Application Of Event-related Potentials Research Articles

Diversity and limitations of electroencephalogram and event-related potential applications in nursing research: A scoping review.

This scoping review was conducted to provide a comprehensive summary of how electroencephalogram (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used in nursing research, with the goal of mapping the themes and methods of nursing research involving EEGs or ERPs as a measurement tool. The eligibility criteria were determined according to the Population, Concept, and Context principle. A systematic electronic search of articles in the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, APA PsycInfo, and Scopus databases was carried out for the period from database establishment to November 21, 2022. The included studies were analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. The review process culminated in 45 articles, evidencing an increasing trend and dispersion characteristics of EEG in nursing research and reflecting five thematic domains of inquiry related to nursing. There was a deficiency of detailed reports of EEG recording and data analysis parameters in nursing research. The common EEG bands in nursing research were Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma. The ERP components used frequently were P3, P2, N1, N2, P1, N170, and feedback-related negativity. The wide variety of EEG components used show broad potential for studying nursing questions. In the future, it will be necessary to increase the depth of the research content, the repeatability of the experiment and the standardization of the report. Nursing researchers should give full play to the characteristics of nursing and establish a systematic and complete EEG research system for nursing.

Exploring the interaction between culture and neuroscience using event-related potential (ERP)

The application of the event-related potential (ERP) was almost 80 years ago and has assisted in answering many research questions. Today, ERP is considered one of the most popular techniques among other neuroscience methods. Cultural neuroscience is an emerging interdisciplinary field that applies neuroscience tools to answer research questions in culture. This paper highlights the importance of neuroscience tools, especially ERP, in advancing the new emerging interdisciplinary field of cultural neuroscience. This paper gives an overview of ERP followed by a short description and examples of the application of ERP in two recent research. Cultural study through the application of neuroscience methods such as ERP can discover and measure neural processes related to culture, which cannot be quantified by traditional pen and paper data collection. However, many more research questions need to be answered and explored in cultural neuroscience.

The application of ERP paradigms in clinical and non-clinical research

This comprehensive review paper examines the utilization of Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) in both clinical and non-clinical research. ERPs serve as valuable electrophysiological measures for studying neural activity associated with cognitive processes, offering high temporal accuracy and noninvasive observation of brain responses. The paper explores the benefits, challenges, and limitations of employing ERP paradigms in research. Technical expertise is necessary due to factors such as low signal-to-noise ratio and potential artifacts. These limitations must be addressed to ensure robust experimental design and accurate interpretation of findings. The review investigates the diverse applications of ERPs in clinical research, particularly in neurological and psychiatric conditions, where ERPs contribute to understanding underlying neural mechanisms and potential biomarkers. Additionally, non-clinical research areas, such as language processing and attentional mechanisms, are examined for their insights into cognitive processes. The current state of the field is discussed, with a focus on potential future directions. Technological advancements, including signal processing techniques, electrode design, and data analysis methods, are identified as areas for further development to improve the reliability and ease of use of ERP paradigms. It generally highlights the significance of ERPs as a powerful tool in cognitive neuroscience research. By examining their applications, challenges, and future prospects, the paper emphasizes the need for continued technological advancements to fully unlock the potential of ERPs in both research and clinical settings.

An Eye Tracking and Event-Related Potentials Study With Visual Stimuli for Adolescents Emotional Issues.

