Event Mining Research Articles

Seismic Event in the Komsomolskaya Mine on the 25th of January, 2018

On the 25th of January, 2018 within the limits of the Vorkuta urban district, the regional seismic stations recorded an event classified as a rock burst. The records of 17 stations at the epicentral distances from 260 to 1645 km were collected and analyzed. The epicenter was localized in the Komsomolskaya Mine field of the Vorkuta coal deposit. Parameters of this event hypocenter were calculated by the data of the mine seismic monitoring network GITS, Vorkutaugol, which greatly improved reliability of determination of the hypocenter as compare with processing results of he regional stations and offered a reference estimate of the localization. The 25th of January rock burst has one more time proved that the geodynamic control and safety enhancement in the important mining region in the Republic of Komi requires installation of seismic stations nearby mine fields in the Vorkuta district.

A Case Study on Spatio-Temporal Data Mining of Urban Social Management Events Based on Ontology Semantic Analysis

The massive urban social management data with geographical coordinates from the inspectors, volunteers, and citizens of the city are a new source of spatio-temporal data, which can be used for the data mining of city management and the evolution of hot events to improve urban comprehensive governance. This paper proposes spatio-temporal data mining of urban social management events (USMEs) based on ontology semantic approach. First, an ontology model for USMEs is presented to accurately extract effective social management events from non-structured UMSEs. Second, an explorer spatial data analysis method based on “event-event” and “event-place” from spatial and time aspects is presented to mine the information from UMSEs for the urban social comprehensive governance. The data mining results are visualized as a thermal chart and a scatter diagram for the optimization of the management resources configuration, which can improve the efficiency of municipal service management and municipal departments for decision-making. Finally, the USMEs of Qingdao City in August 2016 are taken as a case study with the proposed approach. The proposed method can effectively mine the management of social hot events and their spatial distribution patterns, which can guide city governance and enhance the city’s comprehensive management level.

Tenability analysis for improvement of firefighters’ performance in a methane fire event at a coal mine working face

Due to the high rate of methane ignitions at active continuous miner working faces in underground coal mines, this location has been the focus of many researchers, as well as safety initiatives. Multiple ignitions occur annually in US mines, and outcomes vary widely based on the magnitude of the ignition and the subsequent damage to ventilation controls or development of active fire. Depending on the magnitude of the explosion or fire, auxiliary ventilation controls, such as exhausting line curtain or tubing may be damaged or completely removed, affecting the ventilation into the area. Investigation of a typical dead end continuous miner working face with exhausting ventilation was undertaken to explore firefighting conditions post ignition. Regular mining crews are trained in the fighting of mine fires, while mine rescue or fire brigade teams may also be utilized for firefighting depending upon the conditions. The research in this article develops an approach to analyze the tenable limits in a fire event in an underground coal mine for barefaced miners, mine rescue teams, and fire brigade teams in order to improve safety and training of personnel trained to fight fires. A detailed computational fluid dynamics analysis was conducted to investigate temperature, visibility, radiation, and concentration of combustion products based on different damage assumptions following an ignition at the continuous miner working face. The source of the combustion products analysis and the exposure effects were considered to assess the potential for harm to mine personnel, mine rescue teams, or fire brigades during a firefighting operation, taking into account their training and personal protective equipment during the 5- and 15-min exposure. This study has shown that if the exhausting line curtain was destroyed, the situation would not be tenable for barefaced personnel. The findings were utilized to recommend the tenable limits for barefaced miners, mine rescue team, and fire brigade teams during the 15-min exposure to the methane fire at a continuous miner working face. The outcome of this research, applied to training, will result in the more efficient evacuation, as well as safe and effective firefighting under certain conditions.

