Evolution Of Germany Research Articles

Evidence of How Physicians and Their Patients Adopt mHealth Apps in Germany: Exploratory Qualitative Study.

The enactment of the "Act to Improve Healthcare Provision through Digitalisation and Innovation " (Digital Healthcare Act; Digitale-Versorgung-Gesetz [DVG]) in Germany has introduced a paradigm shift in medical practice, allowing physicians to prescribe mobile health (mHealth) apps alongside traditional medications. This transformation imposes a dual responsibility on physicians to acquaint themselves with qualifying apps and align them with patient diagnoses, while requiring patients to adhere to the prescribed app use, similar to pharmaceutical adherence. This transition, particularly challenging for older generations who are less skilled with technology, underscores a significant evolution in Germany's medical landscape. This study aims to investigate physicians' responses to this novel treatment option, their strategies for adapting to this form of prescription, and the willingness of patients to adhere to prescribed mHealth apps. Using an exploratory qualitative study design, we conducted semistructured interviews with 28 physicians and 30 potential patients aged 50 years and older from August 2020 to June 2021. The findings reveal several factors influencing the adoption of mHealth apps, prompting a nuanced understanding of adoption research. Notably, both physicians and patients demonstrated a lack of information regarding mHealth apps and their positive health impacts, contributing to a deficiency in trust. Physicians' self-perceived digital competence and their evaluation of patients' digital proficiency emerge as pivotal factors influencing the prescription of mHealth apps. Our study provides comprehensive insights into the prescription process and the fundamental factors shaping the adoption of mHealth apps in Germany. The identified information gaps on both the physicians' and patients' sides contribute to a trust deficit and hindered digital competence. This research advances the understanding of adoption dynamics regarding digital health technologies and highlights crucial considerations for the successful integration of digital health apps into medical practice.

The Politics of Market Change towards Sustainability: Revisiting Germany’s Policy Support Framework for Renewables

Legislative efforts for renewables-based energy decarbonisation hinge upon the support and commitment from different stakeholders holding often conflicting positions regarding disruptive processes of socio-technical transformation. However, the evolving acceptance of market actors on the policy-driven promotion of renewables over time remains under-scrutinised. Simultaneously, despite growing attention to power and politics in sustainability transitions, limited efforts remain invested for elucidating the political-economic nature of the market-based selection environments they are operationalised through, highlighting the need for a more systematic comprehension of the “politics of selection”. To address these shortcomings, this paper provides a more refined understanding of the role of policy-driven markets and its participating agents in facilitating/hindering innovation diffusion and broader (system-wide) sustainability transitions. To do so, it showcases a longitudinal case study of the politics underlying Germany’s evolving feed-in policy support framework for orchestrating a market-mediated diffusion of renewables (1980s–2020). Based on policy analysis and semi-structured interviews, the study traces the changing acceptance and ensuing strategic (re)actions of market actors to the emergence and evolution of Germany’s market for electricity from renewable energy sources. Results show how different market participants effectively shape the selection environments they operate in by proactively contesting/deluding the design features of the support policies organising their economised relations (e.g., market entry conditions, exchange rules, remuneration levels, pricing schemes, etc.). Such efforts are undertaken through legal means and market framing strategies targeting the affordability of policy support costs, coupled with the strategic use of policy instrumentation as a vehicle to further expand/retain their market shares to the detriment of competing actors.