BackgroundPsychological issues are common among adolescents, which have a significant impact on their growth and development. However, the underlying neural mechanisms of viewing visual stimuli in adolescents are poorly understood.Materials and MethodsThis study applied the Chinese version of the DSM-V self-assessment scales to evaluate 73 adolescents’ psychological characteristics for depressive and manic emotional issues. Combined with eye-tracking and event-related potential (ERP), we explored the characteristics of their visual attention and neural processing mechanisms while freely viewing positive, dysphoric, threatening and neutral visual stimuli.ResultsCompared to controls, adolescents with depressive emotional tendencies showed more concentrated looking behavior with fixation distribution index than the controls, while adolescents with manic emotional tendencies showed no such trait. ERP data revealed individuals with depressive tendencies showed lower arousal levels toward emotional stimuli in the early stage of cognitive processing (N1 amplitude decreased) and with prolonged reaction time (N1 latency increased) than the control group. We found no significant difference between the manic group and the control group. Furthermore, the depression severity scores of the individuals with depressive tendencies were negatively correlated with the total fixation time toward positive stimuli, were negatively correlated with the fixation distribution index toward threatening stimuli, and were positively correlated with the mean N1 amplitudes while viewing dysphoric stimuli. Also, for the individuals with depressive tendencies, there was a positive correlation between the mean N1 amplitudes and the fixation time on the area of interest (AOI) while viewing dysphoric stimuli. For the individuals with manic tendencies, the manic severity scores of the individuals with manic tendencies were positively correlated with the total fixation time toward the positive stimuli. However, no significant correlations were found between the manic severity scores and N1 amplitudes, and between N1 amplitudes and eye-tracking output variables.ConclusionThis study proposes the application of eye-tracking and ERP to provide better biological evidence to alter the neural processing of emotional stimuli for adolescents with emotional issues.

The role and use of event-related potentials in aphasia: A scoping review

Event-related potentials (ERPs) can provide important insights into underlying language processes in both unimpaired and neurologically impaired populations and may be particularly useful in aphasia. This scoping review was conducted to provide a comprehensive summary of how ERPs have been used with people with aphasia (PWA), with the goal of exploring the potential clinical application of ERPs in aphasia assessment and treatment. We identified 117 studies that met inclusionary criteria, reflecting six thematic domains of inquiry that relate to understanding both unimpaired and aphasic language processing and the use of ERPs with PWA. In these studies, a wide variety of ERP components were reported. Inconsistencies in reporting of participant characteristics and study protocols limit our ability to generalize beyond the individual studies and understand implications for clinical applicability. We discuss the potential roles of ERPs in aphasia management and make recommendations for further developing ERPs for clinical utility in PWA.

Classification of Common and Uncommon Tones by P300 Feature Extraction and Identification of Accurate P300 Wave by Machine Learning Algorithms

An event-related potential (ERP) is a measure of brain response to a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event. One common ERP technique used in cognition research is the oddball paradigm where the brain’s response to common and uncommon stimuli is compared. The neurologic response to the oddball paradigm produces a P300 ERP which is one of the major visual/auditory sensory ERP components. The purpose of this study to classify ERP responses to common and uncommon tones by extracting the P300 feature from ERP epochs and identify the accurate shape of the P300 wave. For recording ERP data, and OpenBCI system is used. P300 features are extracted using EEGlab which is a mathematical tool of MATLAB. Finally, various types of machine learning models are used for identifying the accurate shape of a P300 wave and then classifying common and uncommon auditory tones. For stimuli classification, all of the algorithms evaluated performed efficiently and built a consistent model with 93.75% to 99.1% evaluation accuracy. Also, for P300 shape detection, NN model showed the best performance with 94.95% accuracy. These findings have the potential to add useful machine learning-based methods to the clinical application of ERPs.

Chapter 20 - Clinical neurophysiology: Research methods and event-related potential components as assessment tools

The paramount importance of research design and research methodologies within the shared space of neurology, clinical neurophysiology, and cognitive neuroscience serves as the theme around which a range of topics is presented. After a tour of historical figures of human electrophysiology and electroencephalography (EEG), the discussion turns to event-related potential (ERP). Emphasizing the lengthy history of these manifestations of cognition, the chapter outlines the extensive research literature that has demonstrated the sensitivity of ERPs to a range cognitive functions, including attention, language processing, and memory. There follows a series of examples of ERP applications in the clinical domain, including disorders of consciousness, stroke, autism, coma, and concussion. These examples not merely demonstrate the general utility of these electrophysiological responses but stress that their independence from behavioral responses provides a much needed clinical method to assess individuals who are literally or virtually impossible to assess using traditional behaviorally based clinical tools. The chapter concludes with the suggestion that is time that the incontrovertible utility of ERPs be employed more fully within clinical contexts to assist the clinical community in providing objective assessments of a range of neurologic conditions.

