Organization Of Events Research Articles

An Epidemiologic Comparison of Injuries to Skiers and Snowboarders Treated at United States Emergency Departments, 2000-2019.

Skiing and snowboarding are popular competitive and recreational sports that can be associated with significant injury. Previous studies of skiing and snowboarding injuries have been conducted, but studies evaluating injury types and patterns over long periods of time are needed to drive effective injury prevention efforts. We hypothesized that injury patterns would differ among snowboarders and skiers and that the number of injuries remained constant over time. This is a retrospective study of patients presenting with skiing or snowboarding injuries to the United States emergency departments from 2000 to 2019. A total of 34,720 injured skiers (48.0%) and snowboarders (52.0%) presented to US emergency departments over a 20-year period, representing an estimated 1,620,576 injuries nationwide. There is a decreasing trend of the number of injuries over the study period (p=0.012). Males represented the majority (65.7%) of injuries. Skiers were older than snowboarders (mean 30.1 vs. 20.0 years; p<0.001) and patients aged<18 represented more snowboarding (57.0%) than skiing (43.0%) injuries (p<0.001). Common diagnoses included fractures (33.0%) and sprains/strains (26.9%). Snowboarders primarily presented with upper extremity injuries, meanwhile, skiers primarily presented with lower extremity injuries. Most patients (93.2%), were treated and discharged from the emergency departments. Understanding the epidemiology of injuries presenting to emergency departments can help guide prehospital care and medical coverage allocation for resorts and event organizers, as well as identifying areas for targeted injury prevention efforts.

Re-activating “feel-good” effects as an intangible hosting vision

ABSTRACT Purpose This article connects conceptual discussions of “legacies” and intended “feel-good” effects in the case of the men’s UEFA 2024 European Championship (Euro 2024) that Germany will host. Approach The article draws upon insights from the existing literature, bid documents, and other web sources to explore the re-activation of feel-good effects and social impacts of hosting. Findings Euro 2024 helps us understand how feel-good effects from the standpoint of mega-events offer insight into propositions of collective pride, passion, and joy. Event promoters then can focus on re-activating this notion of feel-good for socio-political effects. This remains crucial because the pre-event discourse which facilitates a celebration and festivity takes up a political and social significance. Practical Implications The article can provide lessons for event stakeholders and organizers on the ideas of “legacies” and “feel-good”. Research Contributions The article contributes with new insight into the persuasive use of promoting social and intangible impacts. It speaks to considerations event organizers are taking to make efforts to socially engage people during the pre-event phase. It launches a number of future considerations that help us think about the intended event experience as destinations seek to deliver events that are more meaningful for locals and visitors.

Digitalization in the event industry: a bibliometric analysis

PurposeThe paper aims to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art of the event industry in the context of digitalization to understand how digital technologies change the event industry and what research topics are the most promising for further exploration.Design/methodology/approachA bibliometric analysis of the existing body of knowledge on the topic was conducted and the results were visualized using CiteSpace 5.8.R3. A total of 1999 articles and proceeding papers from the Web of Science Core Collection published between 2007 and 2022 were selected for our analysis. Based on the articles and proceeding papers in the Web of Science Core Collection database, we selected a set of publications for our analysis. The data were obtained through specific keywords related to our research topic. The method involves a process of three main stages: data collection, data processing and the bibliometric analysis.FindingsCo-citation analysis indicated that issues of crowd management and tracking human mobility during mass events are important for the event industry and that technologies such as the Internet of Things, special-purpose mobile applications and systems make it easier for an event organizer to handle the issues. The findings demonstrated a weak scientific collaboration between countries in the topic studied and shift of research hotspots to study of satisfaction, motivation and behavioral patterns of events attendees. Based on this analysis, three directions for future research were revealed.Research limitations/implicationsThe results should be interpreted in light of our sample, because the analysis was conducted within our sample which has boundaries. We collected data from all categories in the Web of Science Core Collection database, but we considered only articles and proceeding papers as opposed to all possible types of scientific publications and other databases. In the study, we focused on detecting the state-of-the-art of the event industry in the context of digitalization overall. More specific topics that could be analyzed remain, for example, the dependency of digital technologies from the event type, etc.Practical implicationsThis study reflects the state-of-the-art of the event industry in the context of digitalization. It provides researchers with key developmental trends in the event industry, which assists them in more deeply understanding the evolution of research hotspots in the field during last 15 years and defining future research agenda. The paper presents an overview of digital technologies used in various types of events and describes the issues and results related to the implementing digital technologies. The results obtained were extremely important, as they can be used by event managers and organizers to enhance customers’ experience during the events.Originality/valueThis study reflects the state-of-the-art of the event industry in the context of digitalization. This is the first attempt to make an overall analysis of scientific papers published in the Web of Science Core Collection on the topic studied without excluding any categories. The search procedure is transparent, and the results can be reproduced in other search fields using the same approach. Based on this analysis, three directions for future research were revealed including technological aspects of online event-based social networks, issues of crowd management and security at mass events and issues of attendees’ acceptance of novel digital technologies.