ADULT EDUCATION PROFESSIONALIZATION IN GERMANY: ESSENTIAL SCIENTIFIC AND HISTORICAL DISCOURSE

The given article analyses the theories of professionalization, which conceptually define the essence and content of andragogy training in Germany. The research used general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization, systematization of collected material) and search and bibliographic methods (study of archival sources, legislation, historical, genetic and chronological analysis, which traced the understanding and formation of adult education evolution in Germany), as well as methods of definitive, theoretical and methodological, system-structural, structural and functional, and structural-logical analysis. It was found that the professionalism of the staff is a prerequisite for the functioning in social activity of any branch and sphere. It is proved that in Germany this issue has become especially relevant and is considered exclusively in the context of professionalization theories for a particular educational field. Theoretical principles and directions, models (mechanisms) and levels of professionalization are generalized; the essence of andragogy professionalism and professional habit of adult education specialist is specified. The main historical milestones in the understanding, interpretation and approval of the idea of adult education professionalization in Germany are highlighted. The scientific (theoretical and methodological, philosophical) and historical and practical (factual) approaches to the developed idea of professionalization in the outlined educational field are revealed. The existence and functioning at the qualitative level in the system of academic training for adult education specialists as a separate direction in the professionalization of the researched field is stated. Further research is necessary on the issues of antinomies and paradoxes observed within the actual field of adult education and its institutions, which is naturally reflected in the requirements for training, knowledge, skills and qualities of andragogy specialists.

ПЕРЕДУМОВИ ТА ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ПОЛІТИКИ РЕВІТАЛІЗАЦІЇ МІСТ У НІМЕЧЧИНІ

Стаття присвячена встановленню передумов та основних етапів еволюції політики ревіталізації міст у Німеччині. Акцентовано увагу, що в цьому процесі важливе значення відграє належне та стабільне правове регулювання, а також інституційна пам’ять федеральних урядів, які кардинально не змінювали основні засади політики ревіталізації, а їх удосконалювали.
 Розглянуто розширення у процесі еволюції німецької політики комплексу інструментів ревіталізації міст від вирішення переважно житлових проблем (знесення, будівництво, модернізація житлового фонду) до забезпечення різноманітної функціональності та максимальної корисності міського простору, проведення “обережної” ревіталізації, зокрема шляхом розвитку унікальної ідентичності здеградованих територій з акцентом на їхній історичній та культурній спадщині.
 Визначено, що відповідальними за проведення ревіталізації та її економічні й соціальні наслідки в Німеччині є місцеві органи публічної влади, втім на ефективність розроблених і впроваджених програм вплинуло широке застосування інструментів громадської партисипації (налагодження тісної комунікації, реалізація “м’яких” проєктів тощо).
 Виділено новітні тенденції у сфері ревіталізації міст, які стосуються інтегрованих комплексних дій, спрямованих на реструктуризацію здеградованих територій та їх переорієнтацію відповідно до сучасних вимог (програми перебудови міст). При цьому стають все більш важливими питання сталого розвитку, зокрема ресурсоощадність.
 Запропоновано при розробленні політики ревіталізації міст в Україні врахувати питання державної підтримки й залучення приватного сектора до відповідних заходів, правового регулювання діяльності (насамперед, закріплення відповідальності органів місцевого самоврядування та інструментів партисипації), впровадження комплексу інтегрованих дій, орієнтованих на сталий розвитку здеградованих міських територій тощо.

The Educational Evolution in Germany, the study case: Primary Education (Grundschule)

Primary education levels are called primary education, compulsory education, and public education. Nowadays, new research has shown that primary education plays an important role in the reduction of poverty and the realization of economic and social development programs. Therefore, the necessity of this research is to study the evolution of primary education and its influencing factors in Germany. Also, the primary organization and how to select the teacher education and primary curriculum will be examined. In this research, the research method is descriptive. The results showed that in the primary period of the German education system, politics, ideology, and ideas of educators have played an important role in the development of education and, as such, in primary education. As can be observed in the Weimar Republic, education was influenced by the political theories of democracy, and then, during the Nazis, was influenced by the ideology of Nazism and the superiority of the Nazi German race; during World War II and thereafter Was influenced by communist ideology and Marxist thoughts. In the new era, there have also been major reforms to eliminate the influence of these new educators' ideologies and educational ideas.

Between a Custom War and the Magyarization process in Transylvania: Romania’s tense relations with Austria-Hungary and their impact on the renewal of their alliance

Relying on the new realities following the Treaty of Berlin (1878), Romania wished to secure its newly-won independence and consolidate its national security. Knowing the evolution of Germany under Bismarck, and being aware of the danger represented by Russia and its Balkan ambitions, Romania concluded that an alliance with the Central Powers was a necessity. This alliance, however, couldn’t be signed directly with Germany, as the Romanian leaders wished, but the treaty had to be signed with Austria-Hungary, with whom Romania didn’t have very good diplomatic relations. After the treaty was signed and Romania became part of the Central Powers alliance, the already strained relations with the Dual Monarchy worsened. Two important reasons for this were the customs war of 1886-1891 and the growing Romanian national movement in Transylvania. This paper will analyze the cumulative effects which these two actions had on Romania’s decision to renew the treaty with the Central Powers in 1892.

