Evolution Rules Research Articles

Ultrafast Joule Heating Modification of Methane-Pyrolyzed Carbon Black for Supercapacitor Application.

Carbon black from methane pyrolysis for hydrogen is an alternative resource and can be improved for conductive material supplication. Our current work uses an ultrafast Joule heating technique to modify the methane-pyrolyzed carbon black and prepare nanoparticles of electrode material for supercapacitor application, coupled with density functional theory, structural, and electrochemical analyses. Evolution rules of the carbon and pore structures of the modified sample with an increase in temperature reveal good structure improvements. The graphitization degree of modified carbon black nanoparticles increases, and the particle morphology changes from a smooth surface, disordered structure removal, and pore formation to graphite crystallization. Band structure and state density analytical results show that the modified carbon black with a defect-free structure possesses metallic properties and exhibits good electrical conductivity. A temperature around 1576 °C to the initial graphitization was defined based on the critical point of the evolution of ordered and disordered structures, while the electrical conductivity of the carbon black nanoparticles at 2000 °C reaches 2300 S/m. The modified carbon black performed with stable charge/discharge characteristics, exhibiting a 4.31% capacitance drop at a current load of 2 A/g and a 18.31% capacitance drop at a current load of 20 A/g.

Comparative Study on the Electrocatalytic Performance of ABO3-Based Hexagonal Perovskite Oxides with Different [AO3] Layers.

To systematically investigate the influence of the number of [AO3] layers in the unit cell of hexagonal perovskite oxide on the oxygen evolution reaction performance, we successfully synthesized the three new hexagonal perovskite oxides 2H-BaCo0.9Ru0.1O3-δ, 6H-BaCo0.9Ru0.1O3-δ, and 10H-BaCo0.9Ru0.1O3-δ with the same element composition but different [BaO3] layers via the sol-gel method. Here, 2H, 6H, and 10H refer to the number of [BaO3] layers contained in the unit cell of the BaCo0.9Ru0.1O3-δ system. Experimentally, 10H-BaCo0.9Ru0.1O3-δ, featuring ten layers of [BaO3], exhibits optimal electrochemical activity among the three oxide catalysts, and in situ Raman results under various bias voltages confirm its ability to maintain a high surface crystal structural stability. Notably, as the number of [BaO3] layers increases, the effective magnetic moments and the valence state of surface Co ions in these three catalysts also increase, with the spin configuration of the surface Co ions being in a high-spin state. More importantly, DFT calculations provide the evolution rules of the p-band center (εp) with the number of [BaO3] layers, predicting the electrochemical performance of the BaCo0.9Ru0.1O3-δ system with different [BaO3] layers. Our experimental results offer a distinctive perspective for the future design, synthesis, and application of hexagonal perovskite oxides in electrocatalysis.

A novel combining Raman-photoluminescence method to characterize the brittle and plastic states of fused silica based on nanoscale ring structures and atomic point defects

Fused silica has been widely used in many key technical domains. However, the inevitably induced micron-sized brittle fractures during manufacturing processes seriously affect its service performance. Scanning electron and atomic force microscopes are mainly employed to estimate the brittle and plastic states (BPS) of the precise fused silica components, which would put strict demands on the dimensions of detected components and damage the detected surfaces. Herein, the evolution rules of the D2 characteristic peak intensities in Raman spectra corresponding to three-fold rings with the BPS were explored. Interestingly, it is found that the D2 peak intensity first greatly increases in brittle-plastic mixing zones and then sharply decreases in brittle zones. The evolution mechanisms of the nanoscale rings with respect to the BPS were further revealed using the molecular dynamics modeling. The enveloping-space compression of rings and the ring conversion from large- to small rings are found to be the leading factors of the significant increase of the three-fold rings in brittle-plastic mixing zones. And the abrupt destruction of ring structures due to amounts of damaged Si-O bonds in brittle zones contributes to the sharp decrease of the three-fold rings. Based on the evolution rules of the nanoscale rings with the BPS, the brittle-plastic mixing zones could be distinguished from the brittle and plastic zones. It also implies that the rings, especially three-fold rings may dominate the BPS. Moreover, the change laws of the photoluminescence properties with BPS were also studied. It has been found that the photoluminescence envelope area sharply increases with the BPS. It indicates that the concentrations of the atomic point defects would sharply increase with the BPS. Based on the evolution rules of the atomic point defects with the BPS, the brittle and plastic zones could be distinguished. Therefore, a novel Raman-photoluminescence combined method was proposed to characterize the BPS. Finally, its wide applicability was also verified in various specific cases. To sum up, the investigation develops a novel spectral method to effectively characterize the BPS. It is significant for the early warning of the material brittle fractures and the nondestructive characterization of fused silica during the manufacturing processes, which could vigorously promote the further application of fused silica components in various fields.