Integration of D-InSAR and GIS technology for identifying illegal underground mining in Yangquan District, Shanxi Province, China

The illegal mining events could be found in coal-rich regions around the world, which could not only seriously damage mineral resources and ecological environment, but also cause mine disasters and great economic loss, as well as threatening safety production and social stability. Due to wide distribution of mines and strong concealment of underground illegal mining activities, it is hard to find out these behaviors promptly and accurately depending only on mine law-enforcing departments whose investigations will be time–energy–finance-consuming. Therefore, it is an urgent problem to quickly and accurately identify illegal mining events. To solve the problem, this paper uses the new mining subsidence monitoring by D-InSAR to accurately get the surface deformation and establishes a space–time relationship model of surface deformation and underground mining characterized by subsidence. On the basis of this, the integration of D-InSAR and GIS technology is used to develop a quick, efficient, and accurate way to identify illegal underground mining areas. Then, a case study is conducted in the district of Yangquan, Shanxi Province, China. The identification results have been compared with the data about illegal mining by local law-enforcing departments during the same period. The research results indicate that the identification results are basically the same as the actual illegal mining events. Therefore, the proposed method based on integration of D-InSAR and GIS technology could be utilized for real-time and dynamic monitoring of illegal mining events. The results could also provide important technical support in guiding mine law-enforcing departments to timely crack down and remove illegal underground mining events, maintain mining orders, and protect the ecological environment.

Utilizing remote sensing and big data to quantify conflict intensity: The Arab Spring as a case study

Tracking global and regional conflict zones requires spatially explicit information in near real-time. Here, we examined the potential of remote sensing time-series data (night lights) and big data (data mining of news events and Flickr photos) for monitoring and understanding crisis development and refugee flows. We used the recent Arab Spring as a case study, and examined temporal trends in monthly time series of variables which we hypothesized to indicate conflict intensity, covering all Arab countries. Both Flickr photos and night-time lights proved as sensitive indicators for loss of economic and human capital, and news items from the Global Data on Events, Location and Tone (GDELT) project on fight events were positively correlated with actual deaths from conflicts. We propose that big data and remote sensing datasets have potential to provide disaggregated and timely data on conflicts where official statistics are lacking, offering an effective approach for monitoring geopolitical and environmental changes on Earth.

Geodynamic risk magnitude as an objective indicator of rockburst prevention effectiveness (in terms of apatite mines in Khibiny)

The results of the statistical retrospective analysis of the officially recorded geodynamic events in mines of Apatit Company within the Khibiny Massif are presented. The risks and aftereffects of geodynamic events have been calculated. Under discussion are the results of three calculation variants taking into account the scale of human impact on rock mass. The analysis shows that the main damage due to geodynamic events is different-degree destruction of mine workings while the remaining aftereffects account for less than ten percent. That is, the geodynamic risk in apatite mines can be identified as technological.

Abstraction Through Representation: Interview with Kevin Jerome Everson

Kevin Jerome Everson has made more than 131 shorts and nine features—so far—exploring the intersections of work and geography among African Americans and other people of African descent. Often mining events from his own life, local history, and vignettes from his actors’ lives, Everson scripts ordinary behavior and dialogue into theatrical gestures. In reediting or restaging personal stories or archival footage, the prosaic becomes specific and distinct. Everson looks for “frames that connect the necessity and the coincidence,” where “necessity” is the plot or character driving the film, “coincidence” the scenes that seem accidental or are lifted from found footage. Ratner engages Everson on his oblique approach that prizes his subjects’ dignity over his viewers’ comfort. At a time when weightless spectacle dominates imagery, Everson responds to her questions and to his craft with nuanced gravity.

Reinforcement selection for deep and high-stress tunnels at preliminary design stages using ground demand and support capacity approach

Underground mining is going to be deeper gradually because near surface resources are going to be depleted. Therefore, risk of seismic events in underground mines is escalating. Additionally, existence of the large ratio of horizontal to vertical stress, could be a potential reason for high-stress condition and occurrence of dynamic activities. Depending on various parameters such as the level of induced stress, rock properties, etc., ground demand changes and it is difficult to estimate. On the other hand, under seismic condition, energy dissipation and deformation capacity of supports is the most important factors, however, rock support performance factors in dynamic conditions are still under investigation. Expanding the knowledge of reinforcement behaviour and capacity, specifically that of the rockbolt as a primary element in seismic conditions, would help to develop a suitable, safe and economic support design. This paper contains various methods to estimate ground demand including the intact rock properties approach, failure thickness and ejection velocity estimation, and rockburst damage potential method. It also covers measurement methods of rockbolts energy dissipation capacities such as drop test, blasting simulating, back calculation and momentum transfer measurement methods. A large-scale dynamic test rig is also explained. Based on the findings, a table and a graph to show the applicable range of each type of rockbolts were presented. Suitable rockbolt types for various ground energy demand and deformation capacity range were categorised in the table and the graph. The presented support selection method facilitates the selection of a suitable reinforcement system at the preliminary stages of design and guides the designer to adjust the support reinforcement system based on observed ground and support reaction.