"ЛИВИЙСКИЙ ВОПРОС" : ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ УРЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ И МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ

The overview presents the materials of scientific-methodical workshop of CSIR of global and regional problems INION RAS which was dedicated to the evolution of the «Libyan problem» in 2011-2021. The key myths and uncertainties that arose around the military operation of a group of NATO member countries against the leadership of the Jamahiriya headed by M. Gaddafi (2011) were identified. After it the features of the struggle between the Government of National Accord (F. Sarraj) and the Libyan national army (Ch. Chaftar) in the second of 2010-s were discussed. Then the participants show about the key events of the active phase of resolution since 2020, January. Special attention was paid to the activity of external actors. In the case of Turkey, the dynamics of its presence in Libya was presented first all the question of the usage the military tools in 2019-2020 and the circumstances of this military activity. France faced with the growing terroristic activity in Northern and Western Africa after the NATO military operation in Libya (2011) with active French participation. The participants also showed the evolution of Germany`s line to Libya: from non-involvement (2011) to the enclosure of Libyan zone of instability and then to playing one of the key roles in the armed conflict regulation since the Berlin conference was launched (2020). The overview concludes about the intermediate results, «narrow places» and the perspectives of the «Libyan question» resolution.

From Boondoggle to Settlement Colony: Hendrik Witbooi and the Evolution of Germany's Imperial Project in Southwest Africa, 1884–1894

AbstractIn the span of ten years, what started as a minor commercial enterprise in a faraway African territory grew into an important extension of the German state. This article reorients our understanding of the relationship between theKaiserreichand its overseas empire, specifically with a focus on Captain Hendrik Witbooi and on how the Witbooi Namaqua he led influenced the evolution of German imperial rule in Southwest Africa between 1884 and 1894. Witbooi's refusal to accept imperial authority compelled colonial officials to confront their administrative limitations in the colony. When the façade of imperial fantasy gave way to colonial reality, German administrators expanded the size and scope of the imperial government to subdue the Namaqua. The article emphasizes the appointments ofLandeshauptmannCurt von François and Governor Theodor Leutwein as critical examples of Witbooi's impact on imperial policy, as well as the colonial administration's embrace of military violence to attain German supremacy in Southwest Africa. An emphasis on the Witbooi Namaqua illustrates the prominent role of Africans in German colonial history and exposes how peoples in distant places like Windhoek and Otjimbingwe manipulated official efforts to control and exploit the colony.

Estimating trends in atmospheric water vapor and temperature time series over Germany

Abstract. Ground-based GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) has efficiently been used since the 1990s as a meteorological observing system. Recently scientists have used GNSS time series of precipitable water vapor (PWV) for climate research. In this work, we compare the temporal trends estimated from GNSS time series with those estimated from European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA-Interim) data and meteorological measurements. We aim to evaluate climate evolution in Germany by monitoring different atmospheric variables such as temperature and PWV. PWV time series were obtained by three methods: (1) estimated from ground-based GNSS observations using the method of precise point positioning, (2) inferred from ERA-Interim reanalysis data, and (3) determined based on daily in situ measurements of temperature and relative humidity. The other relevant atmospheric parameters are available from surface measurements of meteorological stations or derived from ERA-Interim. The trends are estimated using two methods: the first applies least squares to deseasonalized time series and the second uses the Theil–Sen estimator. The trends estimated at 113 GNSS sites, with 10 to 19 years temporal coverage, vary between −1.5 and 2.3 mm decade−1 with standard deviations below 0.25 mm decade−1. These results were validated by estimating the trends from ERA-Interim data over the same time windows, which show similar values. These values of the trend depend on the length and the variations of the time series. Therefore, to give a mean value of the PWV trend over Germany, we estimated the trends using ERA-Interim spanning from 1991 to 2016 (26 years) at 227 synoptic stations over Germany. The ERA-Interim data show positive PWV trends of 0.33 ± 0.06 mm decade−1 with standard errors below 0.03 mm decade−1. The increment in PWV varies between 4.5 and 6.5 % per degree Celsius rise in temperature, which is comparable to the theoretical rate of the Clausius–Clapeyron equation.