Deeply buried clastic rock diagenesis evolution mechanism of Dongdaohaizi sag in the center of Junggar fault basin, Northwest China

Abstract To reveal the diagenetic sequence of reservoir rocks in the central part of the deep depression basin, the Wuerhe Formation in Junggar Basin was taken as an example to conduct the detailed studies on its sedimentary facies, diagenetic sequence, and the micropore structure evolution rules based on the comprehensive data from a super deep exploration well C-6 (approximately 7,000 m in depth). First, an arid environment fan delta sedimentary model of the Wuerhe Formation was established, and its sedimentary evolution law was clarified as a gradual transition from a fan delta front to a fan delta plain during the water-regression process until the lake dried up. Then, the diagenesis types and evolution sequence of the Wuerhe Formation, and the influence degrees of the compaction, cementation, and dissolution on the rock formation process were clarified. Finally, the diagenesis and pore evolution model was established, and the greatest impact factors of the late reservoir densification were clarified. Based on this research, the diagenesis and pore evolution processes of the deep rocks in the studied deep central sag were ultimately revealed to provide useful guidance for the deeply buried oil and gas reservoir exploration.

A cellular automata model of a laser reproducing laser passive and active Q-Switching

The Q-switching (QS) phenomenon in lasers refers to the production of high intensity pulses by means of a saturable absorber (passive method) or by modifying the reflectivity or losses of the intracavity optics or mirrors (active method). Theoretically, the QS is studied through the laser rate equations which are useful to predict, at least qualitatively and roughly, the fundamental aspects of laser dynamics. However, specific details such as the spatial distribution of the intensity of the laser emission escape the simplicity of the rate equations. In this work we present a two dimensional cellular automata model (CA) to study the QS phenomenology for both the passive and the active method. To simulate the passive method we consider a spatial distribution of cells whose physical properties emulate those of the saturable adsorbers. And for the active method we introduce a periodic modulation of the lifetime of the photons inside the cavity. We have done numerous numerical simulations that show that despite the simplicity of the evolution rules, the AC model is capable of obtaining the main dynamics of operation of the laser by modifying the system parameters such as the pumping probability and the properties of the absorber.

Research Progress of Bronze Ware Ornamentation in the Shang Dynasty of China

Bronze ware is an important representative of ancient Chinese culture, and the Shang Dynasty is the peak of China’s bronze casting technology. As an important symbol of ancient culture, the bronze ornaments of Shang Dynasty in China. Deeply reflect the religious belief, social structure and cultural value at that time. Through a systematic literature review of the origin, classification and evolution of the bronze ornament, this paper aims to deepen the understanding of the Shang Dynasty bronzes and their cultural connotation. Among the existing studies, the current research on Shang Dynasty bronze ornament mainly focuses on the categorization of ornament, its relationship with culture and the evolution rules. Specifically, the classification of bronze ornament is diverse and represents the different symbolic meanings. Shang Dynasty bronze ornaments are closely related to religious beliefs and social structures, and evolved over time. In general, these studies have enriched the cultural knowledge of Shang Dynasty bronzes, while some rare ornaments have been understudied and the research methods need to be further innovated. The significance of this study is clear: by examining Shang dynasty bronze ornament, it can increase people’s understanding of ancient Chinese religious culture and feudal social structure, and also contribute to the identification and conservation of modern bronzes. Future research can apply modern scientific and technological tools to further reveal the deeper connotations and historical value of Shang culture.

