Events In India Research Articles

Impact of haze events on airborne bacterial consortia\u2013a case study

Transboundary haze events received a noticeable attention recently, due to their frequent occurrences. They are mainly, consequences of anthropogenic activities. Sri Lanka experienced a haze event parallel to India in November 2019, the first air pollution event in Sri Lanka linked to a haze event in India. Due to the limited availability of information on haze-related microorganisms, we conducted this study in Kandy, Sri Lanka, aiming to explore the airborne bacterial consortia during a haze event. The natural sedimentation method was used for air sampling. Bacterial identification and the total bacterial load were determined using Sanger sequencing and qPCR. Notably, the total bacterial load was elevated by ~ 40% with the haze and decreased with decreasing haze intensity. The highest bacterial load was reported during the day time of the most intense hazy day (1.89 × 106 cells/µl) compared to non-hazy days (lowest; 1.12 × 105 cells/µl). Twelve bacterial species were identified and the most abundant phylum was Proteobacteria. The most common species observed during haze was Acinetobacter modestus. The percentage of culturable bacterial species was also high during the haze event (75% during day time of the most intense hazy day compared to 25% on the control). Two human pathogenic bacteria Burkholderia multivorans and Chryseobacterium gleum were found only during the haze event. Therefore, haze events could be hazardous to humans by means of the presence and fluctuating amounts of pathogenic bacteria. Thus, these findings are important in developing policies and guidelines to monitor and minimize the negative impact of haze events.

Maternal near miss events in India.

Background & objectives:Maternal morbidity is an indicator of the quality of a country’s maternal health services. Maternal near miss (MNM) can provide valuable information in this context and hence these cases need to be reviewed which can indirectly play a major role in reducing maternal mortality ratio in India. The objectives of the present review were to find the prevalence/incidence, criteria used for identification, review the causes of MNM cases and identify the contributory factors responsible for the occurrence of these cases based on three-delay model.Methods:Articles were identified from the PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Cochrane Library using search terms such as ‘Maternal Near Miss’,‘maternal morbidity’, ‘India’ among others. All health facility-based observational studies conducted in India published between 2010 to 2019 irrespective of data collection period, and criteria used for identification of MNM cases were included for review. Data were extracted from included studies and summarized in terms of prevalence/incidence, ratio and percentage.Results:Out of 25 studies, majority were prospective observational conducted at government health facilities. The incidence of MNM varied widely from 3.9 to 379.5 per 1000 live births and 7.6-60.4 per 1000 deliveries. MNM: Maternal Death varied from 1.7:1 to 21.8:1; studies used different criteria to define MNM cases.Interpretation & conclusions:Hypertensive disorders and anaemia were the leading direct and indirect causes of MNM, respectively. There was a lack of uniformity in using the criteria for MNM across studies conducted in India over the last decade. Future studies on MNM in India should follow the uniform criteria mentioned in the MNM-Review guidelines released by the Government of India in 2014 for obtaining systematic data and proper summary estimates.

Do demand curves for stocks slope down - new evidence from a unique event in India

Do demand curves for stocks slope down - new evidence from a unique event in India

Genetic variation in the Giant African SnailLissachatina fulica(Bowdich, 1822) in its invasive ranges of Asia and West Africa

AbstractThe rapidly spreading Giant African Snail Lissachatina [=Achatina] fulica (Bowdich, 1822) has been introduced to many parts of the world since the 1800s and is one of the world’s most invasive species. We compared cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences from four invasive ranges: India, United Arab Emirates (UAE), China and West Africa. Sixteen distinct haplotypes were identified, with nine found in India, four in the UAE, one in China and four in West Africa. Haplotype 5 was the most common haplotype in Asia and haplotype 1 the most common in West Africa. Network analysis suggests that all haplotypes in India, the UAE, China and West Africa were derived from the most common haplotype 5 which is present in all three invasive ranges in Asia. Higher levels of genetic variation were observed in the invasive ranges of Asia than in West Africa. The high genetic variation observed in Asia, together with high levels of trade as exemplified by wood import data, supports the hypothesis that there could have been multiple invasion events in India and the UAE. Additional sampling from the native and invasive ranges in Africa and from other regions of invasion is essential for understanding the movement and spread of L. fulica.