Creating Markets for Energy Innovations - Case Studies on Policy Design and Impact (Dissertation Synopsis)

Creating Markets for Energy Innovations - Case Studies on Policy Design and Impact (Dissertation Synopsis)

Becoming an open democratic capitalist society: a two-century historical perspective on Germany’s evolving political economy

How do countries become open capitalist democracies? Why do they often fail? What can be the violent consequences of such failures? Douglass North, John Wallis, Barry Weingast, and Webb have proposed a framework for addressing these questions, as described in the first part of this article. It recognizes that the politics and economics of this process are jointly determined—the control of violence capacity in society and the distribution of economic benefits depend on each other. The second part of the article sketches out what this framework implies for interpreting the evolution of Germany’s politics and economics from the early nineteenth century through the mid twentieth century. This overview introduces five subsequent articles that discuss the framework in relation to specific historic sub-periods: 1814–1870 when the separate states of Germany competed economically and politically; 1871–1914 when a unified Germany made impressive progress on many dimensions but without making a transition to full democracy and civilian control of the military; the Weimar period when it consciously attempted such a transition and perhaps succeeded for a few years; the Nazi period of severe regression; and the post World War time when Germany did make the transition to full democratic capitalism.

Domestic Constraints, German Foreign Policy and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding

Since the end of the Cold War, Germany has assumed a greater profile in addressing global security concerns. This article analyzes the evolution of Germany's approach to peacebuilding in the post Cold War era. It argues that while Germany could play a unique and important role in such missions, it has largely demurred. The muted quality of German leadership in international peacebuilding reveals a foreign policy role identity that remains circumscribed by a culture of restraint (Kultur der Zurückhaltung). From a constructivist perspective, this “culture of restraint” acts as a cognitive map for political leaders and policy makers, privileging a set of norms that guide policy-making. Peacebuilding missions present opportunities for Germany to operationalize the most fundamental tenets undergirding Germany's postwar foreign policy identity: the preference to cooperate with other states through multilateral institutions, the use of economic instruments to obtain foreign policy goals, and support for supranational institutions to address global problems. But such opportunities are not seized due to the absence of political elite consensus, inter-party, and inter-ministerial dissensus, institutional fragmentation and insufficient material support for international peacebuilding endeavors.

Cenozoic long-term terrestrial climatic evolution in Germany tracked by δ18O of rodent tooth phosphate

Even though the Cenozoic has been recognized as a period of important climate change, long-term climatic changes that took place in the continental domain are still questioned. For an area, southern Germany, for which other long-term palaeoclimatic records exist, analysis of oxygen isotope composition of small mammal teeth has been carried out for localities ranging in age from the late Eocene (c.36 Ma) to the middle Miocene (c.10 Ma). Comparison of this long-term continental δ 18O record with the marine record reveals comparable trends. The major Cenozoic climatic events are thus recognized in the continental oxygen isotope record. Through comparison with other quantitative palaeoclimatic reconstructions available for the studied area, temperatures in southern Germany are broadly estimated to have fluctuated between 12 °C and 25 °C from late Eocene to early late Miocene. According to the different available chronological frameworks, either a ∼ 2 °C (considering the classical biostratigraphy) or a ∼ 6 °C (considering a revised biostratigraphy) decrease in mean air temperature is estimated for the Eocene/Oligocene boundary.

