Evolution Of Strength Research Articles

Experimental study on the physical and mechanical properties of carbonatite rocks under high confining pressure after thermal treatment

AbstractOil and gas exploration studies have been increasingly moving deeper into the earth. The rocks in deep and ultra‐deep reservoirs are exposed to a complex environment of high temperatures and large geo‐stresses. The Tarim oilfield in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang for short), China, has achieved a breakthrough in the exploration of deep hydrocarbon reservoirs at a depth of over 9000 m. The mechanical properties of deep rocks are significantly different from those of shallow rocks. In this study, triaxial compression tests were conducted on heat‐treated carbonatite rocks to explore the evolution of the mechanical properties of carbonatite rocks under high confining pressure after thermal treatment. The rocks for the tests were collected from reservoirs in the Tarim oilfield, Xinjiang, China. The experiments were performed at confining pressures ranging from atmospheric to 120 MPa and temperatures ranging from 25 to 500°C. The results show that the critical confining pressure of the brittle–ductile transition increases with increasing temperature. Young's modulus is negatively correlated with the temperature and positively correlated with the confining pressure. As the confining pressure increases, the failure mode of the specimens gradually transforms from shear fracture failure into “V”‐type failure and finally into bulging failure (multiple shear fractures). With increasing temperature, the failure angle tends to decrease. In addition, an improved version of the Mohr‒Coulomb strength criterion with a temperature‐dependent power function was proposed to describe the failure strength of carbonatite rocks after exposure to high temperature and high confining pressure. The surface of the strength envelope of this criterion is temperature dependent, which could reflect the strength evolution of rock under high confining pressures after thermal treatment. Compared with other strength criteria, this criterion is more capable of replicating physical processes.

Failure Behavior and Fracture Evolution Mechanism of Coal with Fissures around Holes.

The fracture of coal is the main channel of gas flow and an important factor affecting the stability and efficiency of gas drainage boreholes. The coal structure, the development of hole cracks, and the degree of deformation are different. It affects the strength and mechanical deformation characteristics of coal to a great extent. In order to investigate the law of fracture evolution around the borehole of fractured coal, uniaxial and triaxial compression tests of raw coal samples have been carried out. The stress field evolution characteristics of fractured coal under compression were analyzed by Particle Flow Code (PFC2D). The strength, deformation, and fracture evolution behavior of fractured coal around boreholes under different confining pressures were studied. The results show that the compressive strength and fracture morphology evolution characteristics of coal around the hole are obviously related to the confining pressure and fracture occurrence of raw coal. The borehole structure itself has an important influence on the distribution location of the shear failure zone of the fracture around the hole, and its influence degree increases with the decrease of borehole confining pressure. During the deformation of coal with cracks around the hole, the initiation, propagation, and union behavior of cracks are related to the crack angle β. The cracks with β 0 and 180° are most easily closed during compression and the cracks with β 90° have little effect on the crack propagation zone. When the crack angle β is 45°, it is most easy to sprout and expand at the end; when the coal is compressed to the ultimate strength, the increase rate of the tensile crack increases, and the polymerization and combination behavior of the crack is more obvious. The evolution cloud map of the stress field can better reflect the evolution characteristics of fracture development, expansion, and fracture in the process of coal loading. Studying the failure behavior and fracture evolution mechanism of the coal around the hole can better predict and control the gas migration and extraction effect, which is of great significance to prevent the occurrence of gas accidents.

Marble Powder as a Soil Stabilizer: An Experimental Investigation of the Geotechnical Properties and Unconfined Compressive Strength Analysis.

Fine-grained soils present engineering challenges. Stabilization with marble powder has shown promise for improving engineering properties. Understanding the temporal evolution of Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and geotechnical properties in stabilized soils could aid strength assessment. This study investigates the stabilization of fine-grained clayey soils using waste marble powder as an alternative binder. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the geotechnical properties of soil-marble powder mixtures, including Atterberg's limits, compaction characteristics, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS). The effects of various factors, such as curing time, molding water content, and composition ratios, on UCS, were analyzed using Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) techniques, including histograms, box plots, and statistical modeling. The results show that the CBR increased from 10.43 to 22.94% for unsoaked and 4.68 to 12.46% for soaked conditions with 60% marble powder, ITS rose from 100 to 208 kN/m2 with 60-75% marble powder, and UCS rose from 170 to 661 kN/m2 after 28 days of curing, molding water content (optimum at 22.5%), and composition ratios (optimum at 60% marble powder). Complex modeling yielded R2 (0.954) and RMSE (29.82 kN/m2) between predicted and experimental values. This study demonstrates the potential of utilizing waste marble powder as a sustainable and cost-effective binder for soil stabilization, transforming weak soils into viable construction materials.

