Exact Dispersion Relation Research Articles

Analytic dispersion relation of energetic particle driven geodesic acoustic modes and simulations with NEMORB

Recent progress regarding the excitation of energetic-particle driven geodesic acoustic modes (EGAMs) in particle-in-cell simulations is presented in this paper. The exact dispersion relation with adiabatic electrons is derived and solved. The origin of the so-called EGAM is briefly analysed and we show that its nature changes, at least, with the safety factor. A simple expression for the GAM frequency modified in the presence of a small concentration of energetic particles is given in the fluid limit. We show that gyrokinetic simulations with Nemorb in the presence of adiabatic electrons are able to reproduce the analytic predictions. Also, different energy channels are analysed by means of dedicated energy diagnostics characterizing the wave-particle interaction. Finite Larmor radius and finite orbit width effects are studied regarding the excitation of geodesic acoustic modes, showing that these effects are likely to be negligible for sufficiently high concentration of energetic particles, but significant when approaching the threshold of excitation.

High order Hamiltonian water wave models with wave-breaking mechanism

Based on the Hamiltonian formulation of water waves, using Hamiltonian consistent modelling methods, we derive higher order Hamiltonian equations by Taylor expansions of the potential and the vertical velocity around the still water level. The polynomial expansion in wave height is mixed with pseudo-differential operators that preserve the exact dispersion relation. The consistent approximate equations have inherited the Hamiltonian structure and give exact conservation of the approximate energy. In order to deal with breaking waves, we extend the eddy-viscosity model of Kennedy et al. (2000) to be applicable for fully dispersive equations. As breaking trigger mechanism we use a kinematic criterion based on the quotient of horizontal fluid velocity at the crest and the crest speed. The performance is illustrated by comparing simulations with experimental data for an irregular breaking wave with a peak period of 12s above deep water and for a bathymetry induced periodic wave plunging breaker over a trapezoidal bar. The comparisons show that the higher order models perform quite well; the extension with the breaking wave mechanism improves the simulations significantly.

Theoretical description based on general and exact nonextensive dispersion relations of plasma oscillation data and verification of new acoustic plasma waves

In this paper, first we represent the differences between spatial and temporal dispersions and their dependence on the measurement techniques for electrostatic waves in unmagnetized collisionless plasma. Then, three different experimental data are compared to the solutions of exact nonextensive dispersion relations for electron-ion and pair plasma. The results confirm the existence of new acoustic plasma waves. Furthermore, these comparisons yield a Maxwellian and a nonextensive plasma with nonextensive parameter q larger than one, and a Maxwellian plasma with some abnormal dispersion properties.

On the method of strained parameters for a KdV type of equation with exact dispersion property

This paper provides an alternative methodology for analysis of three-wave interactions under the exact dispersion relation associated with gravity waves in fluid of intermediate depth. A Korteweg-de Vries type of equation with exact dispersion property is adopted as the governing equation for unidirectional wave packet evolution. Following the idea from Zakharov's seminal paper (Zakharov, V. E. (1968) Stability of periodic waves of finite amplitude on the surface of a deep fluid. \textit{Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics}, {\bf 9}, 190--194), the equation is transformed from the spatial--temporal domain to the wavenumber--temporal domain. The solution of the transformed equation is sought using the perturbation theory, for which the ansatz is expressed in the form of a regular expansion in the increasing order of a small parameter. After implementing the na\"{i}ve perturbation method, due to nonlinear mode generation and particular combinations of wavenumbers, the third-order solution contains spurious secular growth terms which appear as a consequence of resonant interaction and nonlinear mode generation. These spurious secular growth terms can be prevented by implementing the method of strained parameters for which nonlinear dispersion relation terms are produced for particular combination of wavenumbers.

Multilayer graphene waveguides

We study dispersion properties of TM-polarized electromagnetic waves guided by a multilayer graphene metamaterial. We demonstrate that both dispersion and localization of the guided modes can be efficiently controlled by changing the number of layers in the structure. Remarkably, we find that in the long wavelength limit, the dispersion of the fundamental mode of the N-layer graphene structure coincides with the dispersion of a plasmon mode supported by a single graphene layer, but with N times larger conductivity. We also compare our exact dispersion relations with the results provided by the effective media model.

Magneto-optic surface plasmon polariton modulator based on refractive index variations.

