Event-related Spectral Perturbation Research Articles

Enhanced Auditory Steady-State Response Using an Optimized Chirp Stimulus-Evoked Paradigm.

Objectives: It has been reported recently that gamma measures of the electroencephalogram (EEG) might provide information about the candidate biomarker of mental diseases like schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, affective disorder and so on, but as we know it is a difficult issue to induce visual and tactile evoked responses at high frequencies. Although a high-frequency response evoked by auditory senses is achievable, the quality of the recording response is not ideal, such as relatively low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Recently, auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) play an essential role in the field of basic auditory studies and clinical uses. However, how to improve the quality of ASSRs is still a challenge which researchers have been working on. This study aims at designing a more comfortable and suitable evoked paradigm and then enhancing the quality of the ASSRs in healthy subjects so as to further apply it in clinical practice. Methods: Chirp and click stimuli with 40 Hz and 60 Hz were employed to evoke the gamma-ASSR respectively, and the sound adjusted to 45 dB sound pressure level (SPL). Twenty healthy subjects with normal-hearing participated, and 64-channel EEGs were simultaneously recorded during the experiment. Event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) and SNR of the ASSRs were measured and analyzed to verify the feasibility and adaptability of the proposed evoked paradigm. Results: The results showed that the evoked paradigm proposed in this study could enhance ASSRs with strong feasibility and adaptability. (1) ASSR waves in time domain indicated that 40 Hz stimuli could significantly induce larger peak-to-peak values of ASSRs compared to 60 Hz stimuli (p < 0.01**); ERSP showed that obvious ASSRs were obtained at each lead for both 40 Hz and 60 Hz, as well as the click and chirp stimuli. (2) The SNR of the ASSRs were –3.23 ± 1.68, –2.44 ± 2.90, –4.66 ± 2.09, and –3.53 ± 3.49 respectively for 40 Hz click, 40 Hz chirp, 60 Hz click and 60 Hz chirp, indicating the chirp stimuli could induce significantly better ASSR than the click, and 40 Hz ASSRs had the higher SNR than 60 Hz (p < 0.01**). Limitation: In this study, sample size was small and the age span was not large enough. Conclusions: This study verified the feasibility and adaptability of the proposed evoked paradigm to improve the quality of the gamma-ASSR, which is significant in clinical application. The results suggested that 40 Hz ASSR evoked by chirp stimuli had the best performance and was expected to be used in clinical practice, especially in the field of mental diseases such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, and affective disorder.

Facial emotion recognition in deaf children: Evidence from event-related potentials and event-related spectral perturbation analysis

Impairment of facial emotion recognition ability has been reported in deaf children, but few researches have examined the neural mechanism of this impairment. This study applied the electroencephalogram (EEG) technique to investigate the emotion recognition ability in 31 deaf children and 30 hearing controls with facial emotion recognition task. Results from behavioral task showed that deaf children exhibited lower accuracy compared to hearing controls. As for EEG analysis, results showed that deaf children showed diminished activation in the early (N1、P1), middle (N170) and late stages (late positive potential, LPP) compared to hearing controls. In addition, for brain oscillation, alpha band (400–800 ms) also revealed a reduced desynchronization in deaf children. The present findings seem to indicate that the deficit during facial emotion recognition ability among deaf children might be due to the impairments in visual processing, attention and emotional semantic distribution ability during facial emotion recognition processing.

Covert Intention to Answer to Self-Referential Questions Is Represented in Alpha-Band Local and Interregional Neural Synchronies.

The most fundamental and simplest intention for interpersonal communication may be the intentions to answer “yes” or “no” to a question, based on a binary decision. However, the neural mechanism of this type of intention has not been investigated in detail. The main purpose of this study was to investigate cortical processing of the “yes/no” intentions to answer self-referential questions. Multichannel electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded while covertly answering self-referential questions with either “yes” or “no”. Event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) and interregional phase synchrony (PS) were investigated to identify the differences in local and global neural synchronies between two intentions. We found that the local and interregional neural synchronies in the alpha-band were significantly different between “yes” and “no,” especially at the period of retaining the intention in mind, which was greater for “no” than for “yes.” These results can be interpreted to signify that a higher cognitive load during working memory retention or higher attentional demand is required for the “no” intention compared to “yes.” Our findings suggest that both local and global neural synchronies in the alpha-band may be significantly differentiated during a critical temporal epoch, according to the contents of the mental representation of the intention.