S2-2. Application of event-related potentials (ERPs) for pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia patients

S2-2. Application of event-related potentials (ERPs) for pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia patients

Application of event-related potentials (ERPs) for pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia patients

Application of event-related potentials (ERPs) for pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia patients

Event-related Potentials (ERP) in Cognitive Neuroscience Research and Applications

This review is aimed at exploring the usefulness of measuring event-related potential (ERP) in cognitive tests and discusses several applications of the ERP technique. Analysis of ERP components is one of the most informative dynamic methods of investigation and monitoring of information processing stages in the human brain. Amplitude and latency of ERP components at specified topographies reflect early sensory perception processes and higher level processing including attention, cortical inhibition, memory update, error monitoring, and other cognitive activities. ERPs provide a method of studying cognitive processes in typical subjects, as well as a sensitive instrument to assess differences in individuals with neuro- and psychopathologies. Despite significant advances in functional neuroimaging, the ERP measure still represents an important tool for brain research in psychiatry, as many psychiatric diseases correlate with certain altered patterns of ERPs. Such ERP alterations can serve as valid biological markers for functional diagnostic or for better understanding of the cognitive functions which are disturbed in psychiatric disorders. Application of ERPs in psychiatric treatment research is an approach aimed at validation of specific ERP measures as sensitive functional outcomes of experimental neuromodulation interventions such as rTMS and neurofeedback. Also discussed are additional aspects of ERP usefulness in psychiatry research and treatment.

Basic discriminative and semantic processing in patients in the vegetative and minimally conscious state

Patients who survive injuries to the brain following accidents or diseases often acquire a disorder of consciousness (DOC). Assessment of the state of consciousness in these patients is difficult since they are usually incapable of reproducible motor movements. The application of event-related potentials (ERP) recorded via EEG constitutes one promising approach to complement the assessment of cognitive functions in DOC patients. For these assessments, a hierarchical approach was suggested which means that paradigms aiming at higher order ERPs are only presented if early responses were found. In this study, 19 behaviorally unresponsive or low-responsive DOC patients were presented with three auditory paradigms using passive instructions. The paradigms aimed at eliciting the Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and N400 and were applied at two time points. One oddball paradigm (MMN) and two semantic paradigms (word-pairs: N400 Words; sentences: N400 Sentences) were included. The majority of patients (n=15) did not show any response to the stimulation. In the MMN paradigm, an MMN was identified in two patients, in the N400 Words paradigm, only an N1 was identified in one patient, and in the N400 Sentences paradigm, a late positive complex (LPC) was identified in two patients. These data contradict the hierarchical approach since the LPC was identified in patients who did not exhibit an MMN. They further support the notion that even higher information processing as addressed with the N400 paradigms is preserved in a minority of DOC patients. Thus, in this sample, around 10% of the DOC patients exhibited indicators of preserved consciousness.

Using event-related potentials to study the effects of chronic exercise on cognitive function

In recent years, advancements in neuroscientific methods have led to considerable progress with regard to the nature of the relationship between exercise and cognitive function. This review focuses on several components of the event-related potential (ERP) and how they can be successfully used to better understand subtle aspects of cognition that may be influenced by regular exercise participation. A select review of research that has incorporated ERPs to study the relationship between chronic exercise participation or cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive function is presented followed by a brief overview of important methodological considerations when using the ERP technique. Future directions for the application of ERPs to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of chronic exercise on cognitive function are offered.

