Chain Of Events Research Articles

Lessons from a tropical deciduous shrub species: leaf fall can play a more important role than rain in leaf budding

In the Cerrado, the sequential chaining of phenological events during the dry season is a pattern observed in many plant species. In this season, many plants completely lose their leaves, and soon after deciduous, there is an expressive production of leaf buds. In this study, we investigated the effect of irrigation and early defoliation on the triggering of leaf budding of the deciduous species Peixotoa tomentosa A.Juss. in the dry season of a seasonal environment with water restrictions. Therefore, we set up an experiment with three groups of plants: control (n = 15), irrigation treatment (n = 15), and removal treatment (n = 15), and after the complete deciduousness of the plants, we carried out phenological monitoring of the development of leaf buds in these plants. From July to August 2022, the leaf budding phenology of the 45 individuals was evaluated twice a week. To test whether there is a difference in the number of leaf buds between treatments, we built generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs). Plants in the removal treatment had a statistically higher number of leaf buds produced than the plants in the irrigation and control groups (P < 0.05). However, the control group and the irrigation treatment did not differ from each other (P > 0.05). We showed that early defoliation influenced the triggering of leaf buds in P. tomentosa, increasing the production of young leaves in their individuals in a seasonal environment with water restrictions. Irrigation was not able to break the dormancy of leaf buds. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the triggering of vegetative phenophases in deciduous Cerrado plants, showing that leaf fall may play a more important role than rain in the production of leaf buds in the dry season.

Land‐Atmosphere Cascade Fueled the 2020 Siberian Heatwave

AbstractA heatwave in Siberia starting in January 2020, initiated by a wave 5 pattern in the jet stream, caused the surface air temperature to reach 38°C in June with important impacts on ecosystems and water resources. Here we show that this dynamical setup started a chain of events leading to this long‐lasting and unusual event: positive temperature anomalies over Siberia caused early snowmelt, leading to substantial earlier vegetation greening accompanied by decreased soil moisture and browning in the summer. This soil moisture depletion and vegetation browning, in turn, increased the impact of the heatwave on the atmosphere through a land‐atmosphere feedback. This line of evidence suggests that large‐scale dynamics and land‐atmosphere interactions both contributed to the magnitude and persistence of this record‐breaking heatwave, in addition to the background global warming impact on mean temperature. Here, we describe a carry‐over effect in Siberia from a spring positive temperature anomaly into summer dryness and browning, with retroaction into the atmosphere. With the Arctic warming twice as fast as the global average, this event foreshadows the future of northern latitude continents and emphasizes the importance of both atmospheric dynamics and land‐atmosphere interactions in the future as the climate changes. More frequent similar events could have major consequences on the carbon cycle in these carbon‐rich northern latitude regions.

EVENT GRAPH CONSTRUCTION METHOD ON NATURAL DISASTER RESEARCH

Abstract. The analysis of natural hazards is still lacking in real-time and comprehensiveness. To enhance the intelligent analysis of disasters, reduce natural disasters, and provide more timely and accurate disaster warnings. The method of constructing a natural disaster research event graph using the abstracts of research literature related to natural disaster analysis as the data source is proposed. First, a rule-based matching algorithm combined with syntactic analysis is used to extract the events of the disaster analysis process and spatio-temporal information from the abstract; Then build an event storage model based on Neo4j to store the event chain and related information; Then use Word2vec to convert events into word vectors, and define the event similarity as a linear sum of the object similarity and predicate similarity of the two events, combine event similarity setting equation to calculate core nodes and perform event generalization and fusion of graphs. Based on the above method, soil erosion is used as an example to construct an event graph and provide the basis for decision making services for intelligent analysis of natural disasters.

Risk of Monkeypox virus (MPXV) transmission through the handling and consumption of food

Monkeypox (MPX) is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Monkeypox virus (MPXV), an enveloped DNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family and the Orthopoxvirus genus. Since early May 2022, a growing number of human cases of Monkeypox have been reported in non-endemic countries, with no history of contact with animals imported from endemic and enzootic areas, or travel to an area where the virus usually circulated before May 2022. This qualitative risk assessment aimed to investigate the probability that MPXV transmission occurs through food during its handling and consumption. The risk assessment used “top-down” (based on epidemiological data) and “bottom-up” (following the agent through the food chain to assess the risk of foodborne transmission to human) approaches, which were combined. The “top-down” approach first concluded that bushmeat was the only food suspected as a source of contamination in recorded cases of MPXV, by contact or ingestion. The “bottom-up” approach then evaluated the chain of events required for a human to become ill after handling or consuming food. This approach involves several conditions: (i) the food must be contaminated with MPXV (naturally, by an infected handler or after contact with a contaminated surface); (ii) the food must contain viable virus when it reaches the handler or consumer; (iii) the person must be exposed to the virus and; (iv) the person must be infected after exposure. Throughout the risk assessment, some data gaps were identified and highlighted. The conclusions of the top-down and bottom-up approaches are consistent and suggest that the risk of transmission of MPXV through food is hypothetical and that such an occurrence was never reported. In case of contamination, cooking (e.g., 12 min at 70°C) could be considered effective in inactivating Poxviridae in foods. Recommendations for risk management are proposed. To our knowledge, this is the first risk assessment performed on foodborne transmission of MPXV.