Faktor-faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian BBLR (Berat Badan Lahir Rendah) di Asia dan Afrika

According to WHO, 20 million babies born every year experience LBW, and 96.5% of them occur in developing countries. This study aims to analyze the factors associated with LBW events. The design of this study is literature review. The articles collected are grouped according to the following inclusion criteria: 1) is a cross sectional study; 2) respondents are children aged 0-59 months; 3) research locations in Asia or Africa. The results of the study show that the sex of the child has a significant relationship with LBW in India, Indonesia, Afghanistan, Armenia, Cambodia, Jordan and Tanzania. Mothers aged ≥ 35 years are more at risk of giving birth to LBW babies in Armenia, Cambodia, Jordan, Nepal, Pakistan, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Burkina Faso, Ghana and Senegal. Mother's education has a significant relationship with LBW in Oman, Afghanistan, Armenia, India, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Jordan, Burkina Faso, Malawi, Senegal, Uganda, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. Occupational mothers have a significant relationship with LBW only in Nepal, and Pakistan. Maternal nutritional status (IMT) has a significant relationship with LBW events in India, Cambodia, Nepal, Pakistan, Jordan, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. Pregnancy complications have a relationship with LBW only in Indonesia, and Oman. The number of parities has a significant relationship with LBW in Indonesia, Armenia, Cambodia, Nepal, Pakistan, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. The number of ANC attendees has a significant relationship with LBW in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Jordan, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. The economic status of the family was found to have relations with LBW in Afghanistan, Armenia, Indonesia, Cambodia, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Jordan, Tanzania and Zimbabwe.

Long memory investigation during demonetization in India

Long-range dependence (LRD) in financial markets remains a key factor in determining whether there is market memory, herding traces, or a bubble in the economy. Usually referred to as ‘Long Memory’, LRD has remained a key parameter even today since the mid-1970s. In November 2016, a sudden and drastic demonetization measure took place in the Indian market, aimed at curbing money laundering and terrorist funding. This study is an attempt to identify market behavior using long-range dependence during those few days in demonetization. Besides, it tries to identify nascent traces of bubble and embedded herding during that time. Auto Regressive Fractionally Integrated Moving Average (ARFIMA) is used for three consecutive days around the event. Tick-by-tick data from CNX Nifty High Frequency Trading (CNX Nifty HFT) is used for three consecutive days around demonetization (approximately, 5000 data points from morning trading sessions on each of the three days). The results show a clear and profound presence of herd behavior in all three data sets. The herd intensity remained similar, indicating a unique mixture of both ‘Noah Effect’ and ‘Joseph Effect’, proving a clear regime switch. However, the results on the event day show stable and prominent herding. Mandelbrot’s specified effects were tested on an uncertain and sudden financial event in India and proved to function perfectly.

Art-event image in city brand equity: mediating role of city brand attachment

PurposeAll touristic cities have their unique attributes to showcase and differentiate themselves from others. This distinctive attribute is the unique selling product or tourism product of a particular city. It could be an art form, culture, regional climate, food and festival. Literature indicates that the identity of the entire city would be affected by such tourism products. The purpose of this study is to analyse the influence of the ‘image’ of an Art-event to city branding. The study also examines the mediating role of ‘city attachment’ in the relationship between event image and city brand equity.Design/methodology/approachIn all, 432 samples have been collected from visitors to one of the biggest contemporary art events in India – the “Kochi-Muziris Biennale – 2018,” conducted in the city of Cochin, situated in Kerala, the southernmost state of India.FindingsResults show that the direct relationship between event image and city brand equity is stronger than the hypothesised path through the mediating role of city attachment.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides a better understanding of the event image and its importance in creating the host city’s brand equity. It contributes to both the practitioners and tourism researchers.Originality/valueThis study looks at the event image through functional and affective aspects and its influence on city attachment and city brand equity.

‘Using a Blacksmith’s Hammer to Crush a Fly’: Jallianwala Bagh, Public Order and Popular Protests in late Colonial India

This article reconstructs the unfolding of events in India in March–April 1919 that led to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. It evaluates the circumstances and the administrative and military response from a legal history perspective. It argues that the Jallianwala Bagh massacre was not a unique event but culminated colonial rage against a broader anti-colonial mobilisation.