Pengaruh Keterlibatan Karyawan, Job Design, Flexible Working Arrangement, Work Engagement terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada Karyawan Freelance Wedding dan Event Organizer

This research aims to examine the influence of employee involvement, job design, flexible working arrangements, and work engagement on employee performance. The sample for this research is freelance wedding organizer and event organizer employees in Magelang. The sampling method uses purposive sampling with a total of 100 respondents. The data analysis technique used in this research uses multiple linear analysis which is processed using SPSS version 25 software. The results of this research show that employee involvement, job design, flexible working arrangements, and work engagement simultaneously influences employee performance. Meanwhile, in the individual analysis, employee involvement, job design, flexible working arrangements and work engagement directly have a positive and significant effect on employee performance.

The “sports wars”: A contest theory approach to cities hosting game

The competition among cities to host a sports team or a large-scale international sports event is modeled as a winner-pay contest with an entry fee. In the first stage, each contestant (city) decides whether to pay the entry fee (infrastructure required by the team, for example), which allows it to participate in the second stage, that is, the actual contest. We show that the contest organizer’s choice of the optimal entry fee does not depend on the number of contestants. Furthermore, in some cases, the result is a form of zero-sum game, in which the sports team or event organizer is the main beneficiary. The findings shed light on this type of competition and under what conditions on the entry fee a city might benefit from hosting a sports team or large-scale international sports event.

How do event organizers and stakeholders collaborate to achieve the event’s strategic objectives? Leveraging the Tour de Okinawa

This study aimed to identify the strategic objectives of the Tour de Okinawa, classified as a non-mega sporting event, and investigate the means by which the event organizer and stakeholders seek to leverage the event. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 individuals, including representatives of the event organizer and five stakeholder organizations, who are involved in leveraging the Tour de Okinawa. Study findings were categorized according to the strategic objectives of “promotion of the event and the city” and “development and promotion of cycling in the city” identified by the event organizer. To achieve these strategic objectives, “media,” “social exchange/interaction,” “environmental considerations,” and “medical system” were used by the event organizer and stakeholders to achieve the “promotion of the event and the city.” Moreover, they identified “bicycle environment,” “course environment,” and “related events” to achieve the “development and promotion of cycling in the city.” This study extended the existing literature by examining stakeholder collaboration in the context of event leverage. In addition, new findings that differed from previous studies included environmental considerations, medical systems, and bicycle environment as effective means of achieving strategic objectives.

