Landscape Evolution Research Articles

Prediction of land use for the next 30 years using the PLUS model's multi-scenario simulation in Guizhou Province, China

Land use changes significantly impact the structure and functioning of ecosystems. The current research focus lies in how to utilize economic and policy instruments to regulate conflicts among stakeholders effectively. The objective is to facilitate rational planning and sustainable development of land utilization resources. The PLUS model integrates a rule-based mining method for land expansion analysis and a CA model based on multi-type stochastic seeding mechanism, which can be used to mine the driving factors of land expansion and predict the patch-level evolution of land use landscapes. Using the PLUS model, a simulation was conducted to study the future land use distribution in the research area over the next 30 years. Based on land use data from Guizhou Province in 2000, 2010, and 2020, a total of 16 driving factors were selected from three aspects: geographical environment, transportation network, and socio-economic conditions. Four scenarios, namely natural development, urban development, ecological conservation, and farmland rotection, were established. Comparative analysis of the simulated differences among the various scenarios was performed. (1) The overall accuracy of the land use simulation using the PLUS model in the study area was 0.983, with a Kappa coefficient of 0.972 and a FoM coefficient of 0.509. The research accuracy meets the simulation requirements. (2) Through the simulation of four different scenarios, the study investigated the land use changes in Guizhou Province over the next 30 years. Each scenario exhibited distinct impacts on land utilization. Comprehensive comparison of the different simulation results revealed that the farmland protection scenario aligns with the sustainable development goals of the research area. Currently, there is a relative scarcity of research on land use simulation, particularly in model application, for Guizhou Province. This study aims to provide a reference for the rational planning of land resources and high-quality urban construction in Guizhou, promoting the high-quality economic development in tandem with advanced ecological and environmental protection.

Geosites and Climate Change—A Review and Conceptual Framework

Geosites are windows into the geological past, which may be recorded in rocks and their properties, the fossil content, and landform produced by processes no longer operating. Since the histories of sedimentation, life, and landscape evolution are to a certain extent controlled by climatic conditions, some geosites may be used as illustrations of various themes linked to the issue of climate change. In this paper, a coherent systematic framework is proposed for how to look at geosites through the lens of climate change. Four major aspects of relevance are recognized: (i) geosites providing evidence of changing climatic conditions in the past; (ii) geosites providing evidence of an environment different than that of today at the place; (iii) geosites providing evidence of extreme weather events; and (iv) dynamic geosites, subject to change as a response to ongoing climate change. The use of geosites to raise awareness and educate the public about climate change faces various interpretation challenges. In particular, linking with ongoing climate change requires caution and balanced presentation as most geosites record changes which occurred without any anthropogenic component. The preferred focus should be on environmental instability in general rather than on any specific reasons for change.

Assessment of Carbon Storage in a Multifunctional Landscape: A Case Study of Central Asia

The robust carbon storage (CS) capacity of terrestrial ecosystems is crucial in mitigating climate change and holds indispensable significance for global sustainable development. The diverse topography of Central Asia (CA), comprising oases, grasslands, forests, deserts, and glaciers, has fostered industries like animal husbandry, irrigation agriculture, and mining. However, the fragile arid ecosystems of CA render it highly sensitive to climate change and human activities, with their impact on the sustainable development of multifunctional landscapes in this region remaining ambiguous in the future. This study linked land use changes with multiple socio-economic and ecological indicators to predict the dynamics of land use and changes in CS in CA. The findings reveal a significant spatial heterogeneity in CS, with considerable variations among five countries driven by differences in landscape composition. Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, characterized by grasslands, demonstrate higher CS per unit area, whereas Turkmenistan, dominated by barren land, exhibits the lowest CS per unit area. Strategies involving innovative development and improved biodiversity conservation have proven effective in augmenting CS. Meanwhile, high economic and population growth stimulates the expansion of cropland and urban land, reducing the CS capacity of ecosystems. This study contributes to a more precise assessment of CS dynamics in CA. Furthermore, by elucidating the interrelationships between future socio-economic development and environmental conservation in CA, it offers solutions for enhancing the conservation of multifunctional landscapes in CA.