Exploring the Potential of Twitter to Understand Traffic Events and Their Locations in Greater Mumbai, India

Detecting traffic events and their locations is important for an effective transportation management system and better urban policy making. Traffic events are related to traffic accidents, congestion, parking issues, to name a few. Currently, traffic events are detected through static sensors e.g., CCTV camera, loop detectors. However they have limited spatial coverage and high maintenance cost, especially in developing regions. On the other hand, with Web 2.0 and ubiquitous mobile platforms, people can act as social sensors sharing different traffic events along with their locations. We investigated whether Twitter – a social media platform can be useful to understand urban traffic events from tweets in India. However, such tweets are informal and noisy and containing vernacular geographical information making the location retrieval task challenging. So far most authors have used geotagged tweets to identify traffic events which accounted for only 0.1%-3% or sometimes less than that. Recently Twitter has removed precise geotagging, further decreasing the utility of such approaches. To address these issues, this research explored how ungeotagged tweets could be used to understand traffic events in India. We developed a novel framework that does not only categorize traffic related tweets but also extracts the locations of the traffic events from the tweet content in Greater Mumbai. The results show that an SVM based model performs best detecting traffic related tweets. While extracting location information, a hybrid georeferencing model consists of a supervised learning algorithm and a number of spatial rules outperforms other models. The results suggest people in India, especially in Greater Mumbai often share traffic information along with location mentions, which can be used to complement existing physical transport infrastructure in a cost-effective manner to manage transport services in the urban environment.

Profiling Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission and the resulting disease burden in the five highest tuberculosis burden countries

BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) control efforts are hampered by an imperfect understanding of TB epidemiology. The true age distribution of disease is unknown because a large proportion of individuals with active TB remain undetected. Understanding of transmission is limited by the asymptomatic nature of latent infection and the pathogen’s capacity for late reactivation. A better understanding of TB epidemiology is critically needed to ensure effective use of existing and future control tools.MethodsWe use an agent-based model to simulate TB epidemiology in the five highest TB burden countries—India, Indonesia, China, the Philippines and Pakistan—providing unique insights into patterns of transmission and disease. Our model replicates demographically realistic populations, explicitly capturing social contacts between individuals based on local estimates of age-specific contact in household, school and workplace settings. Time-varying programmatic parameters are incorporated to account for the local history of TB control.ResultsWe estimate that the 15–19-year-old age group is involved in more than 20% of transmission events in India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Pakistan, despite representing only 5% of the local TB incidence. According to our model, childhood TB represents around one fifth of the incident TB cases in these four countries. In China, three quarters of incident TB were estimated to occur in the ≥ 45-year-old population. The calibrated per-contact transmission risk was found to be similar in each of the five countries despite their very different TB burdens.ConclusionsAdolescents and young adults are a major driver of TB in high-incidence settings. Relying only on the observed distribution of disease to understand the age profile of transmission is potentially misleading.

An Event Access on the Nascent Municipal Bond Market in India, Under a Seven-I Framework

The objective of this paper is to trace the events in India from July 2013 until May 2015, and conduct an updated study on the opportunities and challenges presented by the issuance and trading of Munis in India. Such a study is intended to provide a comprehensive perspective for consideration by various stakeholders and policy makers in India. This is an event study using news analytics under the Seven-I framework (Issuers, Investors, Intermediaries, Instrument, Innovation, Incentives, Information) to provide specific insights to take the development of a Muni bond market forward. The latest development in the field of Munis in India is the release of SEBI Regulations for the listing and trading and the relevant disclosure norms. In parallel, SEBI is in close contact with the Ministry of Finance, Government of India for creating a policyframework for market-based funding of municipalities in India. Governance, Management and the Issuer’s perspectives have been identified as the most-highlighted aspects from the data. However, SEBI and the Ministry of Finance also need to take note of the enveloping factors arising from the other Six Is, so that an enabling environment is created for a vibrant Muni bond market in India

October revolution, echoes of the past: Lenin in popular sites and theatre

ABSTRACTFollowing the centenary of the October Revolution (1917), this essay examines commemorative events in India and beyond and the contradictions of depicting the socialist revolution through its leader, Lenin (1870–1924). The Lenin cult dominates cultural-historical narratives, manifesting either in the iconization or iconoclasm of the leadership figure. In this context, this essay aims to revisit the sites of cultural manifestations and offer critical insights. By juxtaposing dramatic and theatre works from Germany, the United Kingdom, and India from the second half of the twentieth century, I explore alternate strategies of grappling with both the failures and the impact of the Revolution beyond the personality cult. Each work deploys various strategies of self-reflexive criticality of the Left. This essay aims to connect the past with the present and critique trends leading towards a consensus culture around cult figures.

ADolescents gEnder surVey, rEsponsible coupLes evaluatiOn, and capacity building Project in India (DEVELOP): a study protocol.