State-trait influences of Vipassana meditation practice on P3 EEG dynamics.

Several studies have demonstrated that meditation naïve subjects can, in just a few weeks, become proficient enough in meditation to show cognitive improvements accompanied with functional and structural changes in the brain. Would long-term exposure to qualitatively different levels of meditative training bring about differences in cognitive processing? Would meditation prior to task performance help separate out these differences? Could the nature of the task influence the findings related to cognitive enhancements? To address these questions, we evaluated cognitive functions in three groups of experienced Vipassana practitioners (Novices: n=22, Mean±SD meditation experience=989±595h; Senior practitioners: 21, 10,510±5313; Teachers: 16, 14,648±9623) who differed in terms of duration and quality of meditative practice. Specifically, we employed "ANGEL" a gamified multilevel oddball paradigm, to assess P3 event-related potentials (ERPs) and associated EEG dynamics-power spectra, event related spectral perturbations (ERSP) and inter-trial coherence (ITC). In order to elicit the state-trait influences of meditation, the cognitive task was performed after the participants had undergone an hour long traditional meditation session. All participants could perform the task well and the gross ERP waveforms were similar for the three groups. As hypothesized, we found distinct state-trait influences of meditation leading to graded differences in P3 EEG dynamics. Specifically, we found reduced theta synchrony, enhanced alpha de-synchrony and lesser theta-alpha coherence in the more proficient meditators. Post hoc analyses revealed several differences between the novice and teacher groups but not as many between novice and seniors suggesting that the senior meditators formed an intermediate group. Our study demonstrates that both quantity and quality of meditation influence EEG dynamics during cognitive processing and that meditation prior to a task can provide additional state-trait effects involved in meeting the specific cognitive demands.

Power and phase coherence in sensorimotor mu and temporal lobe alpha components during covert and overt syllable production.

The sensorimotor dorsal stream is known to activate in both overt and covert speech production. However, overt production produces sensory consequences that are absent during covert production. Thus, the purpose of the current study is to investigate differences in dorsal stream activity between these two production conditions across the time course of utterances. Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded from 68 channels while 23 participants overtly (Op) and covertly (Cp) produced orthographically cued bisyllabic targets. Sensorimotor mu and auditory alpha components (from anterior and posterior aspects of the dorsal stream) were identified using independent component analysis (ICA). Event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) analyses identified changes in mu and alpha oscillatory power over time, while intercomponent phase coherence (IPC) measured anterior-posterior connectivity in the two conditions. Results showed greater beta (15-25Hz) suppression during speech planning across left and right hemisphere sensorimotor and temporal ICs for Op relative to Cp. By contrast, greater intrahemispheric beta coherence was observed for Cp compared to Op during speech planning. During execution, greater beta suppression was observed along with greater low frequency (< 10Hz) power enhancement and intrahemispheric phase coherence in Op compared to Cp. The findings implicate low frequency sensorimotor and posterior temporal phase coherence in the integration of somatosensory and acoustic feedback in overt relative to covert execution. Findings are consistent with early frontal-temporal forward models involved in planning and execution with modulations depending on whether the task goal is internal or overt syllable production.

Cortical integration of bilateral nociceptive signals: when more is less.