The morphology of urban tourism space (case: Malioboro Main Street as cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta city, Indonesia)

Purpose This study aims to analyze the morphological landscape of the urban tourism spaces in the Malioboro Main Street area to predict its future development and to assist in creating effective regional planning policies. Design/methodology/approach This study uses qualitative grounded theory, typo morphological analysis and place-centered mapping techniques. Findings From the observation, it was found that each element of the city image area has different components of the urban tourism space’s morphology. The urban tourism spaces in Malioboro Main Street are distributed in a centered, linear and scattered pattern, with zones dedicated to shopping, cultural experiences and cuisine. The specific elements of each zone, such as attractions, accommodations or amenities, determine the type of tourism offered, such as cultural, shopping and culinary tourism. Research limitations/implications The study presented here may serve as a helpful guide for regulating and organizing policies that can form a sound basis for policy formulation. It mainly pertains to planning and structuring the Malioboro Main Street area, which currently needs a well-conceived urban tourism landscape development concept. Practical implications This study will have practical implications in projecting tourism development in the area through planning and structuring. The study can also be used as a basis and guideline for controlling, organizing and determining regulations and policies, ultimately serving as a wise foundation for policy formulation, particularly in planning and structuring the Cosmological Axis area, especially the Malioboro area. Originality/value The discussion of morphology is mainly limited to macro or micro scales, while the discussion of tourism space is generally limited to conceptual development. Conversely, this study aims to explore the unique landscape morphology of the Malioboro Main Street area, which serves as evidence of a productive space for urban tourism by typomorphological analysis through the approach of urban landscape elements, tourism elements and its activities. Thus, it may complement previous studies in urban areas dominated by tourism.

Quantifying the effects of landscape and habitat characteristics on structuring bird assemblages in urban habitat patches

Understanding the determinants of biodiversity in fragmented habitats is fundamental for informing sustainable landscape development, especially in urban landscapes that substantially fragment natural habitat. However, the relative roles of landscape and habitat characteristics, as emphasized by two competing frameworks (the island biogeography theory and the habitat diversity hypothesis), in structuring species assemblages in fragmented habitats have not been fully explored. This study investigated bird assemblages at 26 habitat patches (ranging in size from 0.3 to 290.4 ha) in an urban landscape, southwest China, among which habitat type composition and woody plant species composition varied significantly. Through 14 bird surveys conducted over six breeding seasons from 2017 to 2022, we recorded 70 breeding bird species (excluding birds recorded only once and fly-overs, such as raptors, swallows and swifts), with an average of 26 ± 10 (SD) species per patch. We found that patch area had significant direct and indirect effects on bird richness, with the indirect effects mediated by habitat richness (i.e., the number of habitat types). Isolation (measured as the distance to the nearest patch), perimeter to area ratio (PAR), and woody plant richness did not significantly predict variation in bird richness. Furthermore, none of these factors significantly sorted bird species based on their functional traits. However, the overall makeup of bird assemblages was significantly associated with the specific habitat types and woody plant species present in the patches. The results suggest that neither the island biogeography theory nor the habitat diversity hypothesis can fully explain the impacts of habitat fragmentation on bird richness in our study system, with their roles primarily being linked to patch area. The findings that habitat and plant compositions were the major drivers of variation in bird assemblage composition offer valuable insights into urban planning and green initiatives. Conservation efforts should focus not only on preserving large areas, but also on preventing urban monocultures by promoting diverse habitats within those areas, contributing to the persistence of meta-communities.

Catchment Coevolution and the Geomorphic Origins of Variable Source Area Hydrology

