures, Guangzhou effectively control the outbreak within 28 days without implementing a large-scale lockdown policy.

Comparison of anticipation skills and reaction time in normal adults using a constructed anticipation timer

Background: In the realm of sports, the ability to navigate accurately through a dynamic environment is an important factor for the coordination of speed and balance. Athletes engaged in sports that involve the swift movement of balls or targets, such as catching a baseball or hitting a tennis ball, rely on a complex interplay of perceptual abilities to succeed. Purpose: Construction of a visual anticipation timer to assess and train the anticipatory skills and reaction time. Methods: We conducted a prospective experimental study. Fifty-one subjects were recruited and informed consent was obtained. They underwent a comprehensive eye examination. We excluded subjects with the best corrected visual acuity worse than 6/6, N6, and those with ocular and systemic diseases. We constructed an anticipation timer with LED lights, push buttons, a resistor, and an Arduino board. The lights are placed vertically at a gap of 2.5cm. The participants were asked to anticipate a time when the last LED light would be on and press the button accordingly. The discrepancy between the “exact time” and the participants’ “anticipated time” was quantified as an error. We measured the error count for each participant before and after the training. The same anticipation task was given as training for 15 min. The participants were given a break of 5 min after the training session and before the post-training measurement. Results: The mean age of the 51 participants was 18.51 ± 1.41 years. The Shapiro-Wilk test showed that the data were not normally distributed (W = 0.758; P < 0.001). We performed the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to find the difference in error counts between pre- and post-training sessions. This showed a significant reduction in error count in the post-training values compared to pre-training values. (p = 0.002; z = −3.044). The mean error count for pre- and post-training sessions was 2.22 and 0.90, respectively. Conclusion: The error counts have been significantly reduced in post-training sessions using a constructed anticipation timer. This study shows that repeated task of anticipation improves the accuracy of the anticipation. Anticipation training makes the person react faster and more accurately. Future scope: The constructed instrument is planned for validating different professions and age groups to understand the importance of anticipation and its cognitive involvement.

Adaptive Cloud Intrusion Detection System Based on Pruned Exact Linear Time Technique

Adaptive Cloud Intrusion Detection System Based on Pruned Exact Linear Time Technique

Influence of varying base demands on water age in a water distribution system

Water age is a very helpful parameter that supplies a fast, general evaluation of the water quality within a water distribution system (WDS). The paper presents a comparative analysis in the process of modelling water distribution systems (WDS), taking into consideration water age parameter. The age of the water in WDS is a parameter that determines its freshness. The main purpose of the presented research was to analyze changes in water age by linking it to demand through the development of a hydraulic model using the EPANET program. Over a 7-day period, a series of simulation cases were performed by varying the demand in each node of the water distribution system. This comparative study has the aim of analyzing the water supply network, showing in which way the efficiency of the system changes due to changes in water age. The results show that a 10% change in water demand led to an almost 20% impact on the maximum water age. Specifically, an increase in water demand/consumption resulted in a reduction in water age. Furthermore, our simulations demonstrated that the exact time related to the water age parameter can be calculated through the hydraulic modelling program, highlighting the potential for precise analysis of water age dynamics in WDS.

Influence of contrast administration side and communication with patient on motion artefact size on breast MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging is recognized as a useful modality in breast imaging. Motion is considered the most relevant cause of artefacts in breast MRI leading to degraded image quality or rendering studies non-diagnostic. The important reason for patient motion is contrast administration. Contrast administration may lead to discomfort, feeling of tingling and warmth, and pain in the arm contrast was administered to. The aim of our study was to determine the influence of contrast agent injection side and improve communication with patients on motion artifacts on subtraction reconstructions in order to prove that unexpected events may cause non-physiological movement resulting in motion artifacts, and that well-timed warning may decrease such artifacts. 146 patients with breast MRI from July 2019 to May 2020 were included. 71 of them were warned before the dynamic sequence started, and 75 of them didn't receive any warning for contrast application. The pectoral shift, in millimeters in the anteroposterior and lateral-lateral directions, was measured. Pectoral shift showed to be larger in unwarned patients when compared to warned ones with high significance (p=0.001) -no artifacts were observed in 361 warned, and 267 in unwarned women. Furthermore, artifacts were significantly larger on the side contralateral to contrast administration (median value of 2mm for the same side, and 1mm on the opposite side). In conclusion, our study showed that if patients knew the exact time of contrast application, the motion artifacts would be less pronounced; and that we should apply the contrast agent on the side opposite to the breast pathology is expected in.

ВОЕННОЕ ПРОТИВОБОРСТВО НА УКРАИНЕ В РАКУРСЕ МОЛЕЛИРОВАНИЯ КОНФЛИКТИНГА И ПРОЦЕССОВ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ ДЕСТРУКЦИИ

The military confrontation between Russia and Ukraine, which began as a local clash, scaled up into a systemic antagonism between Russia and the Western World that had consolidated against it. The exact space and time frames for what could be the biggest military conflict in Europe since World War II have not yet been determined. They are unstable, as they directly depend on military dynamics. Nevertheless, the axiom wording “everything ends sooner or later” is no exception to the conflict. One can attempt to foresee potential outcomes of events that follow the end of the active (hot) phase of the military confrontation in Ukraine, with a certain degree of margin for error. There are many scenarios to choose from when deciding how parties in the conflict should behave. In total, the tactical and strategic actions of the parties can be reduced to certain models of confrontational interaction that Russia and the Western World will construct in the post-active phase of the conflict. The author of this article uses the method of predictive modeling of the situation to assess the possibility of developing one model of the conflict process into another and characterize the risks of social destruction inherent in these models. Key words: Russia, Western World, globalizing conflict, modeling of social processes, model of confrontational interaction, social destruction.

Moving in response to an unseen visual stimulus

ObjectiveWhether consciousness has a causal role in voluntary movements is not clear. Backward masking blocks a stimulus from becoming conscious, but it can trigger movement in a reaction time paradigm. We hypothesize that if backward masking is used in a choice reaction time paradigm, when the visible stimulus (S2) differs from the masked stimulus (S1), the movement will often differ from conscious intent. We did such a study employing electroencephalography (EEG) to explore the brain activity associated with this effect. MethodsTwenty healthy adults participated in a choice reaction time task with a backwardly masked stimulus and EEG. They moved right or left hand in response to the direction of an arrow. S2 was congruent or incongruent with S1. When incongruent, responses were frequently concordant with S1, with faster reaction time than when responding to S2 and thought to be a mistake. ResultsWe show that it is possible to trigger movements from the unperceived stimuli indicating consciousness is not causal since the movement was not in accord with intent. EEG showed information flow from occipital cortex to motor cortex. ConclusionsOccipital activity was the same despite response, but the parietal and frontal EEG differed. When responding to S1, the motor cortex responded as soon as information arrived, and when responding to S2, the motor cortex responded with a delay allowing for other brain processing prior to movement initiation. While the exact time of conscious recognition of S2 is not clear, when there is a response to S1, the frontal cortex signals an “error”, but this is apparently too late to veto the movement. SignificanceWhile consciousness does not initiate the movement, it monitors the concordance of intent and result.