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of high strength and high conductivity Cu[sbnd]Fe alloy wire prepared by cold drawing

CuFe alloy wire is widely used in the field of electronic information because of its high strength and high conductivity. In this study, Cu-5Fe-0.1Si-0.3 Mg-0.05RE (La, Ce) alloys were prepared by cold drawing and heat treatment. The microstructure evolution of the alloy during deformation was studied by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Three kinds of second phases with different sizes and shapes were successfully constructed in the designed alloys, including fibrous iron phase, submicron spherical iron phase and nano spherical phase. The strength of the alloy is greatly improved by drawing deformation, with only slight reduction of the conductivity. Through joint addition of Mg, Si and rare earth elements, the designed CuFe alloy wire rod has excellent overall properties. It's electrical conductivity, tensile strength, yield strength and elongation reached 63.8% IACS, 831 MPa, 730 MPa and 6.1%, respectively. Detailed characterizations of the alloys reveal that: the addition of Mg reduces solid solubility limit of iron in matrix and spaces between iron phases; the FeSi phase formed by Si and Fe promotes the precipitation of iron phase; and the addition of rare earth inhibits segregation of second phase, recovery and recrystallization of the alloy, and the coarsening of Fe phase. The mechanical properties of the alloy are improved by fiber strengthening, Hall-Petch strengthening and precipitation strengthening, respectively. The contributions of precipitation strengthening, fiber strengthening and Hall-Petch strengthening to yield strength are 65 MPa, 59 MPa and 277 MPa, respectively. The microstructure of dislocation and fibrosis is the main factor of alloy strengthening.

Effect of Heat Treatment under Different Atmospheres on the Bonding Properties and Mechanism of Ceramiziable Heat-Resistant Adhesive.

In this study, a heat-resistant adhesive was prepared using molybdenum-phenolic (Mo-PF) resin as the matrix and TiB2 particle as the ceramizable filler for bonding Al2O3 ceramic substrates. Firstly, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was used to characterize the chemical structure of the Mo-PF. Subsequently, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and shear strength testing were employed to investigate the effects of heat treatment in different atmospheres on the thermal stability and residual bonding properties of the adhesive. To further explore the bonding mechanism of the adhesive after heat treatment in different atmospheres, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), compressive strength testing, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were utilized to analyze the microstructure, mechanical strength, and composition evolution of the adhesive at different temperatures. The bonding strength of Al2O3 joints showed a trend of initially decreasing and then increasing after different temperature heat treatment in air, with the shear strength reaching a maximum value of 25.68 MPa after treatment at 1200 °C. And the bonding strength of Al2O3 joints decreased slowly with the increase of temperature in nitrogen. In air, the ceramicization reaction at a high temperature enabled the mechanical strength of the adhesive to rise despite the continuous pyrolysis of the resin. However, the TiB2 filler in nitrogen did not react, and the properties of the adhesive showed a decreasing tendency with the pyrolysis of the resin.

Effect of unidirectional temperature conduction on the strength evolution of shotcrete in a high geothermal environment

Effect of unidirectional temperature conduction on the strength evolution of shotcrete in a high geothermal environment

Strength and Microstructural Evolution of Magnesium Phosphate Cement Mortar in Plateau Environment

Climatic conditions in plateau areas can enormously affect the properties and microstructure of cement-based materials. This research investigates the strength development and microstructural changes in magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) mortars in a plateau environment. Experiments were conducted in parallel in a plateau area (Lhasa) and a plain area (Chengdu) to evaluate the effects of the water-to-binder ratio (w/b = 0.12, 0.14 and 0.16) and sand-to-binder ratio (s/b = 0.5, 0.75 and 1) on the compressive and flexural strength of MPC mortars. At the same time, hydration products were characterized via XRD, TGA, and SEM/EDX micro-analyses, and the porosity of the materials was also analyzed via MIP. The results demonstrated that curing in a plateau environment resulted in a decrease in workability and yielded higher strength at an early age (before 1 day) but degraded the long-term (180-day) strength of MPC mortars when compared with curing in a plain environment, irrespective of w/b and s/b ratios. Unlike the plain group, the plateau group revealed the deterioration of microstructures over time, including the decrease in struvite content, the morphology change in struvite crystals, and the increase in porosity, which resulted in the degradation of mechanical properties between 1 and 180 days. The strength loss can be effectively alleviated at lower w/b and s/b ratios.