Challenges and practices in international sport federations to gain and maintain legitimacy

Introduction International sport federations (IFs) are today part of complex ecosystems (Bayle, 2023). As governing bodies, they are regulators and define and sanction sporting and participation rules. IFs are further organizers of international sport events, some of which attract large audiences and investments. In this role, IFs have to satisfy diverging demands of multiple stakeholders (Chappelet, 2021). Additionally, IFs have become important social, economic and political actors. They are employers and as such contribute to the local economy and have a corporate social responsibility. And with sport being increasingly interwoven with money, power, politics and state interests, IFs also influence and are influenced by geopolitics. This has entailed corruption and self-enrichment on one side of the spectrum, and it enabled peace processes and development on the other side. In this complex web of mission, expectations and pressures, how do IFs gain/maintain legitimation? Methods Using literature research and desk research, we first focus on the role and mission of IFs since their creation and illustrate an overview of the changing expectations against which IFs sought/seek legitimacy (historical timeline). Reflecting the conceptual model of Bayle and Clausen (2023, under review) on IFs’ organizational performance and its operationalization, we then map explicit and implicit performance indicators that derive from IFs’ mission and the multiple social, economic and political activities they have embraced over the past decades. Based on this mapping, we discuss IFs’ strategies to meet expectations and pressures that result from these performance indicators. We conclude the presentation with an assessment of the interrelation between expectations towards IFs, strategies developed by IFs, and internal/external performance control mechanisms based on five interviews. Results The social, political, and economic influence of IFs is largely recognized today. Yet, their legitimacy as non-profit governing bodies of sport in the eyes of prominent stakeholders (e.g., IOC, governments, sponsors) is currently reduced to their ability to comply with dominant governance and sustainability frameworks. As a result of this narrow focus, academics and practitioners have developed a good understanding and monitoring mechanisms of IFs’ governance practices. On the other hand, IFs’ performance and legitimacy from a mission and purpose perspective is greatly understudied. Discussion/Conclusion One of the challenges in defining performance indicators for IFs is their broad societal mission. Firstly, the impact of IFs’ activities to contribute to some sort of societal betterment is difficult to measure. And secondly, the priorities of societal issues change (e.g., poverty, health, climate). Any performance measurement system for IFs therefore needs to be dynamic to address both IFs’ mission and evolving external expectations.

The unheard voices of academia: overcoming systemic barriers and fostering inclusive spaces for knowledge exchange

Our paper aims to consider how hybrid academic conferences can create inclusive spaces for knowledge exchange. The paper begins by considering the purpose of academic conferences and identifying the groups of people excluded when conferences are run in an in-person-only format. Reasons for exclusion include being disabled, being a carer, being unable to travel (e.g. in the final trimester of pregnancy), being unable to secure a VISA, or being unable to access funds to cover travel and accommodation costs. Next, we consider the existing challenges that individuals and event organizers face concerning academic conferences. Then, pragmatic opportunities for event organizers are presented, making the case for running conferences in a hybrid format. The paper concludes with a call to action for promoting care democracy in the workplace by addressing the humanity deficit and the unheard voice of academics currently excluded from in-person-only academic conferences.

Protection enhancement strategies of potential outbreaks during Hajj.

This study aimed to assist governments and organizers of mass gathering events in reviewing existing preventive measures for disease outbreaks to inform the adoption of enhanced strategies for risk reduction and impacts on public health. A cross-sectional, quantitative, descriptive study. This study was conducted in a mass gathering of Hajj, an annual religious event in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. A convenience sample of 70 personnel working in government ministries of Saudi Arabia (Ministry of Health, Ministry of Hajj, and Ministry of Interior) and the Saudi Red Crescent Authority involved in health management in Hajj, including policy formulation and implementation. Perception and knowledge of health risks and outbreaks associated with Hajj. The majority of the respondents (60 percent) expressed concern about the potential for infection transmission during Hajj. The respondents also reported having or knowing a colleague, a friend, or a family member with a history of infection during or after Hajj. However, the respondents' knowledge of the possible modes of infection of various diseases was limited. Hajj is associated with various risks of outbreaks, and thus, better protection-enhancing measures are required. Training personnel involved in health management, including planners, coordinators, and healthcare providers, can help reduce the risks and prevent potential outbreaks.