In this paper, we have proposed a magneto-optic (MO) surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modulator based on variations of refractive index. For description of modulator operation, we have analyzed the MO effects in the insulator-metal-insulator (IMI) SPP slab waveguides in a transversal configuration in which the applied magnetic field is parallel to the interfaces and normal to the wave propagation direction. We have derived an exact dispersion relation by considering MO effects for one of the side layers by the separation of variables method. The cut-off conditions have been studied for the SPP modes guided by IMI structures as a function of the variations of the dielectric constants of the side layers. We have shown that the SPP modes always propagate in a symmetric structure and the SPP odd modes do not have a cut-off dielectric constant in an asymmetric structure. Also, we have shown that in an asymmetric IMI configuration, the SPP even mode has a cut-off effective dielectric constant for all metal layer thicknesses. These configurations can be used to design active devices, such as switches and modulators to be used in photonic integrated circuits.

Development of a Dispersion Relation Equation - Preserving Pure Advection Scheme for Solving the Navier-Stokes Equations with/Without Free Surface

In this article we develop a dispersively more accurate pure advection scheme and apply it to properly simulate incompressible free surface flow equations. According to Clebsch velocity decomposition, the incompressible flow equations are decomposed into the equations accounting respectively for the flow potential, rotation, and dissipation. For the Euler equation, the midpoint implicit symplectic time integrator is applied to approximate the temporal derivative term. For the sake of reducing numerical dispersion error, the upwinding scheme is developed to minimize the difference between the numerical and exact dispersion relation equations for the time-dependent pure advection equation in wavenumber space.

Moulding and shielding flexural waves in elastic plates

Platonic crystals (PlCs) are the elastic plate analogue of the photonic crystals widely used in optics, and are thin structured elastic plates along which flexural waves cannot propagate within certain stop band frequency intervals. The practical importance of PlCs is twofold: These can be used either in the design of microstructured acoustic metamaterials or as an approximate model for surface elastic waves propagating in meter scale seismic metamaterials. Here, we make use of the band spectrum of PlCs created by an array of either very small or densely packed clamped circles to achieve surface wave reflectors at very large wavelengths, a flat lens, a waveguide effect, a directive antenna near the stop band frequencies. The limit in which the circles reduce to points is particularly appealing as there is an exact dispersion relation available so the origin of these phenomena can be explained and interpreted using Fourier series and high-frequency homogenization (HFH). We then enlarge the radius of clamped circles, which both makes the zero-frequency stop band up to five times wider and flattens the dispersion curves. Here, HFH notably captures the essence of localized modes, one of which appears in the zero-frequency stop band and is used in the design of a highly directive waveguide.

Computation of generalized and exact dispersion relations for longitudinal plasma waves in nonextensive statistics and the effects of the nonextensivity on the oscillation modes and damps

We have derived generalized dispersion relations for longitudinal waves in collisionless thermal plasma using linear Vlasov-Poisson kinetic model and nonextensive distributions for electrons. The Maxwellian limit of the dispersion relations, where the q-nonextensive parameter tends to one, is calculated. The generalized dispersion relations are reduced to polynomials for some specific values of q. The well-known modes of oscillations such as the Langmuir and electron acoustic waves have been obtained by solving the dispersion relations. Some new modes of oscillation are also found. Finally, the dependence of the oscillation modes and damps on q is discussed.

Surface plasmons of a graphene parallel plate waveguide bounded by Kerr-type nonlinear media

The exact dispersion relations of the transverse magnetic surface plasmons (SPs) supported by a graphene parallel plate waveguide (PPWG), surrounded on one or both sides by Kerr-type nonlinear media, are obtained analytically. It is shown that if self-focusing nonlinear materials are chosen as the surrounding media, the SPs localization length (LL) is decreased, while their propagation length (PL) remains unchanged, as compared to those of a typical graphene PPWG. Moreover, PL and LL of the SPs are considerably affected by adjusting nonlinear parts of the dielectric permittivities of the nonlinear media. It is found that using an appropriate defocusing nonlinear material as a substrate of the graphene PPWG, which is surrounded on one side by the nonlinear medium, leads to noticeable enhancement of the propagation and localization characteristics of the surface plasmons. The results presented here can be useful for enhancing capabilities of plasmonic devices based on the graphene PPWG for sensing and waveguide applications.

Impact of higher-order dispersion in the modulational instability spectrum of a relaxing coupled saturable media

A theoretical analysis of modulational instability (MI) of optical pulses propagating near the zero dispersion wavelength of a lossless fibre with the effect of delayed saturable nonlinear response is presented. We calculate the exact dispersion relation with the effect of higher dispersion for the harmonic perturbation. We analysed the impact of fourth-order dispersion effects in the MI spectrum. We examine the possibility of MI in both dispersion regimes, regardless of the sign of the group velocity dispersion.