Integration of nociceptive information is essential to produce adapted responses, to promote body integrity and survival. However, how the brain integrates nociceptive inputs from different body areas remains unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the cortical integration of bilateral nociceptive inputs evoked by laser heat stimuli. Sixteen healthy volunteers (8 F, 8 M; age: 25.5 ± 4.3) were recruited to participate in one session during which painful laser stimuli were applied to their hands with 2 Nd:YAP laser systems. Electroencephalographic activity was recorded to measure laser-evoked potentials and event-related spectral perturbations. Twenty nociceptive stimuli were applied in each of the 4 counterbalanced conditions: (1) right hand, (2) left hand, and both hands with (3) attention to the right or (4) attention to the left. Compared with unilateral conditions, N2 and P2 peak amplitude as well as gamma oscillation power were decreased in bilateral conditions (P < 0.05), but these effects were not affected by the direction of attention (P > 0.1). By contrast, pain was not significantly different in any condition (P > 0.05). These findings show that although more nociceptive inputs reach the brain with multiple nociceptive stimuli, their sensory representation is decreased while pain perception remains unchanged. These interactions between cerebral processing of nociceptive information from different body regions could support coordinated behavioral responses when pain origins from multiple sources.

EEG dynamics of spontaneous stimulus-independent thoughts

ABSTRACTIn this study, we aimed to compare the oscillatory dynamics accompanying self-referential and non-self-referential stimulus-independent thoughts. Electroencephalograms were recorded in 30 healthy participants who were asked to press buttons classifying their spontaneous thoughts as self-referential or non-self-referential. EEG data were analyzed using independent component analysis in conjunction with dipole localization. Self-referential thoughts, as compared to non-self-referential thoughts, were accompanied by more pronounced decreases of theta, alpha, and beta spectral power in the anterior hub of the default-mode network, in the left lateral prefrontal, motor/somatosensory, and temporal cortices. These oscillatory dynamics are interpreted as a reflection of autobiographical memory retrieval intrinsic to self-referential thoughts.Abbreviations: BA: Brodmann area; BOLD: blood oxygenation level-dependent; DMN: default mode network; EEG: electroencephalogram; ERSP: event-related spectral perturbations; fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging; PCC: posterior cingulate cortex; PET: positron emission tomography; PFC: prefrontal cortex; SIT: stimulus-independent thought; WM: working memory.

Electrophysiological evidence for abnormal glutamate-GABA association following psychosis onset

Previous studies have shown glutamatergic dysfunction and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic dysfunction in schizophrenia. Animal studies suggest that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction and GABA-ergic dysfunction interact with each other and lead to alterations in excitatory/inhibitory balance. The NMDAR and GABAergic-interneuron functions may be indexed by mismatch negativity (MMN) and auditory steady-state gamma-band response (ASSR), respectively. However, no previous studies have tested the hypothesis of an abnormal association between MMN and gamma-band ASSR in the same patients to identify the in vivo evidence of NMDAR-GABA association during the early stages of psychosis. Participants were individuals with recent-onset schizophrenia (ROSZ; N = 21), ultra-high risk (UHR; N = 27), and healthy controls (HCs; N = 24). The MMN amplitude was significantly impaired in ROSZ (p = 0.001, d = 1.20) and UHR (p = 0.003, d = 1.01) compared with HCs. The intertrial phase coherence (ITC) index of gamma-band ASSR was significantly reduced in ROSZ compared with HCs (p < 0.001, d = –1.27) and UHR (p = 0.032, d = –0.75). The event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) index of gamma-band ASSR was significantly smaller in ROSZ compared with HCs (p < 0.001, d = −1.21). The MMN amplitude was significantly correlated with the ITC in ROSZ (r = −0.69, p < 0.001). These findings provide the first in vivo evidence that an abnormal association of the electrophysiological indices of NMDAR and GABA dysfunctions may be present in recent-onset schizophrenia.

Making mistakes in public: Being observed magnifies physiological responses to errors

As social beings, humans often find themselves in situations in which they are required to act against the backdrop of public observation. In these situations, the presence of observers may influence how we evaluate feedback and learn from it. The neural basis of such observer-induced behavioral changes is not well understood at present. In the current study, we used event-related potentials (ERPs) and event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs) combined with a gambling task to examine how the presence of others modulates the neural representations of errors and losses. In the alone condition, participants finished the gambling task alone while in the observed condition, they were observed by two others. Results revealed that the observer effect particularly altered the feedback-related negativity (FRN) and the late positive potential (LPP). The difference in FRN amplitude between error and correct feedback was enlarged when participants were being observed. The LPP also showed a marginally enhanced amplitude difference between error and correct feedback in the observed condition. We also found that theta power was enhanced in the observed condition. Taken together, our findings suggest that neural representations of errors were influenced by the presence of others.