Gender-based violence against women is a serious concern in India. This affects the health and wellbeing of victims and their dependents. Published evidence has documented a variety of reasons for such violence in Indian societies, paving a pathway to design, implement, and evaluate intervention models to address this issue. DEVELOP is a research study designed by UK and Indian research teams to plan future projects to address gender-based discrimination and violence against women and girls in India. This study protocol provides detailed information on the objectives, research methods, data collection, storage, analysis, and dissemination plans of the DEVELOP. The first component is a survey of adolescent boys and girls from rural areas of Maharashtra state of India to understand their gender equality related knowledge and beliefs. The insight gathered will be used to design interventions targeted at adolescent populations through future research and development programmes. Secondly, an evaluation of the 'Responsible Couples' project will be conducted to assess its success and challenges, and to design suitable programme activities and models. The 'Responsible Couples' project is implemented in 40 villages of Maharashtra state to improve relationships in married couples, prevent violence against women, intervene during violence, and to provide support services for women and their family members. Research findings will be disseminated though public engagement events in India, international conferences, and peer reviewed publications. This will impact on the policy and work models of Indian partners to plan future project investments. Research findings will be also useful for local government authorities and non-government agencies striving to advance gender equality.

Examining event image as a predictor of loyalty intentions in yoga tourism event: A mediation model

This study investigated the direct and indirect influences of event image on loyalty behavior via perceived value and satisfaction using multiple mediation models in yoga tourism event. The survey data were collected using structured questionnaires from 605 tourists visiting a yoga tourism event in India. The analyses were conducted using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling with 5,000 bootstraps. The results indicated that event image has both direct and indirect influences on loyalty intentions via perceived value and satisfaction. In addition, event image was found as the strongest predictor of loyalty behavior in yoga tourism event.

What caused the extreme CO concentrations during the 2017 high-pollution episode in India?

Abstract. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), launched 13 October 2017, has been measuring carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in the Earth's atmosphere since early November 2017. In the first measurements, TROPOMI was able to measure CO concentrations of the high-pollution event in India of November 2017. In this paper, we studied the extent of the pollution in India, comparing the TROPOMI CO with modeled data from the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) to identify the most important sources contributing to the high pollution, both at ground level and in the total column. We investigated the period 11–19 November 2017. We found that residential and commercial combustion was a much more important source of CO pollution than the post-monsoon crop burning during this period, which is in contrast to what media suggested and some studies on aerosol emissions found. Also, the high pollution was not limited to Delhi and its direct neighborhood but the accumulation of pollution extended over the whole Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) due to the unfavorable weather conditions in combination with extensive emissions. From the TROPOMI data and WRF simulations, we observed a buildup of CO during 11–14 November and a decline in CO after 15 November. The meteorological conditions, characterized by low wind speeds and shallow atmospheric boundary layers, were most likely the primary explanation for the temporal accumulation and subsequent dispersion of regionally emitted CO in the atmosphere. This emphasizes the important role of atmospheric dynamics in determining the air quality conditions at ground level and in the total column. Due to its rapidly growing population and economy, India is expected to encounter similar pollution events more often in future post-monsoon and winter seasons unless significant policy measures are taken to reduce residential and commercial emissions.

An observational study of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests reported in Indian print media

Background: Newspapers in India often report incidents of cardiac arrest. Media reports are a source for raising awareness of cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) among the public. This study is aimed at evaluating the reports of cardiac arrest published in Indian newspapers. Materials and Methods: This is an observational study of cardiac arrests reported in Indian newspapers between January 2001 and June 2019. The study included reports containing the word “cardiac arrest” referring to a cardiac arrest event in India. Data of demographics, location, time, clinical characteristics, performance of CPR, and survival using the Utstein template were extracted from the newspapers. Reports of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) were selected for analysis. Results: One thousand seven hundred seventy-nine reports of cardiac arrest were reviewed and 1703 reports were selected after excluding 76. Of these, 279 reports did not specify whether it was an in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) or OHCA. Of the remaining 1424 reports, 377 reports were IHCA and 1047 were OHCA. One thousand forty-seven OHCA cases were selected for analysis. The study noted male preponderance and a median age of 51–60 years. OHCA commonly occurred in residential locations, followed by public buildings, other places, and street/highways. Prior risk factors, heart disease, and symptoms were reported in some reports. Of 15 subjects who received CPR, 11 were reported to have survived. Although demographic data are reported in the majority, there is poor reporting of clinical and resuscitation details. Conclusions: The study gives a glimpse of OHCA in India and emphasizes the need for elaborate reporting of data on cardiac arrest. The crucial role of media is recognized.