The Importance of the Plasma Membrane in Atherogenesis.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are an important medical problem due to their high prevalence, impact on quality of life and prognosis. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is an urgent medical and social problem, the solution of which may improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment of patients. Atherosclerosis is a complex chain of events, which proceeds over many years and in which many cells in the bloodstream and the vascular wall are involved. A growing body of evidence suggests that there are complex, closely linked molecular mechanisms that occur in the plasma membranes of cells involved in atherogenesis. Lipid transport, innate immune system receptor function, and hemodynamic regulation are linked to plasma membranes and their biophysical properties. A better understanding of these interrelationships will improve diagnostic quality and treatment efficacy.

Factors Causing Infertility in Women Diagnosed with Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a pathology that commonly prevails in more than 50% of women as a cause of dysmenorrhea and infertility and we can define it as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside of it, that is, ectopic endometrial tissue that is mostly located in the ovaries, Douglas pouch, uterosacral ligaments and other anatomical sites. Infertility associated with endometriosis is a multifactorial disease and there is no certainty about the mechanisms by which it is developed, however there are several theories that could provide an explanation. Oxidative stress is one of the factors that contribute to infertility where a chain of events is created that culminates in the alteration of the number of oocyte recovery and the number of mature oocytes. Dysregulation of aromatase P450 production in steroidogenesis causes a decrease in estrogen production altering follicular and oocyte development. There are also interleukins associated with infertility of which TNF-α, interleukin-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and others stand out. On the other hand, there are several biological explanations that are related to the causal link between endometriosis and infertility, some of them include factors of the pelvic cavity, ovarian and genetic factors.

Has Religion Been Explained Away?

Abstract This paper re-engages with the science versus religion debate in the light of the last three decades of scholarly progress in the study of religion coming from the cognitive and evolutionary sciences of religion. I begin by asking (1) ‘if it is indeed possible to account for the origins of religious belief, its cultural transmission and evolution, and its maintenance—without any appeal to the real existence of any supernatural deity—then are we in a position to say we have explained it all away?’ If we are, how does this affect central themes in the philosophy of religion about God’s existence? In (2) I provide an outline of the cognitive and evolutionary approach to explaining religion. In section (3) I discuss abductive reasoning (3.1), problems with the accusation of having committed the genetic fallacy when answering (1) in favour of positive atheism (3.2), the need for first-order justifications of religious belief (3.3), and in (3.4) a peculiar divine attribute (i.e. omnipotent potential in a causal chain of events) that appears to immunise religious belief in a particular kind of supernatural deity from having been explained away.

Bioinspired sandwich-like hybrid surface functionalized scaffold capable of regulating osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and osteoclastogenesis for robust bone regeneration.

Recently, strategies that focus on biofunctionalized implant surfaces to enhance bone defect healing through the synergistic regulation of osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and osteoclastogenesis have attracted increasing attention in the bone tissue engineering field. Studies have shown that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has an imperative effect of promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis while reducing osteoclastogenesis. However, how to prepare biofunctionalized bone implants with balanced osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and osteoclastogenesis by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway has seldom been investigated. Herein, through a bioinspired dopamine chemistry and self-assembly method, BML-284 (BML), a potent and highly selective Wnt signaling activator, was loaded on a mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) layer that had been immobilized on the porous beta-tricalcium calcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffold surface and subsequently modified by a biocompatible carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel to form a sandwich-like hybrid surface. β-TCP provides a biomimetic three-dimensional porous microenvironment similar to that of natural cancellous bone, and the BML-loaded sandwich-like hybrid surface endows the scaffold with multifunctional properties for potential application in bone regeneration. The results show that the sustained release of BML from the sandwich-like hybrid surface significantly facilitates the adhesion, migration, proliferation, spreading, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells as well as the angiogenic activity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In addition to osteogenesis and angiogenesis, the hybrid surface also exerts critical roles in suppressing osteoclastic activity. Remarkably, in a critical-sized cranial defect model, the biofunctionalized β-TCP scaffold could potentially trigger a chain of biological events: stimulating the polarization of M2 macrophages, recruiting endogenous stem cells and endothelial cells at the injury site to enable a favorable microenvironment for greatly accelerating bone ingrowth and angiogenesis while compromising osteoclastogenesis, thereby promoting bone healing. Therefore, these surface-biofunctionalized β-TCP implants, which regulate the synergies of osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and anti-osteoclastogenesis, indicate strong potential for clinical application as advanced orthopedic implants.