Suppression of 12-Hz SSVEPs when viewing familiar faces: An electrophysiological index to detect recognition.

Criminal investigation often involves finding out what a suspect knows about people, such as victims and confederates, who are involved in the crime. This study explored the possibility of determining a person's recognition of other individuals by analyzing the steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEP) triggered by visual oscillations of familiar and unfamiliar faces. In our study, 23 adult (10 men) participants gave subjective familiarity ratings (in a 7-point Likert scale) of >300 celebrities' and strangers' faces. For each participant, ten familiar and ten unfamiliar faces were selected based on his/her ratings. The selected faces were presented at 6 Hz while the participants performed a color change detection task orthogonal to the attributes of faces. The task was designed to maintain participants' visual attention towards the faces throughout the stimulus oscillations. Any difference between conditions would indicate modulation of visual attention by face familiarity. Results showed that the 12-Hz event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs in decibel) at parietal-occipital electrodes were significantly lower when viewing familiar faces compared to unfamiliar faces. In individual level analysis, 18 out of 23 (78%) participants had significantly lower 12-Hz ERSPs at left parietal-occipital ROI in familiar face than unfamiliar face trials. This is the first study to demonstrate that SSVEPs triggered by stimulus oscillations can reveal people's recognition of faces with only 20 trials per condition and 10-s for each trial.

Temporal and spectral EEG dynamics can be indicators of stealth placement

Stealth placement marketing, where consumers are unaware that they are being marketed to, attempts to reduce the audiences’ resistance to traditional persuasive advertising. It is a form of advertising that involves targeted exposure of brands or products incorporated in other works, usually with or without explicit reference to the brands or products. Brand placement can be presented in different visual and auditory forms in video programs. The present study proposed that different ‘representations’ (i.e., representable or non-representable) and ‘sounds’ (i.e., speech or musical sound) of brand placement can affect the viewers’ perception of the brand. Event-related potential results indicated significant differences in P1, N1, P2, N270, and P3. Further, event-related spectral perturbation results indicated significant differences in theta, alpha, beta, and gamma (30–100 Hz), in the right parietal, right occipital area, and limbic lobe. ‘Non-representable’ or ‘speech sound’ brand placement induced significant temporal and spectral EEG dynamics in viewers.