Beyond barriers, towards diversity: how hybrid student conferences can drive accessibility.

The third International Student Symposium on Animal Behaviour and Cognition (ISSABC) aimed to address barriers for early career researchers, hosting a conference both in-person and online at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). The conference, attended by 101 in-person and 79 virtual participants from 24 countries, featured 81 presentations, 29 posters, five plenary talks, three workshops, and a career development round-table discussion. A user-friendly website and digital platforms facilitated communication and real-time discussions between in-person and online participants. Transparent fund management, support from sponsors and societies, and sustainable practices ensured financial accountability and minimised environmental impact. The conference emphasised sustainability measures, including eco-friendly catering and local reusable mugs. Future organisers of similar events are encouraged to prioritise local representation, plan contingencies, select plenary speakers rigorously, and employ effective marketing. With this meeting review, we highlight how hybrid conferences like the third ISSABC, through innovative approaches and sustainable practices, enhance accessibility, inclusivity, and empower the next generation of scientists.

Segmenting, Targeting, and Positioning Strategies in the formation of Mahar Agung Organizer's Brand Image

In order to create a competitive advantage, the strategy that is considered effective in overcoming it is the existence of the right strategy, for example the STP (Segmenting, Targeting, Positioning) strategy. This research focuses on analyzing the marketing strategy of Mahar Agung Organizer Event Organizer (EO) on brand image formation. This research is useful in knowing how wedding organizer services maximize their marketing strategies to get as much profit as possible. This research is a type of qualitative research that uses descriptive analysis. The results of this study indicate a segmentation strategy based on geographic, demographic, behavioral, and psychographic segmentation. The focus of Mahar Agung Organizer's target is from the upper middle class community with an age range of 20-60 years in the East Java Province area. The implementation of the right positioning and targeting has succeeded in forming a positive brand image of Mahar Agung Organizer as a top quality EO in handling traditional Javanese weddings.

Exploring the nexus between sustainability and food events

Objective: Food tourism can have social, economic, and environmental benefits. However, its environmental impact is high. Food festivals need to be managed in a sustainable perspective that reduces their environmental footprint and contributes to the economic and social development of communities. This article aims to describe the literature linking food events and sustainability, to pave the way for further research to contribute to sustainable development.Methodology: The PRISMA model is used to structure and document the conducted review. A descriptive and narrative analysis will be carried out by analysing time, impact of journals, main authors, and methodological characteristics. Finally, the main objectives, contributions and limitations are highlighted.Results: The search reveals a scarce literature on the subject. The studies are mostly empirical and use different analytical techniques. However, it is difficult to generalise the results. In addition, there is a paucity of articles dealing exclusively with waste management, which calls for progress in this area of research. There is a need for further research in this area. There is an opportunity for publication by young researchers or for the development of new lines of research.Limitations: The information could be extended by using other databases and analysed with bibliometric or content analysis software.Practical implications: This study gathers information that can help organisers of food events to identify sustainable practices and reduce their environmental impact.

Fair world para masters point system for swimming

Abstract A fair and inclusive competition depends on a scoring system that takes all relevant factors into account. We analysed the current World Para Point System for swimming and identified several theoretical and practical disadvantages. We propose and test a Fair World Para Point System that not only improves the algorithm, but also extends it to accommodate for the age of the athlete. It also provides a method to break point ties. This will enable para masters swimmers for the first time to compete fairly with each other. We also develop and publish tools that enable event organisers to directly use the Fair World Para Point System.