Microcosmic thermal analysis of coal mixed with oxides at different temperatures

Disaster prevention in multiple mining is an area of research focus worldwide. Although coal is the most abundant and cheapest energy resource, its disadvantages cannot be ignored. In particular, spontaneous combustion events in mines have been regularly reported. Therefore, the factors responsible for these disasters must be identified and preventive measures implemented. The objective of the present study was to establish a mechanism for the thermal stability analysis of lignite and long flame coal mixed with CuO, Fe2O3, or coal's products; the mechanism involves conducting thermogravimetric analyses at different temperatures. The kinetic parameters obtained through these analyses facilitate the development of remining technology and the improvement of standard operating processes in remining. Moreover, they contributed to the safer design of instruments and the development of a database on the risk of spontaneous coal fires. [Received: November 25, 2016; Accepted: March 12, 2017]

January 25, 2018 Seismic Event in Komsomolskaya Mine

January 25, 2018 Seismic Event in Komsomolskaya Mine

La Amazonía minada: Minería a gran escala y conflictos en el sur del Ecuador ed. by Karolien van Teijlingen, Esben Leifsen, Consuelo Fernández-Salvador, and Luis Sánchez Vásquez

lic policy programs by delving deep into the petro-state’s least-affluent communities. This unique perspective presents an investigative avenue for future scholars to examine how the complexity of political change can occur against the backdrop of a country replete with yet paralyzed by the possibilities of black gold. Trey Murphy Department of Geography University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Karolien van Teijlingen, Esben Leifsen, Consuelo Fernández-Salvador, Luis Sánchez Vásquez, eds. La Amazonía minada: Minería a gran escala y conflictos en el sur del Ecuador Quito: Universidad San Francisco de Quito/Ediciones Abya-Yala, 2017. 404 pp. Maps, photographs, references. $22.00 (ISBN: 978–9–942–09472–8). Current global mining news and reports paint a clear picture of Ecuador as a mining country and “the world’s hottest new exploration destination” (Miningnews. net, 2018). This idea of Ecuador as a “mining country” is relatively recent. While geologic exploration of mineral deposits goes back to the late 1800s, sustained interest in international mining agreements did not take off until the mid-to-late 1990s, and high-value mineral mining activities accounted for less than 1% of its real gross domestic product (GDP) until 2004 (Wacaster, 2016). In contrast , since the 1970s, the sale of oil derivatives has accounted for about one third of Ecuador’s total value of exports, thoroughly “petrolizing” (Karl, 1997) the country’s politicsandeconomicsfordecades .However,the volatile super cycle of primary commodities prices throughout the 2000s, together with Ecuador’s mature oilfields, have made oil dependencerisky .“Ecuador,miningcountry”is part of a “post-oil,” governmental strategy to diversify Ecuador’s export revenue sources. A new Mining Law was approved in 2009 to incentivize foreign capital investment, and the old Natural Resources Ministry was broken down and reconstituted into a series of new resource governance entities, including a Ministry of Mining. To further solidify its miningreputation,in2017,Ecuadorbecamea sponsorofthe85thworldconventiononnew projects and explorations, PDAC, one of the most important mining events in the world. La Amazonía Minada is an empirically -drivensocialscienceanthologythattraces how the turn to large-scale mining in Ecuador has been experienced in the Amazonian provinces of Azuay and Zamora Chinchipe, known to host world-class copper and gold deposits. Its Ecuadorian, North American, and European-based contributors examine local responses to the Mirador project, Ecuador ’s first large-scale mining project, visa -vis political alternatives to Latin America’s “doublecrisisofneoliberalismandmodernity” (Escobar, 2010, p. 2). In Ecuador, these political alternatives included a new constitution in 2008 --remarkable for its recognition of human rights and the rights of nature and redefining the country as plurinational and intercultural-- and the state-led project of 24 Journal of Latin American Geography citizen wellbeing referred to as Buen Vivir, consideredarupturefromdominant conceptions of development. La Amazonía Minada pays attention to questions of structural inequality, plurality, and counter-hegemonic mobilization. The book is divided into four parts. Part I tracks how historical imaginaries of the Amazon as a national resource inform the current mining moment. As the authors point out, Ecuador might be a newcomer to large-scale mining ,butnottoextractiveindustries.Fromthe exportofbananasandcacaotooil,Ecuador’s nation-building is tied to the political economy of extraction—and mining is bent on reproducing some of the same pitfalls associatedwiththismodel .Part IItracks how largescale mining unfolds within a “paisaje imbricado ” (p. 117)— a plural, contentious space of already existing differences and inequalities , and where diverse territorialities collide. Fernandez-Salvador (Chapter 5), focuses on the case of the Shuar, and argues that while a sense of ancestral territoriality vis-à-vis the nation-state informs indigenous opposition to mining, political heterogeneity within the collective can deepen divisions and “individualize ” (p. 144) political positions and actions . Continuing the analysis of local experiences , Yépez and van Teijlingen (Chapter 6) describe how the struggles of women against the expansion of large-scale mining are also struggles over social reproduction, and how the insertion of mining in local economies and ecologies means that women live “el proceso de la mineria” differently (p. 203). Part III focuses on the articulation of knowledge production and the devaluation oflocallife,arguingthatbehindthepromises of progressive politics, state-managed “strategic projects” (Leifsen and Beham Hogan, Chapter 6) and “corporate science...