2298 Central autonomic network dysfunction implicated in alcohol-related intimate partner violence

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Most incidents of partner violence occur when one or both partners have been drinking, however, the mechanism through which this association exists is unclear. The neural circuits that support self-regulation of emotion and social behavior, as well as autonomic influences on the heart, are co-localized in the brain and represent an integrated bidirectional regulatory system. These physiological regulatory processes are mediated by a neural substrate known as the central autonomic network which includes the peripheral autonomic nervous system. The central autonomic network modulates biobehavioral resources in emotion by flexibly responding to physiological arousal in response to changing situational demands, and serves a fundamental role in emotion regulation and goal-directed motor behavior, and this circuit can be indexed with heart rate variability (HRV). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In total, 17 distressed violent (DV) partners (11 females, 6 males) were matched to a sample of distressed nonviolent (DNV) partners (7 female, 6 males) were matched on age, sex, and relationship satisfaction and participated in a placebo-controlled alcohol administration study with an emotion-regulation task during which electroencephalography, HRV, and galvanic skin response (GSR) measures were collected. In the alcohol condition, participants were administered a mixture of 100 proof vodka and cranberry juice calculated to raise their blood alcohol concentration to 0.08%. In the placebo condition, participants consumed a volume of juice equivalent to that consumed in the alcohol condition, but without alcohol. Alcohol and placebo conditions were counter-balanced across participants as were the presentation the blocks of evocative and neutral partner stimuli and emotion-regulation condition (watch vs. do not react). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Results show that DV partners show greater cortical arousal than DNV partners on measures event-related spectral perturbations, which are mean log event-loced deviations from baseline-mean power at each frequency of the electroencephalography power spectra, when intoxicated and viewing evocative partner stimuli in the “do not react” emotion regulation condition. Results also show a statistically significant 2 (alcohol vs. placebo)×2 (watch vs. do not react)×2 (DV partners vs. DNV partners) interaction of the respiratory sinus arrhythmia measure of HRV when viewing evocative partner behavior (F=7.102, p=0.019, partial η2=0.353). Findings indicate that DV partners have lower HRV than DNV partners across conditions, but particularly when acutely intoxicated and trying not to react to their partners’ evocative behavior. Similarly, results also show a statistically significantly 2 (alcohol vs. placebo)×2 (watch vs. do not react)×2 (DV partners vs. DNV partners) interaction on GSR (F=71.452, p=0.000, partial η2=0.749). GSR findings indicate that DV partners also have lower GSR when acutely intoxicated and trying not to react to their partners’ evocative behavior. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These results suggest that increases in intimate partner violence under acute alcohol intoxication may be the result of dysfunction of the central autonomic network, especially when DV partners are trying to suppress a behavioral response to their partners’ evocative behavior in conflict. The neurophysiological patterns evidenced by DV partners is consistent with a state of vigilance to threat, and reduced ability inhibit prepotent, but inappropriate responses. They also suggest that HRV may be an important target for intervention with partner with a history of intimate partner violence. One method may be heart rate variability biofeedback which has been shown to increase parasympathetic nervous system functioning, autonomic stability, and emotion regulation.

Decreased Event-Related Beta Synchronization During Memory Maintenance Marks Early Cognitive Decline in Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) refers to a measurable deficit in cognition in the absence of dementia or impairment in activities of daily living. Working memory impairment is among the earliest signs of MCI. Oscillatory analysis of working memory might be a potential tool for identifying patients at increased risk of developing dementia. Our study aimed to assess the temporospatial pattern of spectral differences during working memory maintenance between MCI patients and healthy controls and to compare the sources of oscillatory activity between the two groups. Event-related spectral perturbation of 17 MCI patients and 21 healthy control participants was studied with 128-channel EEG during the Sternberg working memory task. Source localization was performed by using the eLORETA software. Among the participants, 13 MCI and 15 control participants underwent a structural brain MRI examination. Event-related synchronization (ERS) in the alpha and beta frequency band was significantly lower in MCI patients compared to healthy control participants during retention. Both study groups showed significant memory load-related enhancement in both frequency band. In the MCI group, source localization revealed significantly attenuated beta oscillatory activity in the inferior and middle temporal gyrus, in the fusiform gyrus, and in the cuneus. Beta ERS correlated significantly with the size of the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and parahippocampal gyrus. During the retention period, MCI is characterized by decreased alpha and beta ERS compared to controls indicating early impairment in neural networks serving working memory maintenance. The assessment of electrophysiological changes in the beta frequency range may provide a useful diagnostic tool for the early detection of cognitive impairment.

Decoding Speech With Integrated Hybrid Signals Recorded From the Human Ventral Motor Cortex.

Restoration of speech communication for locked-in patients by means of brain computer interfaces (BCIs) is currently an important area of active research. Among the neural signals obtained from intracranial recordings, single/multi-unit activity (SUA/MUA), local field potential (LFP), and electrocorticography (ECoG) are good candidates for an input signal for BCIs. However, the question of which signal or which combination of the three signal modalities is best suited for decoding speech production remains unverified. In order to record SUA, LFP, and ECoG simultaneously from a highly localized area of human ventral sensorimotor cortex (vSMC), we fabricated an electrode the size of which was 7 by 13 mm containing sparsely arranged microneedle and conventional macro contacts. We determined which signal modality is the most capable of decoding speech production, and tested if the combination of these signals could improve the decoding accuracy of spoken phonemes. Feature vectors were constructed from spike frequency obtained from SUAs and event-related spectral perturbation derived from ECoG and LFP signals, then input to the decoder. The results showed that the decoding accuracy for five spoken vowels was highest when features from multiple signals were combined and optimized for each subject, and reached 59% when averaged across all six subjects. This result suggests that multi-scale signals convey complementary information for speech articulation. The current study demonstrated that simultaneous recording of multi-scale neuronal activities could raise decoding accuracy even though the recording area is limited to a small portion of cortex, which is advantageous for future implementation of speech-assisting BCIs.