AbstractFeatures of landscape morphology—including slope, curvature, and drainage dissection—are important controls on runoff generation in upland landscapes. Over long timescales, runoff plays an essential role in shaping these same features through surface erosion. This feedback between erosion and runoff generation suggests that modeling long‐term landscape evolution together with dynamic runoff generation could provide insight into hydrological function. Here we examine the emergence of variable source area runoff generation in a new coupled hydro‐geomorphic model that accounts for water balance partitioning between surface flow, subsurface flow, and evapotranspiration as landscapes evolve over millions of years. We derive a minimal set of dimensionless numbers that provide insight into how hydrologic and geomorphic parameters together affect landscapes. Across the parameter space we investigated, model results collapsed to a single inverse relationship between the dimensionless relief and the ratio of catchment quickflow to discharge. Furthermore, we found an inverse relationship between the Hillslope number, which describes topographic relief relative to aquifer thickness, and the proportion of the landscape that was variably saturated. While the model generally produces fluvial topography visually similar to simpler landscape evolution models, certain parameter combinations produce wide valley bottom wetlands and non‐dendritic, trellis‐like drainage networks, which may reflect real conditions in some landscapes where aquifer gradients become decoupled from topography. With these results, we demonstrate the power of hydro‐geomorphic models for generating new insights into hydrological processes, and also suggest that subsurface hydrology may be integral for modeling aspects of long‐term landscape evolution.

Higher palaeoelevation in the Baoshan Basin: Implications for landscape evolution at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

Surface uplift at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau has been widely studied, but more palaeoaltimetry data are required to better understand the elevation history of this geologically complex region. In this study, fossil leaves of Abies (Pinaceae), a cool-temperate element, recovered from the latest Miocene–Pliocene Yangyi Formation of the southern Baoshan Basin, were used as a proxy to estimate the local palaeoelevation. Based on the regional modern altitude range (2100–4280 m) of the genus as well as regional temperature discrepancy (1.5 °C) between the past and present, the palaeoelevation of the study area was calculated to be > 2360 m above sea level as compared to 1670 m at present. Our result suggests that the southern Baoshan Basin experienced pronounced uplift prior to the time of fossil deposition, probably as a result of crustal shortening and thickening of the northern Baoshan Terrane during the Eocene–Oligocene. We infer that surface growth in areas south of the Dali Basin may have been greater than previously interpreted, and that a widespread plateau or plateau patches higher than 2000 m probably extended southwards into at least the Baoshan Basin by the latest Miocene–Pliocene. We also infer that the elevation of the southern Baoshan Basin has decreased by at least 690 m since then, in contrast to most other scenarios in which the elevation of the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau has increased or remained close to modern levels since the late Miocene. The major cause of the inferred altitude decline is likely tectonic deformation. As a transtensional graben basin, the Baoshan Basin has experienced pull-apart and base-fall movement since the late Miocene, which would reduce the altitude of its southern part located on the hanging wall. Surface erosion associated with the increased summer rainfall might also have played a role especially in reducing the local relief, although its contribution can be limited. Our study provides one of the few palaeoelevation estimates from areas south of the Dali Basin and an example of past elevation loss at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, thus shedding important light on the landscape evolution of this region.

Testing Mantle Convection Simulations With Paleobiology and Other Stratigraphic Observations: Examples From Western North America

AbstractMantle convection plays a fundamental role in driving evolution of oceanic and continental lithosphere. In turn it impacts a broad suite of processes operating at or close to Earth's surface including landscape evolution, glacio‐eustasy, magmatism, and climate. A variety of theoretical approaches now exist to simulate mantle convection. Outputs from such simulations are being used to parameterize models of landscape evolution and basin formation. However, the substantial body of existing simulations has generated a variety of conflicting views on the history of dynamic topography, its evolution and key parameters for modeling mantle flow. The focus of this study is on developing strategies to use large‐scale quantitative stratigraphic observations to assess model predictions and identify simulation parameters that generate realistic predictions of Earth surface evolution. Spot measurements of uplift or subsidence provide useful target observations for models of dynamic topography, but finding areas where tectonics have not also influenced vertical motions is challenging. To address this issue, we use large inventories of stratigraphic data from across North America with contextual geophysical and geodetic data to constrain the regional uplift and subsidence history. We demonstrate that a suite of typical geodynamic simulations struggle to match the amplitude, polarity and timing of observed vertical motions. Building on recent seismological advances, we then explore strategies for understanding patterns of continental uplift and subsidence that incorporate (and test) predicted evolution of the lithosphere, asthenosphere and deep mantle. Our results demonstrate the importance of contributions from the uppermost mantle in driving vertical motions of continental interiors.