Evolution of the Magnetic Excitations in Electron-Doped La_{2-x}Ce_{x}CuO_{4}.

We investigated the high energy spin excitations in electron-doped La_{2-x}Ce_{x}CuO_{4}, a cuprate superconductor, by resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) measurements. Efforts were paid to disentangle the paramagnon signal from non-spin-flip spectral weight mixing in the RIXS spectrum at Q_{∥}=(0.6π,0) and (0.9π,0) along the (1 0) direction. Our results show that, for doping level x from 0.07 to 0.185, the variation of the paramagnon excitation energy is marginal. We discuss the implication of our results in connection with the evolution of the electron correlation strength in this system.

A modified Johnson-Cook model to determine plastic flow behavior of Fe-30Mn-9Al-0.8 C low-density steel during warm multiaxial forging

The microstructural changes in Fe-30Mn-9Al-0.8 C low-density steel upto equivalent strain 2.3 during multiaxial forging (MAF) and their impact on tensile strengthening have been thoroughly investigated. The processed sample at 0 pass, 1 pass, 3 pass, and 5 pass with 33% normal strain in each pass are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The analysis of XRD confirms a noticeable increase in dislocation density progressing from 0.79 × 1015 m−2 to 8.98 × 1015 m−2, attributed to a decrease in crystallite size and an increase in microstrain from 3.66 × 10−3 to 6.8 × 10−3. The grain size reduces from 50 μm to 13 μm. The yield strength increases from 380 MPa to 1528 MPa, while the ultimate strength increases from 762 MPa to 1548 MPa after 5 passes. It is observed here that both dislocation density and grain boundaries contribute to strengthening the material. However, up to three passes, dislocation strengthening is significant. Additionally, a numerical framework is developed to model the evolution of dislocation density, grain size and yield strength at each stage of MAF. To emphasize the role of strengthening parameters in predicting the flow stresses in every MAF pass accurately, a material VUMAT subroutine in ABAQUS has been created for a modified Johnson-Cook (J-C) constitutive model that accounts for the role of increased dislocation density and grain size. The developed model demonstrates its capability to accurately capture essential material features, including equivalent strain, dislocation density, and grain size. Furthermore, it exhibits the ability to predict the yield strength approximately following each MAF pass.

Effect of Different Ceramic Waste Powder on Characteristics of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer

The escalating demand for construction materials driven by rapid population growth has heightened the reliance on cement binders, resulting in increased CO2 emissions from the cement industry. Geopolymers, considered environmentally friendly alternatives, have been explored in various studies to address this challenge. This research specifically investigates the impact of different types of ceramic waste bricks (BT), floor tiles (FT), roof tiles (RT), and sanitary ceramics (ST) on the physical and mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer mortar. To provide a comprehensive understanding, this research examines the compressive strength, mineral phase, chemical bonds, and microscopic evolution of fly ash geopolymer mortar incorporating varying proportions of each ceramic waste type (25% and 50% fly ash replacement). A consistent mixture of Na2SiO3and NaOH was used for the alkaline solution in all formulations. The curing process was carried out at room temperature for 7, 14, and 28 days prior to the compressive strength test. The result revealed that the inclusion of 25% BT experienced higher strength compared to the control sample after 14 days, but the strength became comparable after 28 days at 40.24 MPa. A reduction in strength was evident with the addition of other ceramic components. Moreover, higher incorporation of CWP correlated with a faster setting time for fresh geopolymers. This was also linked to the degree of gel formation, as indicated in the microstructure images. The emergence of plagioclase minerals was evident in all formulations of the geopolymer products under XRD analysis, while the bond of the geopolymer signature, Si-O-T (T = Si or Al), was identified from the infrared spectra. The microstructure of the binder showed a geopolymer matrix alongside unreacted fly ash particles. Overall, CWP replacement up to 25% can be potential in fly ash geopolymer without sacrificing significant strength loss and remaining in the range of normal strength mortar. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-02-06 Full Text: PDF