Intermediarias y donantes de la gestación subrogada en México

One year after similar events in India and Thailand, a 2016 Mexican Senate regulatory prohibition brought eighteen years of open, commercial surrogacy to an end in Mexico. The new law marked a sea-change designed to get Mexico out of the commercial global surrogacy industry through penalties of up to seventeen years’ imprisonment for surrogacy-promotion and –intermediation activities. An ethnographic investigation in three Mexican cities realized among female and male reproductive-donation workers during the polemic’s high point (2015-17) allows us to meet the participants as well as learn how donation and intermediation functions among surrogates, egg-donors and brokers have been articulated in unprecedented ways. These new circumstances reveal discourses, practices and meanings that are both current and changing within the «choreographies» of assisted reproduction and family relationships in Mexico.

Floodplain Mapping and Management of Urban Catchment Using HEC-RAS: A Case Study of Hyderabad City

Urban floods are self-invited disasters which are responsible for huge property loss and in some cases loss of lives, self-invited in the sense man’s desire for more and more land, and uncontrolled infrastructure development is altering natural land use, land cover and stream flow paths. Thus, high-intensity rainfall for shorter time period is producing high peak runoff from altered/urbanized catchment. The urban flood events in India have been increasing in past few years, affecting major cities, and the frequency of floods continues to grow in future. It is beyond our capabilities to prevent these events from occurring; therefore, it is very important to develop a strategy to combat such events so that losses in terms of human lives and property can be minimized. This paper explains a framework developed for flood modeling on regional scale combining GIS with a rainfall–runoff model (HEC-HMS) and a hydrologic model (HEC-RAS). Hyderabad city of India is considered as a pilot study area as it is a region of frequent occurrences of severe flash floods. Three major flood events, viz. July 1989, August 2000 and August 2008, that occurred in Hyderabad are selected as cases to examine the modeling framework, and flood inundation maps are prepared representing area at risk and delineate the regions where the flooding is likely to occur. The study represents the importance of 2D modeling of flood problems to develop management strategies to tackle the probable future events by employing flood risk reduction measures.

A sixfold rise in concurrent day and night-time heatwaves in India under 2\u2009\xb0C warming

Heatwaves with severe impacts have increased and projected to become more frequent under warming climate in India. Concurrent day and nighttime heatwaves can exacerbate human discomfort causing high morbidity and mortality; however, their changes in the observed and projected climate remain unrecognized. Here using observations and model simulations from climate of 20th century plus (C20C+) detection and attribution (D&A) and coupled model intercomparison project 5 (CMIP5) projects, we show that 1 and 3-day concurrent hot day and hot night (CHDHN) events have significantly increased during the observed climate in India. Our results show that the anthropogenic emissions contribute considerably to the increase of 1 and 3-day CHDHN events in India. The frequency of 3-day CHDHN events is projected to increase 12-fold of the current level by the end of 21st century and 4-fold by the mid 21st century under the high emission pathway of RCP 8.5. The increase in 3-day CHDHN events can be limited to only 2-fold by the end of 21st century under low emission scenario of RCP 2.6. One and 3-day CHDHN events are projected to increase by 4, 6, and 8 folds of the current level in India under the 1.5, 2, and 3 °C warming worlds, respectively. Restricting global mean temperature below 1.5° from the pre-industrial level can substantially reduce the risk of 1 and 3-day CHDHN events and associated implications in India.

2016 Rupee Demonetization (Dn): It’s a Success!

The November 2016 Dn of the rupee is a phenomenal event in India’s monetary history with spillovers into every nook and corner of Indian economy, and yet it has hardly received the attention it warrants from economists and other professionals. To better understand the socioeconomic consequences this paper compiles and evaluates the positives and negatives of Dn in spite of challenges in quantifying them. There was uproar at the outset because of the market turmoil notebandi caused, but some twenty months later Indian economy is doing well on the Dn stress test. This is evident in a) the broadening of the tax base, b) the relatively higher degree of compliance with filing income tax returns and reduction in black money, c) the new business regulations related to Goods and Services Tax (GST) leaving little scope for corrupt ways, d) increasingly higher rates of growth in GDP and notably, e) the swift transformational change in economic behavior triggering better tax compliance as well as the exodus to digital payment modalities, and the concurrent reduction in habitual need for cash. The five structural changes above normally have a long gestation. However, the successful ongoing makeover in India in so short a time by itself calls for an intensive study tempting one to suspect if nation-state pride is one of the drivers of reform.