Hygrothermal aging behavior of C/GFRP hybrid rod with bundle‐by‐bundle dispersion

AbstractFiber hybrid with bundle‐by‐bundle dispersion can achieve the high performance of composites, fully understand the hybrothermal resistance of hybrid composites is the key to prove the applications in engineering structures. In the present paper, the hygrothermal resistance performances of new type carbon and glass fiber reinforced epoxy based hybrid rod with bundle‐by‐bundle dispersion produced by pultrusion technology is investigated experimentally. The tests of water absorption and desorption, thermal and mechanical performances are performed to obtain the evolution rules of hygrothermal aging. As a result, the water absorption of hybrid rod confirms to the Fick's diffusion behavior, the serious relaxation of resin matrix and the interfacial debonding of fiber‐resin exposed at high temperature provide more diffusion space for water molecules. Long‐term hydrothermal aging results in the recoverable plasticization of resin matrix and irrecoverable interfacial debonding of fiber‐resin, which brings about the degradation of 6.7%–15.0% for short beam shear strength (SBSS) retention. In addition, the plasticization effect reduces the cross‐linking density of resin matrix, which leads to the degradation of 3.3%–15.6% for glass transition temperature (Tg) retention. The life prediction results show that degradation rate of SBSS is gradually slow down and reached to a stable retention of 85.5%.Highlights Relaxation of resin matrix and interfacial debonding accelerate the diffusion of water molecules. Plasticization and interfacial debonding lead to the degradation of short beam shear strength retention and glass transition temperature. Long‐term life prediction shows that short beam shear strength e retention is 85.5%.

Study on the evolution rules of coal deformation and failure characteristics caused by multiple mining disturbances

During coal mining operations, the coal will be deformed and damaged due to multiple mining disturbances (MMD), often resulting in disasters, like rock burst. To understand the evolution rules of coal deformation under MMD and its final fracture characteristics after impact dynamic load loading, reduce the adverse effects of mining disturbances, and improve disaster prevention and control capabilities, quasi-static uniaxial cyclic loading-unloading (L-U) and dynamic axial compression tests were conducted on large-sized coal-like samples. During the tests, three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning and acoustic emission (AE) monitoring technology were utilized to accurately capture the full-field deformation and AE response data, facilitating a systematic analysis of deformation and fracture characteristics. The results show that: (1) Under the cyclic L-U effect induced by MMD, each loading cycle causes compression deformation with partial recovery during unloading, presenting an overall “wavy” variation trend. (2) The maximum load is the most critical factor affecting the damaged coal deformation, with smaller load resulting in less overall sample deformation. (3) After the impact dynamic loading, the damaged samples suffered large-scale impact splitting failure, with the compressive-shear layer failure mainly occurred inside the holes. (4) Lower loading during cyclic L-U process correlate with reduced damage degree, and smaller debris particles with a higher fractal dimension when impact failure occurs, indicating a more severe impact failure. (5) With multiple cycles of L-U, the cracks inside the sample gradually extend and expand from around the hole to the outside. The greater the load and the number of cycles, the more serious the crack damage will be. (6) In the practical mining process, it is crucial to reinforce roadway interiors while minimizing low-loading cyclic disturbances induced by MMD. The study has obtained the deformation evolution rules and failure characteristics of coal under MMD, providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of corresponding engineering disasters.

Crack evolution and fractal characteristics of fractured red sandstone based on acoustic emission parameters

Rock is a widely used engineering material, and accurate understanding of its internal microcrack evolution process during loading can provide a theoretical basis for preventing instability and failure in rock engineering. The rock pressure test system and acoustic emission equipment were used to carry out uniaxial loading and acoustic emission monitoring tests on fractured red sandstone. Based on the RA and AF values of acoustic emission and the fractal theory, the internal crack patterns and evolution rules of red sandstone with different crack angles were explored. The results show that the compressive strength of red sandstone varies with the crack Angle in the shape of “U”, and there is an obvious stress drop after the elastic stage of 30° and 45° crack red sandstone, which has a good correspondence with the acoustic emission ringing count rate. During the loading process, the damage mainly caused by tension cracks first appears inside the rock, and then the tension cracks increase steadily and the shear cracks gradually increase, indicating that the rock enters the stage of fracture instability development. With the development of shear cracks, the peak strength is finally reached and the instability failure occurs. During the loading process of 30° fracture red sandstone, the corresponding stress drop phenomenon of “shear crack group” appears. According to the D/S statistical analysis of different crack samples based on acoustic emission ringing count, the fractal dimension presents a decreasing-rising-decreasing trend with the increase of crack inclination, which corresponds to the change of the complexity of crack development in rock.