ORGANIZATION OF SPORTS EVENTS IN MODERN CONDITIONS

The aim of the article is to study the features of the organization of sports events under martial law. It is established that the main risks on the way to the effective organization and conduct of sports events under martial law are the escalation of hostilities in the region, the decrease in the popularity of the sport, the convenience of the infrastructure of the sports facility, and the popularity of athletes participating in competitions. The strengths of sports event organizers are: a positive image; accessibility of sporting events; success of image projects; mass events and involvement of the general public; Effective marketing activities. The weaknesses of the organizers of sports events are: location in the war zone; prohibition of international competitions; deficit of budget financing of sports events; destruction of sports facilities intended for sports events. The main ways to overcome the crisis phenomena associated with the war and its consequences for the organizers of sports events are: ensuring safety and comfort during events, increasing the number of participants in sports events, strengthening international ties with physical culture and sports organizations, improving marketing and scientific activities, cooperation with public organizations of physical culture and sports.

Smart algorithmic solutions for audience service quality evaluation for large-scale sports-events through harnessing interval neutrosophic EDAS and CRITIC Technique

Sports events, as large-scale events that provide products and services, have received widespread attention for their economic benefits and influence. Event organizers expect to achieve high efficiency by providing high-quality products and services. The quality of competition products and services is mainly evaluated through the subjective feelings of the audience, and usually the audience’s evaluation of service quality is vague. Therefore, this article intends to establish an evaluation index system for the quality of spectator service in sports events, in order to provide a reasonable evaluation of the service products provided by sports event organizers. The audience service quality evaluation for large-scale sports-events is a MAGDM problems. Recently, the EDAS and CRITIC technique has been employed to cope with MAGDM issues. The interval neutrosophic sets (INSs) are employed as a tool for characterizing uncertain information during the audience service quality evaluation for large-scale sports-events. In this paper, the interval neutrosophic number EDAS (INN-EDAS) technique based on the Hamming distance and Euclid distance is founded to manage the MAGDM under INSs. The CRITIC technique is employed to obtain the weight information based on the Hamming distance and Euclid distance under INSs. Finally, a numerical case study for audience service quality evaluation for large-scale sports-events is employed to validate the proposed technique. The main contributions of this paper are proposed: (1) The INN-EDAS technique based on the Hamming distance and Euclid distance is founded to manage the MAGDM under INSs; (2) The CRITIC technique is employed to obtain the weight information based on the Hamming distance and Euclid distance under INSs; (3) a numerical case study for audience service quality evaluation for large-scale sports-events is employed to validate the proposed technique.

Running toward Sustainability: Exploring Off-Peak Destination Resilience through a Mixed-Methods Approach—The Case of Sporting Events

The sustainability of tourism activities faces many challenges. Furthermore, in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their overall slow progress, tourism-related goals and targets are underachieved. To address these challenges, this study has recognized sporting events as an opportunity to enhance the socio-economic activities in tourism destinations during off-season periods. More specifically, the aim of this study is to explore the dynamics of off-season destination resilience through small-scale running events, focusing on three key aspects: the strategies employed by organizers, the synergy created within the community, and the sustainable outcomes. Drawing on insights from qualitative interviews with twenty-five running event organizers across Greece, supported by the Delphi method to confirm and validate the results, their perceptions of the economic and socio-cultural dimensions are explored. This study identifies a number of strategies that enrich running events and can contribute to the sustainability of off-peak destinations. Additionally, the concept of synergy is identified and explored, emphasizing the importance of local engagement, participant encouragement, and community collaborations. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of how these factors can influence the sustainability of off-peak destinations. To further validate and extend these findings, the second part of this study performs a quantitative analysis using PLS-SEM, involving eighty local authorities in Greece. The results highlight the mediating role of small-scale event enrichment strategies on the relationship between synergy and destination sustainability. This multifaceted approach indicates the dynamics of sustainable tourism, by examining the case of small-scale running events in the off-peak season. The impact of this balanced approach on the broader achievement of relevant SDGs is also supported. The implications of this research, in terms of its strategic and stakeholder orientation for tourism professionals and government agencies, are also discussed.