Gamma-band auditory steady-state response after frontal tDCS: A double-blind, randomized, crossover study.

The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) likely depend on cortical N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) neurotransmission; however, no previous studies have reported tDCS-mediated modulation of cortical NMDA neurotransmission in humans. The gamma-band auditory steady-state response (ASSR) to a 40 Hz stimulation likely reflects the integrity of cortical NMDA neurotransmission. The present study tested whether the effect of tDCS is reflected in gamma-band ASSRs during a 40 Hz stimulation. Using a double-blind, randomized, crossover study, we performed magnetoencephalography (MEG) and measured the ASSR in 24 healthy participants during 40 Hz of auditory stimulation after prefrontal tDCS (2 mA) or sham (i.e., placebo) treatment. Our results failed to reveal significant differences in any brain between the two conditions after the application of a frequency of approximately 40 Hz. Based on these results, the ASSR is an insufficient method to detect the effect of tDCS on cortical NMDA neurotransmission. Unexpectedly, the results revealed an enhanced beta-band event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) in the left motor cortex after tDCS compared with that observed after the sham stimuli. Given that beta-band oscillations reflect many functions in motor cortices, the tDCS for the frontal areas had some effect on the left motor cortex while the participants were focusing on not pressing the button with their right index finger. An additional study with an adequate psychological task is necessary to draw a conclusion regarding this unexpected result.

Study of target and non-target interplay in spatial attention task

Selective visual attention is the ability to selectively pay attention to the targets while inhibiting the distractors. This paper aims to study the targets and non-targets interplay in spatial attention task while subject attends to the target object present in one visual hemifield and ignores the distractor present in another visual hemifield. This paper performs the averaged evoked response potential (ERP) analysis and time-frequency analysis. ERP analysis agrees to the left hemisphere superiority over late potentials for the targets present in right visual hemifield. Time-frequency analysis performed suggests two parameters i.e. event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) and inter-trial coherence (ITC). These parameters show the same properties for the target present in either of the visual hemifields but show the difference while comparing the activity corresponding to the targets and non-targets. In this way, this study helps to visualise the difference between targets present in the left and right visual hemifields and, also the targets and non-targets present in the left and right visual hemifields. These results could be utilised to monitor subjects’ performance in brain–computer interface (BCI) and neurorehabilitation.

Cognitive Processing for Step Precision Increases Beta and Gamma Band Modulation During Overground Walking.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether cognitive processing for defining step precision during walking could induce changes in electrocortical activity. Ten healthy adults (21-36years) were asked to walk overground in three different conditions: (1) normal walking in a straight path (NW); (2) walking in a pre-defined pathway forcing variation in step width and length by stepping on green marks on the floor (only one color: W1C), and (3) walking in the same pre-defined W1C pathway while evaluating different combinations among the colors green, yellow and red, in which only one color was the footfall target (evaluating two colors: W2C). Walking speed, stride duration and scalp electroencephalography (EEG) were recorded from all conditions. Event-related spectral perturbation was calculated for channels Fz, Cz, C3, C4, Pz and Oz in each condition, which were all time-normalized in relation to the gait cycle. The results showed that walking speed was reduced and stride duration was increased for W2C when compared to both NW and W1C (p < 0.01). Moreover, Event-related spectral perturbation analysis revealed significant changes (p < 0.05) during mid-stance in the frontal lobe and motor/sensorimotor regions, a phase in the gait cycle in which participants define the correct foot placement for the next step. These results suggest that greater cognitive demands during precision stepping influences electrocortical dynamics especially towards step transitions. Therefore, increased electrocortical activity in cognitive, motor and sensorimotor areas may be relevant to produce patterned and safe locomotion through challenging paths.