La Amazonía minada: Minería a gran escala y conflictos en el sur del Ecuador ed. by Karolien van Teijlingen et al.

Reviewed by: La Amazonía minada: Minería a gran escala y conflictos en el sur del Ecuador ed. by Karolien van Teijlingen et al. Gabriela Valdivia Karolien van Teijlingen, Esben Leifsen, Consuelo Fernández-Salvador, Luis Sánchez Vásquez, eds. La Amazonía minada: Minería a gran escala y conflictos en el sur del Ecuador Quito: Universidad San Francisco de Quito/Ediciones Abya-Yala, 2017. 404 pp. Maps, photographs, references. $22.00 (ISBN: 978–9–942–09472–8). Current global mining news and reports paint a clear picture of Ecuador as a mining country and “the world’s hottest new exploration destination” (Miningnews.net, 2018). This idea of Ecuador as a “mining country” is relatively recent. While geologic exploration of mineral deposits goes back to the late 1800s, sustained interest in international mining agreements did not take off until the mid-to-late 1990s, and high-value mineral mining activities accounted for less than 1% of its real gross domestic product (GDP) until 2004 (Wacaster, 2016). In contrast, since the 1970s, the sale of oil derivatives has accounted for about one third of Ecuador’s total value of exports, thoroughly “petrolizing” (Karl, 1997) the country’s politics and economics for decades. However, the volatile super cycle of primary commodities prices throughout the 2000s, together with Ecuador’s mature oilfields, have made oil dependence risky. “Ecuador, mining country” is part of a “post-oil,” governmental strategy to diversify Ecuador’s export revenue sources. A new Mining Law was approved in 2009 to incentivize foreign capital investment, and the old Natural Resources Ministry was broken down and reconstituted into a series of new resource governance entities, including a Ministry of Mining. To further solidify its mining reputation, in 2017, Ecuador became a sponsor of the 85th world convention on new projects and explorations, PDAC, one of the most important mining events in the world. La Amazonía Minada is an empirically-driven social science anthology that traces how the turn to large-scale mining in Ecuador has been experienced in the Amazonian provinces of Azuay and Zamora Chinchipe, known to host world-class copper and gold deposits. Its Ecuadorian, North American, and European-based contributors examine local responses to the Mirador project, Ecuador’s first large-scale mining project, vis-a-vis political alternatives to Latin America’s “double crisis of neoliberalism and modernity” (Escobar, 2010, p. 2). In Ecuador, these political alternatives included a new constitution in 2008--remarkable for its recognition of human rights and the rights of nature and redefining the country as plurinational and intercultural--and the state-led project of [End Page 291] citizen wellbeing referred to as Buen Vivir, considered a rupture from dominant conceptions of development. La Amazonía Minada pays attention to questions of structural inequality, plurality, and counter-hegemonic mobilization. The book is divided into four parts. Part I tracks how historical imaginaries of the Amazon as a national resource inform the current mining moment. As the authors point out, Ecuador might be a newcomer to large-scale mining, but not to extractive industries. From the export of bananas and cacao to oil, Ecuador’s nation-building is tied to the political economy of extraction—and mining is bent on reproducing some of the same pitfalls associated with this model. Part II tracks how large-scale mining unfolds within a “paisaje imbricado” (p. 117)— a plural, contentious space of already existing differences and inequalities, and where diverse territorialities collide. Fernandez-Salvador (Chapter 5), focuses on the case of the Shuar, and argues that while a sense of ancestral territoriality vis-à-vis the nation-state informs indigenous opposition to mining, political heterogeneity within the collective can deepen divisions and “individualize” (p. 144) political positions and actions. Continuing the analysis of local experiences, Yépez and van Teijlingen (Chapter 6) describe how the struggles of women against the expansion of large-scale mining are also struggles over social reproduction, and how the insertion of mining in local economies and ecologies means that women live “el proceso de la mineria” differently (p. 203). Part III focuses on the articulation of knowledge production and the devaluation of local life, arguing that behind the...