Unconventional mechanical responses and mechanisms of Ti-6Al-4V sheet subjected to electrically-assisted cyclic loading-unloading: Thermal and athermal effects

For the sake of unveiling the macro-micro behaviors and underlying control mechanisms of electroplastic effect (EPE) of sheet metals during recent thriving electrically-assisted incremental forming (EAIF) processes, electrically-assisted cyclic loading-unloading tension (EACT) experiments were carried out at a current density of 14～20A/mm2 followed by forced and unforced cooling. The electro-thermo-mechanical responses and the evolution rules of dislocation configurations, fracture modes, phase composition and local orientation distribution were characterized by IR imaging, SEM, quantitative EBSD and TEM tests. Moreover, the thermal and athermal components of the electrically-induced stress drop throughout the EACT processes were decoupled and systematically analyzed via temperature control tests and isothermal correction. The results show that thermal effect of electric current possesses a great proportion of 75 % in the overall stress drop and plays a key role in elastic modulus degradation and ductility enhancement by activating pyramidal {101‾1}⟨12‾10⟩ slip systems, weakening (0001) texture and promoting dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and α→β→α′ phase transformation. While the athermal effect only operates after reaching both threshold current density and plastic strain, it increases monotonically with current density, brings about “hot spots” effect, local charge imbalance and weakened atomic bonding, and further causes intensified local strain gradient, substructure formation and DRX nucleation. The ratio of athermal stress drop first decreases and then increases significantly with loading cycle at the later stage of EACT under the combined effect of local Joule heating effect and flow localization. Additionally, the athermal effect only activates short-range solute diffusion and localized diffusional α→β phase transformation, while the combined thermal and athermal effects promote long-range solute diffusion and an increasing rate in β content of 261.8 %. The present work provides theoretical basis for optimizing the EAIF forming process and realizing extreme manufacture of light-weight thin-walled complex components.

Characterize the influences of hydraulic fracturing on preventing rock burst from the stress and vibration fields

The thick and hard roof (THR) is a significant factor that induces rock burst incidents. Traditional deep-hole blasting methods struggle to effectively relieve pressure for the high-level THR on a large scale. Although the horizontal staged hydraulic fracturing technology can crack high-level rock stratas, its impact on roof fracture still needs to be clarified, and there need to be more effective methods to evaluate its pressure relief effect. This paper conducted a comparative engineering test of local hydraulic fracturing pressure relief and load reduction on the working face to address this gap. The key layer theory and mine earthquake distribution were used to identify potential hazards of rock strata and the fracturing strata. Revealed the spatial and temporal evolution rules of microseisms induced by mining work, the failure mechanism of high-energy mine earthquakes, the evolution characteristics of source mechanical parameters, and the evolution characteristics of the stope stress field. The results indicate that after fracturing microseisms during mining presented exhibit a uniform distribution of high frequency and low energy. The fracture fragmentation of the roof rock was reduced, and the range of mining disturbance was minimized. High-energy mine earthquakes induced by mining are transferred to the goaf. Simultaneously, the corner frequency and stress decrease while the rupture radius and the shear component of the failure mechanism increase. The integrity of the THR is compromised, and fracture propagates and slips along the pre-crack. The roof of the working face experiences localized pressure, with decreased periodicity and intensity, reducing the overall static load level of the coal seam under the fracturing area. The research findings serve as a valuable reference for further investigations into the mechanism and risk assessment of hydraulic fracturing in preventing and controlling rock burst.

Introducing variables in the evolution rules of P systems

In membrane systems evolution rules are constructed using only objects from a finite alphabet. In this paper we investigate rules in which variables are used. Namely, we define Variable P systems in which the rules containing variables need to be instantiated at the start of each computational step with values from some predefined sets of sets of objects.The modelling power of variable P systems is described by simulating some basic arithmetic operations over a (multi)set of positive numbers (addition, multiplication, or a combination of them). The main advantage of using variable P systems consists in the small number of used rules regardless how many numbers are involved in the operation: e.g., the addition requires only 3 rules, while the multiplication only 27 rules.

Will a plant germplasm accession conserved in a genebank change genetically over time?