Concrete incorporating supplementary cementitious materials: Temporal evolution of compressive strength and environmental life cycle assessment

The use of Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) or industrial wastes as a partial replacement for cement in the production of concrete is an urgent need in the construction industry due to cement's growing environmental challenges and rising cost. In respect of this, we conducted research work on proportioning binary concrete mixes. Fly ash (FA) replaced 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % of the cement, while silica fume (SF) replaced 5 %, 10 %, and 15 % of the cement. A control concrete mix was also developed with 100 % cement and no SCM. The results showed no increase in compressive strength for FA concrete compared to control at the early age of 3–28 days, but a maximum increase in compressive strength of 4 % was discovered at a later age of 56 days for concrete with 20 % FA. For 5 % SF concrete, a considerable strength increase of 15 % was seen at the early age of 3 days. Like with FA concrete, 2 % improvement in strength was recorded at the later age of 56 days for 10 % SF concrete. This study further focused on the concrete's temporal evolution of compressive strength by developing a strength evolution model (SEM) using nonlinear regression analysis at a 95 % confidence level. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between the model values and the experimental results. For comparison, the fib Model Code 2010 was applied to the experimental data, and a good agreement was observed among the proposed model, the fib Model values, and the experimental results. The proposed model can be expanded to address further regression-related problems. Finally, environmental life cycle assessment revealed that utilizing 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % of FA lowered Global Warming Potential (GWP) by 9 %, 19 %, and 29 %, respectively. Likewise, using 5 %, 10 %, and 15 % of SF reduced the GWP by 5 %, 9 %, and 14 %.

Temperature dependence of mechanical strength in HPDC Mg–6Y–3Zn–1Al alloy with LPSO phase

The temperature dependence of mechanical strength including yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) in HPDC WZA631 alloy is investigated in a wide temperature range from room temperature (RT) to 350 °C. It is found that at 25–300 °C, YS and UTS do not drop markedly, from 173 MPa and 274 MPa at RT to 113 MPa and 170 MPa at 300 °C, respectively. While above 300 °C the flow stress falls rather rapidly, to 74 MPa for YS and to 108 MPa UTS at 350 °C. The (Al,Zn)2Y phase exhibits similar behavior between 150 °C and 350 °C, breaking up under stress and becoming the relatively stable crack source without catastrophic cracking. The LPSO phase, keeping steady and excellent critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) below 250 °C, remains unchanged with complete network structure at 150 °C and 250 °C. Therefore, the LPSO phase reinforces the alloy with slow flow stress reduction at RT-300 °C for WZA631 alloy. The tensile property deteriorates above 300 °C due to the destruction of the network structure as well as the reduction of CRSS for the prismatic slip of LPSO under tensile loading. Thus, the LPSO phase determines the mechanical strength evolution of WZA631 alloy, which is similar to the behavior of γ’ phase in the Ni-based superalloys. Besides, the relationship between strength and temperature is described by the Arrhenius equation, which may be reduced to an exponential model in the form of σ=a+bT for HPDC WZA631 alloy.

Shear wave velocities to monitor curing evolution of soils treated with alkali activated binders

The use of alkali activated binders for soil improvement has been significantly increased in the past decade indicating a significant interest in the use of alternative low carbon binders. The optimisation and preliminary characterisation of the mixtures is usually addressed with destructive tests to evaluate strength such as unconfined compression strength tests. Although important and necessary, these tests require a significant number of specimens, especially when monitoring the strength evolution with time due to curing. Seismic wave velocity measurements, in particular S wave velocities, allow a fast evaluation of the elastic shear stiffness with time avoiding specimens’ failure. This is even more important in soils stabilised with alkali activated binders, since its strength and stiffness evolution with time is generally very long, keeping increasing far beyond the 28 days mark usually assumed in soils improved with Portland cement. In this paper, the evolution of the elastic stiffness with time for different soils treated with alkali activated binders is presented. The compilation of the results for different soils and mixtures, allowed a clear definition of the typical trend and range.