Трехмерная поверхностная волна в полупространстве и кромочные волны в пластинах в случае смешанных граничных условий на поверхности распространения

In the first part of this paper the propagation of sinusoidal three-dimensional surface waves is investigated for an isotropic elastic half-space with mixed boundary conditions. It is assumed that the boundary is fixed in one of the tangential directions and traction free in the other directions. The exact dispersion relation is derived which shows the existence and uniqueness of the three-dimensional surface wave. The speed of this wave depends on the angle of propagation and lies between the shear wave speed and Rayleigh wave speed. The graphs of this dependence are presented for various values of Poisson ratio. In the second part of this paper the three-dimensional edge waves in plates with mixed boundary conditions on the edge are investigated. The faces of the plate are assumed to be traction free. Both symmetric and antisymmetric solutions of three-dimensional dynamic equations of elasticity are considered. It is assumed that the edge is fixed in one of the tangential directions and traction free in the normal and the other tangential direction. Asymptotic analysis is performed, which shows that there is an infinite spectrum of higher order edge waves in such plates. The results of numerical calculations based on the modal expansion method are presented to confirm asymptotic analysis. In addition, by the numerical investigation the fundamental edge wave was found in the symmetric case (the edge is fixed in the tangential direction transversally to the faces). The phase velocity of this wave tends to some limit value depending on the Poisson ratio as the wave number increases. In the antisymmetric case the first higher order wave has the same limit value. The dispersion curves are presented for various values of Poisson ratio.

Giant magnon solution and dispersion relation in string theory in [formula omitted] with mixed flux

We address the question of the exact form of the dispersion relation for light-cone string excitations in string theory in AdS3×S3×T4 with mixed R–R and NS–NS 3-form fluxes. The analogy with string theory in AdS5×S5 suggests that in addition to the data provided by the perturbative near-BMN expansion and symmetry algebra considerations there is another source of information for the dispersion relation – the semiclassical giant magnon solution. In earlier work in arXiv:1303.1037 and arXiv:1304.4099 we found that the symmetry algebra constraints, which are consistent with a perturbative expansion, do not completely determine the form of the dispersion relation. The aim of the present paper is to fix the dispersion relation by constructing a generalisation of the known dyonic giant magnon soliton on S3 to the presence of a non-zero NS–NS flux described by a WZ term in the string action (with coefficient q). We find that the angular momentum of this soliton gets shifted by a term linear in world-sheet momentum p. We also discuss the symmetry algebra of the string light-cone S-matrix and show that the exact dispersion relation, which should have the correct perturbative BMN and semiclassical giant magnon limits, should also contain such a linear momentum term. The simplicity of the resulting bound-state picture provides a strong argument in favour of this dispersion relation.

Exact surface plasmon dispersion relation with ponderomotive nonlinearity in a metal/dielectric structure

The nonlinear effects in a metal due to the ponderomotive potential, which is induced by a steep spatial gradient in the electric field intensity, on the surface plasmon dispersion relation at a planar metal/dielectric interface are studied exactly. Previous studies invoked an approximation that amounts to keeping only the lowest order Kerr-like term in the metal dielectric constant. Comparing the exact result with the Kerr approximation reveals that the Kerr approximation often overestimates a cutoff frequency for the existence of surface waves and gives erroneous results in the range of frequencies below the overestimated cutoff and the real cutoff. Our result thus sheds light on the applicability of the Kerr approximation. Properly expanding the exact results recovers the standard linear results and the results starting with a Kerr-like approximation.

Nonlinear equation of the modes in circular slab waveguides and its application

In this paper, circularly curved inhomogeneous waveguides are transformed into straight inhomogeneous waveguides first by a conformal mapping. Then, the differential transfer matrix method is introduced and adopted to deduce the exact dispersion relation for modes. This relation itself is complex and difficult to solve, but it can be approximated by a simpler nonlinear equation in practical applications, which is close to the exact relation and quite easy to analyze. Afterward, optimized asymptotic solutions are obtained and act as initial guesses for the following Newton's iteration. Finally, very accurate solutions are achieved in the numerical experiment.