The simplified question on the genetic change of a conserved plant germplasm accession over time is raised for a better understanding of the challenging mission of conserving more than 7.4 million germplasm accessions in 2000 genebanks worldwide for generations to come. Its answer will influence how these genebanks operate to ensure the continued survival and availability of the conserved plant genetic resources for future food security. Here, we explore the expected impact of evolutionary forces on plant germplasm in genebanks, search for the theoretical expectations and empirical evidence for such impacts from the literature, and discuss the ramifications of the evidence for long-term plant germplasm management and conservation. It is expected that genetic changes of long-term conserved germplasm under genebank conditions will occur commonly as an evolutionary rule, not as an exception. Incorporating evolutionary biology into the Genebank Standards and operational procedures will benefit the mission of long-term germplasm conservation.

Calculation method and evolution rule of the strain energy density of sandstone under true triaxial compression

Deep rock masses are typically in complex stress states, and research on the evolution of their strain energy density is of highly important for understanding their failure characteristics. In this work, a true triaxial stress‒balanced unloading test is designed to analyze the ud and ue evolution of sandstone under true triaxial compression conditions. The study results indicate that as σ1 increases, the elastic strain decreases in the σ2 and σ3 directions, whereas the residual strain progressively increases, and the magnitude of decrease in elastic strain exceeds the magnitude of increase in residual strain. Throughout the loading process of σ1, ue progressively decreases in the σ2 and σ3 directions, whereas ud gradually increases, and the magnitude of decrease in ue surpasses the magnitude of increase in ud. The ud and ue of sandstone under different stress levels were calculated via true triaxial stress‒balanced unloading tests, and the evolution of ud and ue in the three principal stress directions and the overall strain energy density of sandstone followed a linear energy storage law. On the basis of this law and the true triaxial stress‒balanced unloading test, a new method for calculating the true triaxial ud and ue was proposed. A study on the σ1 unloading stress path revealed that the σ1 unloading stress path significantly affects the storage and dissipation of the strain energy density in the three principal stress directions of sandstone. On the basis of the research results, the criteria for determining rockbursts were discussed.

The tripartite evolutionary game of enterprises' green production strategy with government supervision and people participation

Government supervision and people participation play vital roles in enterprises' green production strategy, but few studies have considered the strategy choices behind government supervision and people's participation. This study contended that whether an enterprise adopts the green production strategy is influenced not only by its responsible attitude facing social responsibility but also by the following two factors, the intensity of government supervision and whether people choose to participate in supervision or not when facing the enterprise adopting the green production strategy or not. We constructed a tripartite evolutionary game model to explore the behavioral evolution rules and evolutionary stability strategies of government supervision, people participation, and enterprises' green production. Then we employed numerical simulation to analyze how various factors influence the strategy selection of the government, people, and enterprises. The results show that if the utility values of government supervision and people participation are greater than 0, the enterprises will adopt the green production strategy. The system stability is affected by a synergistic relationship between participation cost, reputation benefit, and government subsidies, and an incremental relationship between enterprises' green production benefit, government subsidies, people's reported bonus, and enterprises' green production cost. This study provides a new theoretical perspective for research on government supervision, people participation, and enterprises' green production strategy, and the results provide important references for improving the enterprises' green production and urban environmental management.

A new approach on constitutive modeling for quasi-brittle materials under multiaxial loading

Abstract This work introduces a new method for expanding unidimensional models to predict material behavior under multiaxial loading. The concept of six-dimensional mechanical space is adopted, and in each basis direction of the space, there is one fiber-bundle model (FBM), so these six FBMs are independent amongst one another but follow the same damage evolution rule. Under triaxial loading, these FBMs have different stress and strain states, so six corresponding damage variables have different values. The anisotropic damage is thus represented by the six damage variables. When it is under uniaxial loading, the six-dimensional space reduces to one-dimensional space, so the proposed model can be calibrated using uniaxial loading test data, and the calibrated model can predict the material behavior under multiaxial loading conditions. Biaxial loading and triaxial loading test data are used to verify the proposed model, and parametric analyses are performed to analyze model predictions under different loading conditions. It shows that model predictions agree well with the test data and are consistent with experimental observations.