Study on the Effect of Cyclic Loading on the Geomechanics of Sandstone Reservoirs in Gas Storage

In the implementation process of carbon capture and storage (CCS), the geomechanical problems arising from the cyclic injection of carbon dioxide into the formation cannot be ignored. To clarify the influence of cyclic loading on the geomechanics properties of reservoir rocks, cyclic loading tests were carried out on rocks in sandstone reservoirs with the RTR‐2000 Rock Mechanics Test System, and the evolution of compressive strength, elastic modulus, and Poisson’s ratio parameters was analyzed, which revealed the law of the geomechanical deterioration and damage evolution of sandstone reservoirs under cyclic loading. The results show that under the same cyclic load, when the number of cycles is increased to a certain degree, the influence on the peak strength is small. As the number of cycles increases, the modulus of elasticity of rock appears to be increasing and then decreasing, whereas a rapid increase in Poisson’s ratio and a slow increase in Poisson’s ratio occur with the increase in the number of cycles. Under the same number of cycles, the peak strength of the core gradually decreased with the increase of the maximum cyclic stress. When the cyclic load was smaller than the yield stress of the core, the effect of cyclic loading on the strength of the core was small, and when the cyclic load was larger than the yield stress, the effect of cyclic loading on the strength increased significantly. With the increase of cyclic load, the modulus of elasticity showed a tendency to increase and then decrease, and Poisson’s ratio had a tendency of decreasing and the overall degree of change was small.

Expansion and Strength Evolution Mechanism of Granite-Based Geopolymer Based on the Reactivity of Calcium Expansive Agents

Abstract In this article, the role of the reactivity of different heat-treated calcium oxides on the properties of a granite-based geopolymer was investigated for low-temperature application to attain high linear expansion and its strength as well as understanding the probable underlying mechanism. The reactivity of the calcium oxide was investigated using the combination of isocalorimetry and BET. The heat-treated calcium oxides were classified as low reactive, medium reactive, and highly reactive with respect to their heat release in water. In addition to this, the resultant effect of the heat-treated calcium oxide was explored in terms of the exothermic behavior, linear expansions, compressive strength, and the pore volume distribution at a dosage of 0.1 wt% of the solid phase of the geopolymer mix. The results indicate that the different reactivities of the calcium oxide impact the linear expansion as well as the compressive strength. The different reactive calcium oxides improved the linear expansion by at least 100%. However, the low reactive calcium tends to decrease the compressive strength by 35% as a result of overexpansion. Therefore, this calls for the optimization of the reactivity of CaO for its application geopolymer for the best properties.

Modeling the effect of Mg addition on microstructure and strength of aluminum during severe plastic deformation

Although Al–Mg alloys have various desirable properties, to broaden the applications, it is needed to increase the strength of these alloys. Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is a candidate method for this purpose. In this paper, a model is presented for the strength and microstructure evolution during severe plastic deformation. The model is applied to 5 Al–Mg alloys with different solute contents of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt% Mg. The model is also employed for pure Al for the sake of comparison. The model evaluates the effectiveness of Mg addition, quantitatively. It is shown that the combining of solute addition and severe plastic deformation can provide a considerable increase in the strength of Al–Mg alloys. Moreover, it is shown that adding Mg solute to pure Al changes the value of the dislocation density more than the values of the cell size and strength. The model also considers two effects for the presence of Mg solute as implicit and explicit effects. Then, the quantitative evaluation is performed. It indicates that the ratio of the effects is dependent on solute content, and the implicit one plays a more significant role.

Influence of Fly Ash Content on the Durability of Mortar Specimens under Dry/Wet Sulfate Attack.

To investigate the durability of cementitious materials under complex environmental conditions in Xinjiang, this study conducted durability tests on mortar specimens with different fly ash contents under dry/wet sulfate attack conditions, with standard curing and steam curing at 70 °C. The appearance loss and flexural and compressive strength variations in the specimens were analyzed, and an evolution model of the mortar strength under a dry/wet sulfate attack was established. Moreover, XRD and SEM techniques were used to characterize the erosion products and microstructure, and to explore the erosion resistance mechanism of fly ash cementitious materials. The results showed that, after 160 cycles of erosion, the flexural strength of the specimens decreased with the increase in the fly ash content. In the context of steam-cured mortar specimens, throughout the entire erosion period, specimens with a fly ash content of 45% exhibited the highest relative compressive strength. The established strength evolution model had a minimum determination coefficient of 0.879, indicating a good agreement between the model and experimental results. Microscopic research showed that fly ash would undergo a pozzolanic reaction under the action of sulfate and calcium hydroxide, which was beneficial to the improvement of the erosion resistance. As the fly ash content increased, the erosion products of the specimens gradually became dominated by gypsum.