Evo/Devo and the lungfish: the last gasp of intelligent design

Evo/Devo and the lungfish: the last gasp of intelligent design

Department Stores as Innovations in Retail Marketing: Some Observations on Marketing Practice and Perception in Wilhelmine, Germany

The relationship between department stores and small shopkeepers in Wilhelmine, Germany has received considerable attention. This article focuses primarily on the social relations between the groups and the nature of the Mittelstand responses to large-scale retail capital born of their perception of department stores as innovatory, “unfair” competition. In contrast, little work has focused on the marketing innovations, the probity of the methods considered so objectionable, and the veracity of the Mittelstand case. These form the basis of this article. Stores “innovated” through the integration and the refinement of existing marketing ideas and practices to suit contemporary conditions. Several inconsistencies existed in the Mittelstand position and antidepartment store sentiment masked significant internal difficulties in the shop sector. Established thinking surrounding retail evolution in Germany should be revised: instead of concentrating solely on emerging marketing innovations, the date and manner in which existing ideas and practices became redundant are also critical.

Competition in the German cellular market? Lessons of duopoly

Abstract By examining the empirical evidence of cellular market evolution in Germany, this paper evaluates the degree of intensity of competition at the level of network operation as well as service provision. Furthermore, the paper incorporates an analysis of the developments on the demand side. It is shown that operators have mainly concentrated their competitive efforts on qualitative service aspects, whereas price competition has been neglected. Following the entry of the third network operator, the hitherto collusive pricing behaviour has changed somewhat, but the operators yet avoid general price reductions in favour of price discrimination. On the level of service provision, the market turns out to be very competitive. Mergers and market exits on one side occur along with new entries on the other side.

Scholarly Books: What, to Whom and Why

mission. In certain arenas, tracing an idea from its origins to its ultimate application is straightforward. For example, the evolution of Germany's Schlieffen plan for invading France can be traced with little difficulty from the circumstances responsible for its birth, through years of refinement, to its eventual application in World War I.1 The development and acceptance of a medical innovation such as a new drug or type of treatment provides another useful illustration. One can easily reach back to an innovation's origins in basic scientific research and development and trace its progress through applied research, clinical investigation and gradual acceptance by practitioners.2 In contrast, the progress from idea to act in the law is obscure and difficult to trace.3 It is often impossible even to reach agreement whether a

A Middle-class View of German Industrial Expansion, 1853–1900

I T is well known that German industrial expansion took place much later and more swiftly than was the case, for instance, in England or France. In the early 1840S Marx had compared the economic condition of Germany to that of France before the Revolution, yet within two generations Germany had lifted herself to the status of an economic super-power. Out of a group of independent states, with no major industrial cities and with many vestiges of the feudal system still intact-in short, out of economic backwardness-a highly industrialized state had emerged: with a speed which, even in the steam age, was remarkable. Historians, notably Helmut Plessner, have examined the political effects of Germany's belated and rapid emergence as an industrialized power. The social and economic evolution of Germany in this century has also revealed the deep scars inflicted by the years of sudden advance.! We wish in this essay, however, to concentrate upon the impact of rapid industrial and technical progress on the German middle classes and in particular to examine-through the medium of one of their most representative journals, Die Gartenlaube-the ideological framework within which they responded to the sweeping changes going on inside Germany in the years after 1850. There were many reasons why the middle classes in Germany should not have welcomed the advent of industrialization. It threatened to end the predominantly rural way of life of the nation, and to replace the relaxed provincialism of Germany's small towns with a competitive spirit for which German traditions had little place. Traditional commercial ethics-in some places unchanged in statute since the Middle Ages-did not take kindly to industrial innovation. The growth of the industrial proletariat gave a new potential instability to society, while the whole orientation of industry did little to appeal to a nation which, as critics like Heine and Nietzsche never tired of pointing out, prided itself on an unreal, complacent spiritual inwardness. The response of the middle classes to the new phenomena of industrialization is important for many reasons. It is-in historical

Le pluralisme vertical en Allemagne

The social evolution of Germany in the course of the last two centuries was in many ways quite different from that of Holland. And a sociological study of vertical pluralism there poses difficult problems both from the viewpoint of facts and from that of the methods to be used. If it is true that one can scarcely speak of a history of vertical pluralism in Germany, it is true, on the contrary, that since 1945, one can recognise, in the efforts made to have the subsidiarity and relative autonomy of social groups vis-à-vis the State recognised, the beginning at least of a process of ideological partitioning.

The Evolution of Germany

The Evolution of Germany