Critical state uniqueness of dense granular materials using discrete element method in conjunction with flexible membrane boundary

An explanation of the meso-mechanism of sand granular materials for the uniqueness of critical state is presented by means of the discrete element method (DEM) under flexible boundary loading conditions. A series triaxial drainage shear test (DEM simulations), in conjunction with the flexible boundary technique, of were performed for sand samples subjected to various physical states and with different particle size distributions. After carefully investigating the critical status of the results of the numerical calculation, the macroscopic failure modes and shear band evolution of sand, as well as the velocity vector field due to different initial states, were explored and classified. Furthermore, the evaluation rules and discrepancies between overall void ratios of the specimen and local void ratios within the shear band under the critical state were recorded and analyzed. The results proved that a sample with a small void tends to form a shear band, and the rotation of the particles in the non-shear zone is negligible. Conversely, sandy soil with large initial void ratios exhibited limited development of significant shear bands, and the change in void ratios within the shear region and the non-shear area are not significant. Interestingly, the particle-size distribution exerts minimal influence on the evolution rule which the void ratio converges within the shear band and diverges outside the shear region for both multi-stage and single-stage specimens. The void ratio within the shear band and deviator stress ratio tend to exhibit consistently for the same specimen with different initial physical states, thereby distinguishing the critical state. There is a significantly higher change in void ratio within the shear band compared to outside of it, yet it remains stable within a relatively similar range. Additionally, the invariant of the fabric tensor used to describe the critical state characteristics also demonstrates a high degree of consistency within the shear band. These findings strongly indicate that the critical state exists within the shear failure surface and is highly likely to be unique.

A deep learning framework for supersonic turbulent combustion

The rapid simulation of supersonic turbulent combustion is a significant demand in scientific research and engineering applications for hypersonic vehicles. This paper proposes a deep learning framework for fast predicting unsteady turbulent combustion flow fields within the combustor of hypersonic vehicles. Based on convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks, this framework extracts spatial distribution characteristics of the flow fields and temporal evolution rules. And we enhance the traditional mean square error loss function by assigning loss weights to different channel data. Numerical simulations are conducted on the model scramjet combustor with various geometric structures to generate the dataset for training, and part of the untrained cases are used to verify the effectiveness. The results show that the proposed model, under different geometric structures, achieves high computational accuracy, with a correlation coefficient between the predicted results and the true values above 0.99. Considering the time cost of data transferring between heterogeneous systems, the model takes only 30 s to complete the calculation, representing an acceleration of at least two orders of magnitude compared to computational fluid dynamics. In the future, it can be applied to the rapid prediction of hypersonic vehicle performance and efficiently guide the optimal design of aircraft.

Microstructure Evolution and Tensile Properties of Medium Manganese Steel Heat Treated by Two-Step Annealing

In this paper, the nucleation and growth of austenite are controlled through a two-step annealing process to achieve multi-scale distribution and content increase of retained austenite in low manganese series medium-Mn steel. Combining SEM, EBSD, AES, and other experimental equipment, the evolution rules of the microstructure, properties, and element distribution behavior of the test steel during the annealing process are studied. Compared with one-step annealing, the two-step annealing significantly broadens the size distribution range of retained austenite. In the first step, after annealing at a higher intercritical temperature (760 °C), the ferrite and the M/A island are obtained, completing the initial partition of Mn and the refinement of microstructures. During the second step of annealing (720 °C), the primary Mn-rich martensite region provides higher nucleation driving force and finer dispersed nucleation sites, promoting the nucleation and growth of reverse transformation austenite. At the same time, the metastable-retained austenite formed after the first step of annealing continues to grow through interface movement. Furthermore, a high proportion (23.4%) of retained austenite with multi-scale distribution is formed in the final microstructure, and the product of strength and elongation increased from 21.8 GPa·% by the one-step annealing process to 30.1 GPa·%.

Analysis of the temperature rise process of carbon ceramic axle-mounted brake disc

Abstract At present, high-speed train braking modules gradually adopt carbon ceramic brake discs. Based on the calculation results, the temperature simulation calculation of carbon ceramic brake disc for high-speed trains is of important engineering reference value for design and application. This paper established a finite element thermal simulation model based on the material properties of carbon-ceramic composite materials and the size and structural characteristics of the brake disc, and conducted a simulation analysis of the 400km/h emergency braking condition. After calculation, the carbon ceramic disc surface temperature reaches about 1250°C during the braking process, which does not exceed the material limit of 1350°C, and can adapt to the braking requirements of high-speed trains. The evolution rules of the temperature field and temperature value changes of the carbon ceramic shaft-mounted brake disc were further studied, and the general rules of disc temperature changes during emergency braking at 400km/h were summarized. The relevant content can provide a reference for the thermal analysis research of carbon ceramic axle-mounted brake disc.