The Evolution of the Intrinsic Flexural Strength of Jute Strands after a Progressive Delignification Process and Their Contribution to the Flexural Strength of PLA-Based Biocomposites.

Biocomposites from poly-(lactic acid) (PLA) and jute strands were prepared, and their flexural strength was analyzed. Jute strands were submitted to a progressive delignification process and the resulting morphology, composition, and crystallinity index were evaluated. Then, PLA biocomposites comprising 30 wt% of jute strands were produced and characterized under flexural conditions. The delignification processes decreased the lignin content and progressively increased the cellulose content. All this resulted in an enhancement of the composite flexural strength. A modified rule of mixtures, and the relation between tensile and flexural properties were used to determine the intrinsic flexural strength (of the jute strands) and their correlation with their physic-chemical characteristics. Equations correlating the intrinsic flexural strength with the crystallinity index, the cellulose content, and the microfibril angle were proposed. These equations show the impact of these properties over the intrinsic properties of the fibers and can help researchers to select appropriate fibers to obtain accurate properties for the composites. Jute strands show their value as reinforcement by increasing the flexural strength of the matrix by 70% and being less expensive and more environmentally friendly than mineral reinforcements. Together with the profitability and the environmental advantages, the mechanical results suggest that these PLA biocomposites are suitable for specific products of different market sectors.

Fatigue damage mechanisms and evolution of residual tensile strength in CFRP Composites: Stacking sequence effect

This study explores the effect of fiber orientation on the fatigue resistance of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite laminates. First, fatigue damage mechanisms of composite laminates with different stacking sequences at various stress levels are analyzed by utilizing digital image correlation (DIC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The findings highlight that the fiber orientation of the laminate has a significant effect on the fatigue life of the specimens. Prior to final fatigue failure, laminates with 0° fiber orientation experience only a 30 % reduction, while laminates with ± 45° fiber orientation show up to 93 % stiffness reduction. The fracture modes of laminates with a 0° fiber orientation vary depending on stress levels. Microscopic observations confirm that in the case of laminates with ± 45° fiber orientations under compressive loading, fiber flexion, and delamination are the predominant failure mechanisms. Further, the post-fatigue tensile tests reveal that the residual tensile strength of the laminates with ± 45° fiber orientations increases by 6.3 % after 15 % of the total cycles (7.2 × 104) at a 30 % stress level. The contribution of this study provides vital insights into the structural design of laminates and offers a pathway for improving their fatigue performance.

Compressive properties of sustainable geopolymers at elevated temperatures: Strength and elastic modulus evolution

Geopolymers, characterised as customisable, environmentally friendly, and thermally robust materials, have yet to receive comprehensive studies on compressive properties in their high-temperature states. In this study, a sodium silicate-activated binary geopolymer with strength and elastic modulus increased in thermal environments above 100 ℃ was developed. Investigation of stress-strain relations, compressive strengths, strains at the compressive strengths, and elastic moduli was performed across temperatures ranging from 100 ℃ to 1000 ℃. The optimal geopolymer product showed substantial strength and elastic modulus enhancements at temperatures below 500 ℃, with elastic modulus decline above 500 ℃, indicating material deterioration. Thermal behaviour investigations and microstructure experiments were conducted to elucidate this mechanism. A positive correlation between hot-state density and mechanical properties was established. The geopolymers showed thermal shrinkage properties, aiding structure compaction with less density loss, which is advantageous for their mechanical properties below 500 ℃. Heightened chemical changes at 500–1000 ℃ led to pronounced property shifts, with product decomposition and ions diffusion causing more deterioration at 500–700 ℃. Initial crystal formation at 800 ℃ played a favourable role in the partial property recovery of the geopolymers. This study broadens the application scope of industrially derived geopolymers, fostering the creation of safer materials for structures vulnerable to heat exposure.