Fermions with Lorentz-violating operators of arbitrary dimension

The theoretical description of fermions in the presence of Lorentz and $CPT$ violation is developed. We classify all Lorentz- and $CPT$-violating and invariant terms in the quadratic Lagrange density for a Dirac fermion, including operators of arbitrary mass dimension. The exact dispersion relation is obtained in closed and compact form, and projection operators for the spinors are derived. The Pauli Hamiltonians for particles and antiparticles are extracted, and observable combinations of operators are identified. We characterize and enumerate the coefficients for Lorentz violation for any operator mass dimension via a decomposition using spin-weighted spherical harmonics. The restriction of the general theory to various special cases is presented, including isotropic models, the nonrelativistic and ultrarelativistic limits, and the minimal Standard-Model Extension. Expressions are derived in several limits for the fermion dispersion relation, the associated fermion group velocity, and the fermion spin-precession frequency. We connect the analysis to some other formalisms and use the results to extract constraints from astrophysical observations on isotropic ultrarelativistic spherical coefficients for Lorentz violation.

Dispersion relation of coupled-resonator acoustic waveguides formed by defect cavities in a phononic crystal

We investigate the dispersion of phononic crystal waveguides formed by evanescent coupling of a chain of defect cavities and supporting slow-wave propagation. These coupled-resonator acoustic waveguides (CRAWs) are analogous to the coupled-resonator optical waveguides formed in photonic crystals. CRAW dispersion can be controlled by increasing the distance between cavities, with the result of decreasing their coupling, and hence flattening the dispersion relation. Based on the tight-binding model, the dispersion relation is found in the form of a Fourier series expansion with explicitly given coefficients. This model is tested against the exact dispersion relation of a two-dimensional solid–solid phononic crystal of tungsten inclusions in a silicon matrix and only partial agreement is found. An alternative model of a linear chain of coupled resonators, resting only on the hypotheses of linearity and periodicity, is then proposed. While the Fourier coefficients in this model are a priori unspecified, they can be fitted against the exact dispersion relation, resulting in an excellent agreement with only a few terms in the Fourier series expansion. The Fourier coefficients are shown to be a direct measure of the coupling of neighbouring resonators.

An asymptotic decoupling method for waves in layered media

This paper presents a technique, asymptotic decoup- ling, for analysing wave propagation in multi-layered media. The technique leads to a hierarchy of approximations to the exact dispersion relation, obtained from finite-product approximations to low-order dispersion relations appearing as factors in the asymptotically decoupled limits. Levels of refinement may be added or removed according to the frequency range of interest, the degree of accuracy required, and the material and geometrical parameters of the different layers. This is shown to be particularly useful in stiff problems, because unlimited accuracy is obtainable without redundancy even when Young's moduli and the thicknesses of the layers differ by many orders of magnitude, for example in a stiff sandwich plate with a very soft core. Full details are presented for a non-trivial example, that of antisymmetric waves in a three-layered planar elastic waveguide. Comparisons are made with two widely used approximations, Tiersten's thin-skin approximation and the composite Timoshenko approximation. The mathematical basis of the paper is the asymptotic decoupling of the wave motion in different layers in the limit of indefinitely large or small density ratio.

Massive S-matrix of [formula omitted] superstring theory with mixed 3-form flux

The type IIB supergravity AdS3×S3×T4 background with mixed RR and NSNS 3-form fluxes is a near-horizon limit of a non-threshold bound state of D5–D1 and NS5–NS1 branes. The corresponding superstring world-sheet theory is expected to be integrable, opening the possibility of computing its exact spectrum for any values of the coefficient q of the NSNS flux and the string tension. In arXiv:1303.1447 we have found the tree-level S-matrix for the massive BMN excitations in this theory, which turned out to have a simple dependence on q. Here, by analyzing the constraints of symmetry and integrability, we propose an exact massive-sector dispersion relation and the exact S-matrix for this world-sheet theory. The S-matrix generalizes its recent construction in the q=0 case in arXiv:1303.5995.

Development of an Explicit Symplectic Scheme that Optimizes the Dispersion-Relation Equation of the Maxwell’s Equations

AbstractIn this paper an explicit finite-difference time-domain scheme for solving the Maxwell’s equations in non-staggered grids is presented. The proposed scheme for solving the Faraday’s and Ampere’s equations in a theoretical manner is aimed to preserve discrete zero-divergence for the electric and magnetic fields. The inherent local conservation laws in Maxwell’s equations are also preserved discretely all the time using the explicit second-order accurate symplectic partitioned Runge-Kutta scheme. The remaining spatial derivative terms in the semi-discretized Faraday’s and Ampere’s equations are then discretized to provide an accurate mathematical dispersion relation equation that governs the numerical angular frequency and the wavenumbers in two space dimensions. To achieve the goal of getting the best dispersive characteristics, we propose a fourth-order accurate space centered scheme which minimizes the difference between the exact and numerical dispersion relation equations. Through the computational exercises, the proposed dual-preserving solver is computationally demonstrated to be efficient for use to predict the long-term accurate Maxwell’s solutions.