Knowledge and confidence gaps in differentiating PARP inhibitors among community oncology providers.

e21002 Background: Data and professional recommendations regarding the use of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) for patients with ovarian cancer have evolved rapidly, challenging providers who manage patients with ovarian cancer (OC). Coupling confidence-based learning with continuing education (CE) is a proven tool to address such challenges towards enhanced patient care. Methods: A confidence-based continuing education (CE) activity was developed to address the evolving landscape of PARPi use in patients with OC. Pre-, intra-, and post-test assessment was used to quantify baseline parameters as well as the impact of education on knowledge and behaviors. The CME activity was available for credit from October 31, 2022 to October 30, 2023. Results: In total, 354 community oncology physicians or advanced practice providers (APPs) who see an average of 6 patients with OC per month completed the education. Baseline knowledge and confidence was low on topics related to strategies for molecular testing (29% correct) as well as the use of PARPis (27% correct). Moreover, on average, only 3% of those who answered correctly were confident in their response, highlighting a lack of confidence even in those who were correct. These knowledge and confidence gaps translated to only 24% of providers who use appropriate testing to determine BRCA1/2 and HRD status and only 16% feeling comfortable in differentiating PARPis. Additionally, while providers showed slight preference for olaparib in patients with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) and niraparib in patients without HRD, on average 30% of providers were unsure of which agent to use in each clinical context. Overall, at baseline only 24% of providers reported individualizing the use of PARPis based on patient and tumor characteristics. Post-learning, there was a 46% increase in knowledge, and while the percentage of those who were confident and correct increased 21%, 76% remained unconfident. Still, these gains in knowledge and confidence resulted in two-thirds of providers making practice improvements in their use of PARPis, which resulted in improvements in patient health. Conclusions: The rapid evolution of the PARPi therapeutic landscape has caused gaps in knowledge, confidence, and behaviors. Ongoing and rapidly developed CE is a critical tool to address these challenges as data and recommendations for use continue to evolve rapidly.[Table: see text]

CONNECTING FOR SUCCESS: SYLLABUS REVIEW & PTA MEETING

ABSTRACT— In today’s classroom, the development of solid parent-teacher relationships is essential to the academic progress of students. This project aims to strengthen this collaboration by integrating parent involvement into the school syllabus through strategic engagement during PTA meetings. The project will entail creating a framework where the material covered in the curriculum is discussed, shared, and enhanced with insightful commentary from educators and parents. The project aims to improve parents’ comprehension of curriculum objectives, teaching approaches, and assessment processes by promoting transparent communication and collaborative planning. It also seeks to provide parents the tools they need to actively assist their kids’ at-home learning. The efficacy of the project will be evaluated by qualitative analysis of parent-teacher interactions during PTA meetings and feedback systems. In the end, this project aims to develop a more inclusive. The foundation of student achievement and holistic development in the complex educational landscape is formed by the combination of the academic syllabus and the cooperative cooperation between parents and instructors. This abstract explores the complex interaction between these two essential elements and how their mutual support fosters an atmosphere that is favourable to learning, development, and flourishing. INDEX TEARMS – Frontend development HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Backend development React, Database management PHP / MySQL, Chatgpt.

Hydrodynamics of Meander Chute Cutoffs in Microtidal Mudflats

AbstractRiver cutoffs and oxbow lakes represent ubiquitous features in alluvial plains, shaped by unidirectional meandering flow. Extensive studies have been conducted on these features as their presence immediately decreases meander sinuosity and plays a significant role in the long‐term eco‐morphodynamic and sedimentary evolution of landscapes they carved in. In contrast, limited attention has been given to meander cutoffs formed in tidal environments by bidirectional currents, and the corresponding hydrodynamical processes within these features are poorly understood. Here, we present new, first‐handed hydroacoustic data collected through a series of fixed‐point and cross‐sectional flow measurements along a chute cutoff located in the microtidal Diaokou Mudflat, the Yellow River Delta, China. The investigated cutoff bend displays higher hydrologically active than the newly‐formed chute channel at low tide, whereas the chute channel gradually become the main conduit for tidal flow propagation with water stage increasing. Specifically, poorly‐developed flow separation zones are compensated by widespread secondary circulation cells that are more pronounced under the influence of turbulences and complex bedforms rather than channel curvatures. Unlike fluvial cutoffs, which tend to be hydrologically disconnected to parent channels by coarse‐grained bed sediment plugging near the entrances, our study case is characterized by the absence of plug bars and widespread bank slumps instead. Consequently, our results support earlier suggestions that tidal cutoffs seldom disconnect from parent channels due to frequent overbank events and flow confluences, which can keep cutoffs active by flushing away fine‐grained, cohesive sediments, especially in mudflat systems.