“If we're wrong, take us to court”: An analysis of special police services (SPS) arrangements for the policing of football in England and Wales

Under the Police Act 1996, Special Police Services (SPS) allow the police in England and Wales to partially cost recover for resources deployed to police events such as football, horse racing and music festivals. Historically, there have been numerous legal cases about SPS charges involving police forces and event organisers. Most recently Ipswich Town Football Club Company Limited vs. The Chief Constable of Suffolk Constabulary [2017] EWCA Civ 1484, resulted in clarification on points of law and a more restricted area within which police forces can charge for SPS. This qualitative research interviews police officers engaged in policing football, football club representatives and other key stakeholders involved in the SPS negotiation process. It finds that there are divisive approaches by both parties, which can result in compromising public safety. The notion of SPS being abolished is explored, despite potential benefits of this, further research is recommended to examine this further.

The Interrelationship Between Viewership Motivation, Team Loyalty, Fan Identification and Viewership Behaviour in Cricket: A PLS-SEM Approach

Cricket has emerged as a leading sport, with 2.5 billion fans worldwide. This study addresses the gap in the interlinkage between viewership motivation (VM), fan identification (FI), team loyalty (TL) and viewership behaviour (VB) and its implications on media and entertainment companies, cricket administrators and event organisers. The study is based on a survey research design with a sample size of 283 who watch cricket live in stadiums or other digital platforms. The data were analysed, and hypotheses were tested using partial least square-based structural equation modelling. Results establish a positive causal relationship between VM and FI, FI and VB, full mediation effect of FI between VM and VB, and the moderating effect of TL between VM and FI. The causal relationship between VM and VB is not proven in our study, which is in line with the earlier findings. The study provides insights to different cricket stakeholders to accept the importance of the second-order latent construct VM and its positive influence on FI. Promoting team identity in commercials and narratives to positively influence VB is critical, including the promotion of fandom to motivate viewership consumption. Viewers high on TL have high FI, hence the need to target the teams’ loyalists for high viewership explicitly.

Implementation of Social Media as a Digital Marketing Strategy using Aida Analysis in Event Organizers

Event Organizer is a team that conceptualizes an event and implements and evaluates each agenda that has been implemented. To make the wishes and dreams of many people come true, especially at weddings, event organizers offer professional services that can reach the entire community to make these dreams come true. Having a professional team such as an Event Organizer greatly influences the success of an event, from small events organized by companies, concerts or public entertainment to personal events such as weddings. The people of Surabaya already know and trust the professional service team that can plan wedding processions, namely Mahar Agung Organizer. In introducing the Creative Industry Business, Mahar Agung Organizer uses digital promotion strategies through social media such as YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, and Websites to carry out promotions. This research aims to describe strategies for how an event organizer business can develop social media such as Instagram and TikTok as the main promotional media to get clients. Through AIDA analysis (attention, interest, desire, action). The method in this research is descriptive qualitative by describing in detail and analyzing the results of field observations, literature studies, interviews and documentation. This research shows the results that social media has a big influence on clients' interest in using the professional services of Mahar Agung Organizer which always has attractive offers and informative content regularly.

Sociohistorical development of sim racing in European and Asia-Pacific esports: A cross-cultural qualitative study

With the accelerated growth of the sim racing industry over the last few years, research on the phenomenon has started to emerge. Nonetheless, the history of sim racing remains unmapped. This study aims to fill the gap by investigating the development in sim racing in Europe and in Asia-Pacific between 1997 and 2021. Twenty four semi-structured interviews were carried out with experts representing sim racing associations, event organizers, and teams from Europe and Asia-Pacific. Data were analyzed using an inductive-deductive codebook approach. The results show the evolution of sim racing throughout five sociohistorical stages, which demonstrate how sim racing emerged as a hybrid of esports and motorsports and has kept evolving since ‘in-between’ their respective actors until today. The findings suggest that the slow evolution of sim racing has been particularly dependent on networked sociocultural actors, while positively affected by uncontrollable events like the COVID-19 pandemic. As a key implication, we find that the history of sim racing differs from that of esports by its multifaceted dependence on the motorsports ecosystem.