Evaluation of post-traumatic anosmia with MRI and chemosensory ERPs.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and chemosensory event-related potentials (ERPs) are important methods to evaluate olfactory function, but there is lack of study to explore the application of MRI and chemosensory ERPs in the patients with traumatic anosmia. The data of 26 post-traumatic anosmic patients and 21 healthy controls were retrospectively surveyed; olfaction and olfactory pathway of all participants were measured clinically using the T&T olfactometer, the Sniffin' Sticks, chemosensory ERPs and MRI. All patients were anosmic based on complaints and clinical examinations. In five patients, the olfactory bulb volume was significantly lower than control group. In 18 patients, the olfactory sulcus (OS) depth was similar to control group, but all the participants had a deeper right OS (right = 7.79 ± 1.31, left = 7.06 ± 1.44, p < 0.01). Olfactory ERPs (oERPs) could be evoked in 17 patients, but these signals showed longer latencies and lower amplitude than controls in the N1 (latency p < 0.05, amplitude p < 0.01) and P2 (latency p < 0.01, amplitude p < 0.05) waves. Nine traumatic anosmic patients had no identifiable oERPs; most of them had olfactory center injury. Trigeminal ERPs were detected in all anosmic patients and controls; patients had longer latencies for N1 (p < 0.05) and P2 (p < 0.05) waves, while there was no similar change in amplitude. Older subjects had smaller OB volume and OS depth. Closed head injury could induce anosmia; the severity extent, injury site and subsequent consciousness are related to the olfaction. oERP is the gold standard for olfactory subjective examination; MRI could indicate the lesions on the olfactory pathway and reflect the possibility of detectable oERPs.

New neurotechnologies for the diagnosis and modulation of brain dysfunctions

This is a major review article to acquaint psychologists with new neurotechnologies for the diagnosis and modulation of brain abnormalities. While psychometrics measures brain functions in terms of behavioral parameters, a recently emerged branch of neuroscience called neurometrics relies on measuring the electrophysiological parameters of brain functioning. There are two approaches in neurometrics. The first relies on the spectral characteristics of spontaneous electroencephalograms (EEG) and measures deviations from normality in EEG recorded in the resting state. The second approach relies on event-related potentials (ERPs) that measure the electrical responses of the brain to stimuli and actions in behavioral tasks. The present study reviews recent research on the application of ERPs for the discrimination of different types of brain dysfunction. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is used as an example. It is shown that the diagnostic power of ERPs is enhanced by the recent emergence of new methods of analysis, such as independent component analysis (ICA) and low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA).

Feasibility of using event-related potentials as a sideline measure of neurocognitive dysfunction during sporting events

This study recorded brain event-related potentials (ERPs) during an attention task under two conditions: (a) immediately after strenuous exercise and (b) immediately after an extended rest period. The goal was to examine the effect of different physiological states on the electrophysiological data. As expected, a larger P3b ERP component was observed in response to attended infrequent events. Strenuous exercise did not differentially alter the amplitude or latency of the brain response during an attention task. This study reports a novel application of ERPs as a potential additional measure of the neurocognitive state that can be assessed on the sideline of a sporting event.

Exploiting the Self-Similarity in ERP Images by Nonlocal Means for Single-Trial Denoising

Event related potentials (ERPs) represent a noninvasive and widely available means to analyze neural correlates of sensory and cognitive processing. Recent developments in neural and cognitive engineering proposed completely new application fields of this well-established measurement technique when using an advanced single-trial processing. We have recently shown that 2-D diffusion filtering methods from image processing can be used for the denoising of ERP single-trials in matrix representations, also called ERP images. In contrast to conventional 1-D transient ERP denoising techniques, the 2-D restoration of ERP images allows for an integration of regularities over multiple stimulations into the denoising process. Advanced anisotropic image restoration methods may require directional information for the ERP denoising process. This is especially true if there is a lack of a priori knowledge about possible traces in ERP images. However due to the use of event related experimental paradigms, ERP images are characterized by a high degree of self-similarity over the individual trials. In this paper, we propose the simple and easy to apply nonlocal means method for ERP image denoising in order to exploit this self-similarity rather than focusing on the edge-based extraction of directional information. Using measured and simulated ERP data, we compare our method to conventional approaches in ERP denoising. It is concluded that the self-similarity in ERP images can be exploited for single-trial ERP denoising by the proposed approach. This method might be promising for a variety of evoked and event-related potential applications, including nonstationary paradigms such as changing exogeneous stimulus characteristics or endogenous states during the experiment. As presented, the proposed approach is for the a posteriori denoising of single-trial sequences.