A Flow‐Curvature‐Based Model for Channel Meandering in Tidal Marshes

AbstractChannel meandering is ubiquitous in tidal marshes, yet it is either omitted or weakly implemented in morphodynamic models. Here we propose a novel numerical method to simulate channel meandering in tidal marshes on a Cartesian grid. The method calculates a first‐order flow by considering the balance between pressure gradient and bed friction. To account for flow momentum shift toward meander outer banks, the flow is empirically modified. Unlike previous simplified methods that relied on the curvature of the bank, this modification is based on the curvature of the flow, making the model suitable for use in dendritic channel networks. The modified flow intrinsically accounts for the topographic steering effect, which tends to deflect the momentum toward the outer bank. As a result, the outer bank becomes steeper and erodes due to soil creep. Additionally, the outer bank experiences erosion proportional to the flow curvature. This mechanism parameterizes the direct erosion caused by flow impacting the bank through a proportionality coefficient, which modulates the rate of channel lateral migration. Deposition on the inner bank is automatically simulated by the model, triggered by reduced bed shear stress in that area. The model accurately reproduces channel lateral migration and sinuosity development, and associated processes such as meander cutoffs, channel piracies, and network reorganizations. The model provides an efficient tool for predicting marsh landscape evolution from decades to millennia, and will enable exploring how lateral migration and meandering of tidal channels affect marsh ecomorphodynamics, carbon and nutrient cycling, drainage efficiency, and pond dynamics.

Luminescence dating of glacially sourced deposits from northern Switzerland: Comparing multigrain aliquots and single grains of quartz and feldspar

A complex picture of the Pleistocene glaciation history of northern Switzerland has been identified over the last three decades. To gain further insights into the long-term landscape evolution, numerical dating is required. In the absence of alternative dating techniques, luminescence dating is the key method for establishing chronological constraints of past glaciations. However, this is presented with complex challenges, especially in regard to the resetting of the luminescence signal prior to deposition, the components contributing to the signal as well as the signal intensity and stability. In this study, the luminescence properties of glacially sourced deposits from northern Switzerland are assessed using single aliquot (SA) and single grain (SG) measurements of feldspar (F) and quartz (Q). While no obvious connection between bleaching and distal or proximal deposition in relation to the proposed ice margin is observed, most samples seem to reveal a partially bleached signature in F SG De measurements. This appears to be masked in the respective F SA measurements even though only few grains emit luminescence signals. In addition, comparisons between fading corrected infrared stimulated luminescence (IR) and post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (pIR) De values appear to be unreliable indicators of bleaching, even though these signals bleach at different rates. Hence, it is recommended to conduct both IR and pIR investigations in combination with Q measurements on a SG level. The dating potential of the investigated deposits remains rather limited, yet, in the sedimentologic context the presented results reveal that several glacial advances occurred prior to the Last Interglacial in the study area.

LAND PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF LAND TASKS WITHIN AGRICULTURAL PROJECTS: SUCCESSFUL PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES

The development and implementation of innovative technologies and methods in land planning and management can become the key to solving these problems, offering new opportunities for the sustainable development of agricultural landscapes. The research aims to analyze successful practices and identify challenges in the field, which is extremely important for the development of effective strategies for sustainable land management at the local, national and international levels. The purpose of the article. assessment of modern approaches, methods and innovative solutions in land planning and management used in agro-landscape projects to ensure their environmental sustainability, economic efficiency and social justice. Research methods. 1). Geoinformation analysis for the collection, analysis, management and visualization of data on land resources in order to improve planning and management processes; 2). System analysis to determine the relationships between various components of agro-landscape systems, including the impact of agricultural technologies on natural resources; 3). Project approach to agro-landscape projects, with the aim of developing and implementing land planning and management projects. The results. Successful land planning and management requires an integrated approach that involves environmental, economic, and social aspects. This promotes a balance between production needs and conservation of natural resources. Prospects. Study of the effectiveness of the latest technologies in land planning and management, in particular artificial intelligence, blockchain and remote sensing, to identify promising directions for their use in agricultural landscapes. Development and testing of integrated land management models that take into account environmental, economic and social aspects in order to ensure sustainable development.