Right Fronto-Temporal EEG can Differentiate the Affective Responses to Award-Winning Advertisements.

Affective engineering aims to improve service/product design by translating the customer's psychological feelings. Award-winning advertisements (AAs) were selected on the basis of the professional standards that consider creativity as a prerequisite. However, it is unknown if AA is related to satisfactory advertising performance among customers or only to the experts' viewpoints towards the advertisements. This issue in the field of affective engineering and design merits in-depth evaluation. We recruited 30 subjects and performed an electroencephalography (EEG) experiment while watching AAs and non-AAs (NAAs). The event-related potential (ERP) data showed that AAs evoked larger positive potentials 250-1400 [Formula: see text]ms after stimulus onset, particularly in the right fronto-temporal regions. The behavioral results were consistent with the professional recognition given to AAs by experts. The perceived levels of creativity and "product-like" quality were higher for the AAs than for the NAAs. Event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) analysis further revealed statistically significant differences in the theta, alpha, beta, and gamma band activity in the right fronto-temporal regions between the AAs and NAAs. Our results confirm that EEG features from the time/frequency domains can differentiate affective responses to AAs at a neural circuit level, and provide scientific evidence to support the identification of AAs.

Oscillatory TMS-EEG-Responses as a Measure of the Cortical Excitability Threshold.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive tool to perturb brain activity. In TMS studies, the stimulation intensity (SI) is commonly normalized to the resting motor threshold (rMT) that produces muscle responses in 50% of stimulations applied to the motor cortex (M1). Since rMT is influenced by spinal excitability and coil-to-cortex distance, responses recorded from the cortex, instead of a peripheral muscle, could provide a more accurate marker for cortical excitability. Combining TMS with electroencephalography (EEG) enables the measurement of brain-wide cortical reactivity to TMS. We quantified TMS-induced changes in oscillatory power and the phase of EEG with event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) and inter-trial coherence (ITC). We studied the SI-dependency of ERSP and ITC responses by stimulating the dominant M1 of ten healthy volunteers using single-pulse TMS with 150 pulses at 60%, 80%, 100%, and 120% of rMT. We found SI-dependent ERSP and ITC responses in M1, most notably with the wide-band (8-70 Hz) early ITC responses averaged 20-60 ms after TMS. With approximately linear SI-dependence, the early ITC response was consistent between SIs (intraclass correlation = 0.78, ). Our results reveal the potential of oscillatory EEG responses, in place of rMT, as a measure of the cortical excitability threshold in M1.

Pyramidal cell-selective GluN1 knockout causes impairments in salience attribution and related EEG activity.

Schizophrenia is a disabling psychiatric disease characterized by symptoms including hallucinations, delusions, social withdrawal, loss of pleasure, and inappropriate affect. Although schizophrenia is marked by dysfunction in dopaminergic and glutamatergic signaling, it is not presently clear how these dysfunctions give rise to symptoms. The aberrant salience hypothesis of schizophrenia argues that abnormal attribution of motivational salience to stimuli is one of the main contributors to both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The proposed mechanisms for this hypothesis are overactive striatal dopaminergic and hypoactive glutamatergic signaling. The current study assessed salience attribution in mice (n = 72) using an oddball paradigm in which an infrequent stimulus either co-occurred with shock (conditioned group) or was presented alone (non-conditioned group). Behavioral response (freezing) and electroencephalogram (whole brain and amygdala) were used to assess salience attribution. Mice with pyramidal cell-selective knockout of ionotropic glutamate receptors (GluN1) were used to reproduce a prominent physiological change involved in schizophrenia. Non-conditioned knockout mice froze significantly more in response to the unpaired stimulus than non-conditioned wild-type mice, suggesting that this irrelevant cue acquired motivational salience for the knockouts. In accordance with this finding, low-frequency event-related spectral perturbation was significantly increased in non-conditioned knockout mice relative to both conditioned knockout and non-conditioned wild-type mice. These results suggest that pyramidal cell-selective GluN1 knockout leads to inappropriate attribution of salience for irrelevant stimuli as characterized by abnormalities in both behavior and brain circuitry functions.