Statistical Analysis Towards Improvement of Design Rainfall: Case Study of Peninsular Malaysia

The main focus of this study is to find a better approach for the improvement of rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) for Peninsular Malaysia by fitting the best statistical model to each data series. This is because IDF curve is generally used to determine the design rainfall in designing water resource structures. Data are collected from 60 selected rainfall stations in Peninsular Malaysia based on their completeness of data and coverage area. Two models are chosen and compared to derive the IDF relationship, which are fitting PDS to generalized Pareto (GPA) distribution (GPA/PDS) and fitting AMS to generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution (GEV/AMS). Based on the L-moment ratio diagram, it is found that the model based on fitting PDS to GPA distribution is more suitable in derivation of rainfall IDF relationship in Peninsular Malaysia. A software package containing Rain Event Mining Tool (RainEMT), Rain IDF and RainMap is developed to aid the study.

Scientific and technical aspects of control over seismic effect of blasting and prediction of dynamic events in rockburst-hazardous mining

Scientific and technical aspects of control over seismic effect of blasting and prediction of dynamic events in rockburst-hazardous mining

Source identification of microseismic events in underground mines with interferometric imaging and cross wavelet transform

Interference based source locating is a newly developed algorithm, which could be used to locate the microseismic event source while not requiring the exact arrival time or picking up the difference of arrival time instants in measured different sensor waveforms. The cross-correlation calculation, which is a key component in the interferometric based source locating algorithm, has some defects, namely, its accuracy is sensitive to the noise effect in sensor measurements and the peak of the cross-correlation function is not obvious with strong oscillations. Therefore the method has a high possibility to output false identifications. All of those shortcomings may result in considerable source locating errors. To solve these problems, while considering the non-stationary, strong randomness and noise effect of signals in the microseismic and blasting vibration monitoring, a new microseismic event locating approach based on interferometric imaging and cross wavelet transform is proposed. The cross wavelet power function is used to replace the cross-correlation function in the traditional interferometric based approach. The effects of main factors affecting the accuracy and robustness of the proposed approach, i.e. the number of placed sensors and the error in the estimation of wave propagation velocity, are investigated. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach gives a more reliable and robust source location accuracy than the traditional approach.

Statistical analysis of rock-burst events in underground mines and excavations to present reasonable data-driven predictors

ABSTRACTRock bursts are sudden and violent failures of surrounding rockmasses in underground mines and excavations. In this paper, a database consisting of 188 case histories was collected. Each case history contains some of the predictor variables ‘overburden thickness, maximum tangential stress, uniaxial compressive strength of rock, tensile strength of rock, stress ratio, brittleness ratio and elastic energy index’ and one of the four defined classes for the dependent variable ‘rock burst intensity’. A strategy, including ‘outlier detection and substitution, normality evaluation, deduction of distribution functions, estimation of mean and mean variation ranges, evaluation of mean-equality and distribution function-equality hypotheses, correlation analysis and factor analysis for in-review variables’, was implemented. The strategy led to conclude that some predictor variables with available case histories have no contributions for rock burst prediction. These inferences were in accordance with the results of regression techniques for qualitative dependent variables. Besides, many predictor variable arrangements were incompatible with factor analysis. In the case of compatible arrangements, the variation of the predictor variables cannot be considerably reflected. Application of nonlinear principal component analysis using auto-associative neural networks did not also lead to representative components. Therefore, the significant predictor variables can only be used to design new classifiers.