The distinct spatiotemporal evolutionary landscape of HBV and HDV largely determines the unique epidemic features of HDV globally

Chronic infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) causes the most severe form of viral hepatitis. Due to the dependence on HBV, HDV was deemed to co-evolve and co-migrate with HBV. However, we previously found that the naturally occurred HDV/HBV combinations do not always reflect the most efficient virological adaptation (Wang et al., 2021). Moreover, regions with heavy HBV burden do not always correlate with high HDV prevalence (e.g., East Asia), and vice versa (e.g., Central Asia). Herein, we systematically elucidated the spatiotemporal evolutionary landscape of HDV to understand the unique epidemic features of HDV. We found that the MRCA of HDV was from South America around the late 13th century, was globally dispersed mainly via Central Asia, and evolved into eight genotypes from the 19th to 20th century. In contrast, the MRCA of HBV was from Europe ∼23.7 thousand years ago (Kya), globally dispersed mainly via Africa and East Asia, and evolved into eight genotypes ∼1100 years ago. When HDV stepped in, all present-day HBV genotypes had already formed and its global genotypic distribution had stayed stable geographically. Nevertheless, regionalized HDV adapted to local HBV genotypes and human lineages, contributing to the global geographical separation of HDV genotypes. Additionally, a sharp increase in HDV infections was observed after the 20th century. In conclusion, HDV exhibited a distinct spatiotemporal distribution path compared with HBV. This unique evolutionary relationship largely fostered the unique epidemic features we observe nowadays. Moreover, HDV infections may continue to ramp up globally, thus more efforts are urgently needed to combat this disease.

Geomorphic effect of landslide dam on the Jinsha River

As an extreme surface process, landslide dam affects the long-term change of river landform, especially the change of channel and hillslope. The Jinsha River is located on the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the structural geology is active, developed more landslide geological disaster. Based on the 30 m SRTM DEM, we automatically extracted the river longitudinal profile, steepness index, river knickpoint and excess topography using TopoToolbox. Through interpretation of remote sensing imagery and field work, we identified 660 landslide dams, more than 90% are located in the excess topography with a threshold hillslope of 30. Our analysis reveals that there are 481 river knickpoints were extracted with heights above 30 m, Among them, 70 river knickpoints have good spatial correlation with the landslide dam, landslide dam has an impact can form knickpoints of up to 478m. In the densely distributed river channel of the landslide dam, the steepness index with the relatively high values. Therefore, landslide dams may have a significant inf1uence on the channel and hillslope, we should pay attention to the role of landslide dam in the evolution of river landscape.

Morphometric Evaluation of the Relative Uplift Rates along the Vigan–Aggao Fault in Ilocos Norte, Philippines

The Vigan–Aggao Fault (VAF) in northern Luzon Island is a NNE-trending sinistral fault divided by fault bends, which are associated with local variations in the fault’s kinematics. In this study, we examined the relative uplift rates across the fault bend in the San Juan–Vintar segment of the VAF using morphometric indices. Basin-based indices, namely hypsometric integral, basin shape, basin elongation ratio, and basin asymmetry factor, and non-basin-based indices, namely stream length-gradient index, normalized stream length-gradient index, and mountain front sinuosity were calculated to isolate and examine the surface processes that influence landscape development. We then integrated the basin-based results with geological data to create a relative tectonic activity index (RTAI). Clustering analysis of the results revealed hotspots along the bent section of the fault indicating more values that suggest higher relative uplift rates during the development of the landscape. The morphometric indices showed that the highest uplift rates are along the central VAF strands. This study described and evaluated the relative uplift rates of a known active fault system in Ilocos Norte, in the absence of detailed field structural data. This study also reinforces the utility of morphometry in identifying priority sites for detailed paleoseismic and seismic hazard analyses.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the evolution of the immune landscape during perihematomal edema progression after intracerebral hemorrhage