Event-related potentials for the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the nosological entity of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) constitute a major public health concern. The diagnostic approach and therapeutic management of these disorders may be significantly improved by recent advances in the field of event-related potentials (ERPs). The authors performed a PubMed search in order to identify full-length, original research articles on the experimental and clinical application of ERPs in AD and MCI. The major part of the retrieved articles concerns the application of auditory and, to a lesser extent, visual ERPs for the early diagnosis of AD and MCI. Particular emphasis was placed on the role of ERPs in identifying the subgroup of MCI patients who will subsequently convert to AD. Other areas covered include the contribution of ERPs in the differential diagnosis of dementia types, the utility of ERPs for monitoring pharmacological treatment in AD and the correlation between ERPs and the results of neuropsychological testing. The reviewed evidence suggests that ERPs hold promise as an electrophysiological tool for the early and accurate diagnosis of AD and MCI. However, certain methodological issues need to be resolved before ERPs enter the arena of clinical practice.

Assessment of olfactory and trigeminal function using chemosensory event-related potentials

Goals To give an overview on the theoretical and practical applications of chemosensory event-related potentials. Methods Chemosensory event-related potentials (ERPs) may be elicited by brief and precisely defined odorous stimuli. Based on the principles of air-dilution olfactometry, a stimulator was developed in the late 1970s, which allows stimulation of the olfactory neuroepithelium and the nasal mucosa with no concomitant mechanical stimulation. Chemosensory ERPs were obtained after stimulation of the olfactory nerve (olfactory ERPs) or the trigeminal nerve (somatosensory or trigeminal ERPs). The characteristics of the stimulator for chemosensory research as well as the variables influencing the responses are discussed in this paper. Results Implementation and normative data from our department are reported with different clinical examples from otorhinolaryngologic clinic. The bulk of the evoked response consists of a large negative component (often referred to as N1), which occurs between 320 and 450 ms after stimulus onset. This component is followed by a large positive component, often referred to as P2, occurring between 530 and 800 ms after stimulus onset. Absence of olfactory ERPs and presence (even with subtle changes) of somatosensory ERPs is a strong indicator of the presence of an olfactory dysfunction. Conclusions This review examines and discusses the methods of chemosensory stimulation as well as the electrophysiological correlates elicited by such stimuli. The clinical applications of chemosensory ERPs in neurology and otorhinolaryngology are outlined.

Cognitive Event-Related Potentials: Useful Clinical Information in Alzheimers Disease

Cognitive event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used as a marker of cognitive function in patients with psychiatric and neurological disorders. In particular, the P300 potential has been widely utilized to study dementia and aging, because the P300 ERP component is easily observed and reflects attention and memory processing. However, the relationship between parameters of the P300 potential and the severity or type of cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains controversial. Because specific and effective anti-dementia treatments have recently become available for AD, more useful information is needed about the clinical aspects of this disease, including methods of making an accurate and early diagnosis, differentiation from vascular dementia and other degenerative dementias, assessment of severity, assessment of disease progression, evaluation of the response to treatment, and prediction of the prognosis. This mini-review described new discoveries on recent clinical application of ERPs in AD with respect to the above-mentioned areas. Although the definition of normal ERP values and the most appropriate method of ERP recording in AD patients have not been well defined, recent findings suggest that ERP analysis may be a clinically useful, inexpensive, noninvasive, and reliable method of assessing AD.

Applications of ERP and fMRI techniques to developmental science

AbstractEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging are both measures of functional brain activation that have been applied to developmental questions. However, the two measures are not identical and reflect different aspects of neuronal function at a physiological level. There is increasing interest in using these methods in combination because of the complementary information they provide about brain activation. ERPs provide more detailed information about the timing of neural activity, while fMRI provides more detailed information about its spatial location. Thus, their combined use may provide more detailed spatio‐temporal information than either method alone. In this paper, we review the basic principles of ERP and fMRI and present selected studies from our own work to illustrate their strengths for studies of development. In addition, we discuss the potential benefits and special challenges of the combined use of electrophysiological and functional MRI techniques.