Population structure of Bathymodiolus manusensis, a deep-sea hydrothermal vent-dependent mussel from Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea.

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the western Pacific are increasingly being assessed for their potential mineral wealth. To anticipate the potential impacts on biodiversity and connectivity among populations at these vents, environmental baselines need to be established. Bathymodiolus manusensis is a deep-sea mussel found in close association with hydrothermal vents in Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. Using multiple genetic markers (cytochrome C-oxidase subunit-1 sequencing and eight microsatellite markers), we examined population structure at two sites in Manus Basin separated by 40 km and near a potential mining prospect, where the species has not been observed. No population structure was detected in mussels sampled from these two sites. We also compared a subset of samples with B. manusensis from previous studies to infer broader population trends. The genetic diversity observed can be used as a baseline against which changes in genetic diversity within the population may be assessed following the proposed mining event.

Predicting seismic events in coal mines based on underground sensor measurements

In this paper, we address the problem of safety monitoring in underground coal mines. In particular, we investigate and compare practical methods for the assessment of seismic hazards using analytical models constructed based on sensory data and domain knowledge. For our case study, we use a rich data set collected during a period of over five years from several active Polish coal mines. We focus on comparing the prediction quality between expert methods which serve as a standard in the coal mining industry and state-of-the-art machine learning methods for mining high-dimensional time series data. We describe an international data mining challenge organized to facilitate our study. We also demonstrate a technique which we employed to construct an ensemble of regression models able to outperform other approaches used by participants of the challenge. Finally, we explain how we utilized the data obtained during the competition for the purpose of research on the cold start problem in deploying decision support systems at new mining sites.

A probabilistic approach to event log completeness

Recently, researchers discovered that the major problems of mining event logs is to discover a simple, sound and complete process model. But since the mining techniques can only reproduce the behaviour recorded in the log, the fitness of the reproduced model is a function of the event log completeness. In this paper, a Fuzzy-Genetic Mining model based on Bayesian Scoring Functions (FGM-BSF) which we called probabilistic approach was developed to tackle problems which emanated from the incomplete event logs. The main motivation of using genetic mining for the process discovery is to benefit from the global search performed by the algorithm. The incompleteness in processes deals with uncertainty and is tackled by using the probabilistic nature of the scoring functions in Bayesian network based on a fuzzy logic value prediction. The global search performed by the genetic approach is panacea to dealing with the population that has both good and bad individuals. Hence, the proposed approach helps to enhance a robust fitness function for the genetic algorithm through highlift traces representing only good individuals not detected by mining model without an intelligent system. The implementation of our approach was carried out on java platform with MySQL for event log parsing and preprocessing while the actual discovery was done in ProM. The results showed that the proposed approach achieved 0.98% fitness when compared with existing schemes.

Local Magnitude Discrepancies for Near‐Event Receivers: Implications for the U.K. Traffic‐Light Scheme

Local seismic magnitudes provide a practical and efficient scale for the implementation of regulation designed to manage the risk of induced seismicity, such as Traffic‐Light Schemes (TLS). We demonstrate that significant magnitude discrepancies (up to a unit higher) occur between seismic events recorded on nearby stations (<5 km) compared with those at greater distances. This is due to the influence of sedimentary layers, which are generally lower in velocity and more attenuating than the underlying crystalline basement rocks, and requires a change in the attenuation term of the M L scale. This has a significant impact on the United Kingdom’s (U.K.) hydraulic fracturing TLS, whose red light is set at M L 0.5. Because the nominal detectability of the U.K. network is M L 2, this scheme will require the deployment of monitoring stations in close proximity to well sites. Using data collected from mining events near New Ollerton, Nottinghamshire, we illustrate the effects that proximity has on travel path velocities and attenuation, then perform a damped least‐squares inversion to determine appropriate constants within the M L scale. We show that the attenuation term needs to increase from 0.00183 to 0.0514 and demonstrate that this higher value is representative of a ray path within a slower more attenuating sedimentary layer compared with the continental crust. We therefore recommend that the magnitude scale M L=log( A )+1.17log( r )+0.0514 r −3.0 should be used when local monitoring networks are within 5 km of the event epicenters.