BackgroundPerihematomal edema (PHE) after post-intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has complex pathophysiological mechanisms that are poorly understood. The complicated immune response in the post-ICH brain constitutes a crucial component of PHE pathophysiology. In this study, we aimed to characterize the transcriptional profiles of immune cell populations in human PHE tissue and explore the microscopic differences between different types of immune cells.Methods9 patients with basal ganglia intracerebral hemorrhage (hematoma volume 50-100 ml) were enrolled in this study. A multi-stage profile was developed, comprising Group1 (n = 3, 0–6 h post-ICH, G1), Group2 (n = 3, 6–24 h post-ICH, G2), and Group3 (n = 3, 24–48 h post-ICH, G3). A minimal quantity of edematous tissue surrounding the hematoma was preserved during hematoma evacuation. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was used to map immune cell populations within comprehensively resected PHE samples collected from patients at different stages after ICH.ResultsWe established, for the first time, a comprehensive landscape of diverse immune cell populations in human PHE tissue at a single-cell level. Our study identified 12 microglia subsets and 5 neutrophil subsets in human PHE tissue. What’s more, we discovered that the secreted phosphoprotein-1 (SPP1) pathway served as the basis for self-communication between microglia subclusters during the progression of PHE. Additionally, we traced the trajectory branches of different neutrophil subtypes. Finally, we also demonstrated that microglia-produced osteopontin (OPN) could regulate the immune environment in PHE tissue by interacting with CD44-positive cells.ConclusionsAs a result of our research, we have gained valuable insight into the immune-microenvironment within PHE tissue, which could potentially be used to develop novel treatment modalities for ICH.

The how, when, and why of an abandoned bedrock meander of the Colorado River, Utah (U.S.)

AbstractRiver meanders entrenched into bedrock are found worldwide, and they are famously well represented in the Colorado Plateau of the southwestern U.S. Meandering of bedrock streams can eventually lead to cutting off canyon loops, and these abandoned “rincons” are locations with high preservation of fluvial deposits and landforms. We document and luminescence date the fluvial terraces in and around the Jackson Hole rincon along the Colorado River downstream of Moab, Utah. Results indicate cutoff and abandonment of the rincon at ~200 ka and also record the rapid and unsteady incision in this region over the past 300 ky. A convergence of conditions contributed to the cutoff of the rincon, including alluvial‐channel conditions at the onset of MIS 6 glacial‐climate, which provided channel‐bed cover and enhanced lateral erosion of weak strata. Also, a contemporaneous rock‐avalanche partially obstructed the paleochannel just downstream of the breach, potentially creating a backwater that further enabled a flood to avulse across the neck. Although other studies show that bedrock‐channel meandering and cutoff can generate unpaired strath terraces and short‐term increases in incision rates, these are not evident in the record at the Jackson Hole rincon. This novel case study leverages the high preservation potential within abandoned bedrock meanders to illuminate the processes and controls of rincon formation during landscape evolution.

Sulfide oxidation by members of the Sulfolobales.

The oxidation of sulfur compounds drives the acidification of geothermal waters. At high temperatures (>80°C) and in acidic conditions (pH <6.0), oxidation of sulfide has historically been considered an abiotic process that generates elemental sulfur (S0) that, in turn, is oxidized by thermoacidophiles of the model archaeal order Sulfolobales to generate sulfuric acid (i.e. sulfate and protons). Here, we describe five new aerobic and autotrophic strains of Sulfolobales comprising two species that were isolated from acidic hot springs in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and that can use sulfide as an electron donor. These strains significantly accelerated the rate and extent of sulfide oxidation to sulfate relative to abiotic controls, concomitant with production of cells. Yields of sulfide-grown cultures were ∼2-fold greater than those of S0-grown cultures, consistent with thermodynamic calculations indicating more available energy in the former condition than the latter. Homologs of sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (Sqr) were identified in nearly all Sulfolobales genomes from YNP metagenomes as well as those from other reference Sulfolobales, suggesting a widespread ability to accelerate sulfide oxidation. These observations expand the role of Sulfolobales in the oxidative sulfur cycle, the geobiological feedbacks that drive the formation of acidic hot springs, and landscape evolution.