Swabian MOSES 2021: An interdisciplinary field campaign for investigating convective storms and their event chains

The Neckar Valley and the Swabian Jura in southwest Germany comprise a hotspot for severe convective storms, causing tens of millions of euros in damage each year. Possible reasons for the high frequency of thunderstorms and the associated event chain across compartments were investigated in detail during the hydro-meteorological field campaign Swabian MOSES carried out between May and September 2021. Researchers from various disciplines established more than 25 temporary ground-based stations equipped with state-of-the-art in situ and remote sensing observation systems, such as lidars, dual-polarization X- and C-band Doppler weather radars, radiosondes including stratospheric balloons, an aerosol cloud chamber, masts to measure vertical fluxes, autosamplers for water probes in rivers, and networks of disdrometers, soil moisture, and hail sensors. These fixed-site observations were supplemented by mobile observation systems, such as a research aircraft with scanning Doppler lidar, a cosmic ray neutron sensing rover, and a storm chasing team launching swarmsondes in the vicinity of hailstorms. Seven Intensive Observation Periods (IOPs) were conducted on a total of 21 operating days. An exceptionally high number of convective events, including both unorganized and organized thunderstorms such as multicells or supercells, occurred during the study period. This paper gives an overview of the Swabian MOSES (Modular Observation Solutions for Earth Systems) field campaign, briefly describes the observation strategy, and presents observational highlights for two IOPs.

Distance Measure for Controlled Random Tests

The problem of constructing characteristics of the difference between test sequences is investigated. Its relevance for generating controlled random tests and the complexity of finding difference measures for symbolic tests are substantiated. The limitations of using the Hamming and Damerau–Levenshtein distances to obtain a measure of the difference between test patterns are shown. For an arbitrary case, a new measure of the difference between two symbolic test sets is determined based on the interval used in the theory of the chain of successive events. The distance D(Ti, Tk) between test patterns Ti and Tk, using the interval characteristic, is based on determining independent pairs of identical (equal) symbols belonging to two patterns and calculating the intervals between them. The combinatorial nature of the calculation, the proposed difference measure for symbolic test patterns of an arbitrary alphabet and dimension, is shown. An example of calculating this measure is given and its possible modifications and limitations are shown. The application of the measure of difference is considered for the case of multi-run testing of memory devices based on address sequences pA with even p repetition of addresses. For the case p = 2, mathematical relations are given for calculating intervals and distances D(Ti, Tk) for address sequences 2A used for controlled random testing of memory devices. Experimental results are presented confirming the effectiveness of the proposed difference measure.

Tools for the Long Run

AbstractThe first discovery of the space age was in the field of space physics and occurred with the Explorer 1 launch in 1958 and its observations of the radiation belts encircling Earth. Space physics remained a young science into 1981 when I started graduate school, so young that there were no comprehensive textbooks on the subject. It evolved quickly with missions such as Voyager, Interplanetary Monitoring Platform‐8, Hawkeye, Active‐Magnetospheric‐Particle‐Tracer‐Experiment, and ISEE in the early years. The International Solar Terrestrial Physics mission focused part of solar and space physics into Sun‐Earth‐Connections (SECs) to understand the chain of events in the Sun‐Earth system. Heliophysics was an extension and evolution of SEC, combining all of solar and space physics, maturing the whole and the individual parts into an established science.

ANALYZING A BLACK SEA NAVAL ACCIDENT THROUGH THE STAMP METHOD

The article presents an in-depth analysis of the most significant accident ever in Constanta harbour using a method that goes beyond the chain of events that trigger an accident. In the introductory part, the authors present the features of the Black Sea basin, highlighting the eventual dangers to the ship's safety. Then the work presents the Systems Theoretic Accident Model and Process - STAMP method in brief; after that follows the modelling and analysis of the accident of You Xiu ship, and the scoop culminates with some short concluding remarks. The article serves as a base for further developments in accident analysis and an awareness instrument for scholars and practitioners regarding the general safety culture when operating a ship. Nevertheless, the work in this regard requires further research, and a comparative study using different methods and approaches should add more value to the actual efforts of the authors.

Free Will and the Rebel Angels in Medieval Philosophy by Tobias Hoffmann

Reviewed by: Free Will and the Rebel Angels in Medieval Philosophy by Tobias Hoffmann Richard Cross Free Will and the Rebel Angels in Medieval Philosophy. By Tobias Hoffmann. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. Pp. xiv + 292. $99.99 (hard). ISBN: 978-1-107-15538-1. This excellent book achieves at least two interrelated goals, both suggested by its title: it gives a thorough account of theories of free will as found in the thirteenth century, continuing as far as Ockham (with backward glances to Anselm, Bernard, and Lombard); and it gives a detailed account of the question of the origin of evil in the morally bad choices of (as Hoffmann’s authors supposed) a being who was initially not subject to intellectual error. Both topics are hard, the second especially so. But Hoffmann is an expert guide, and is able both to cast new light on the more-or-less well-known material that constitutes the first part of his project, and to give a clear and compelling account of the largely novel material that can be found in the second part of it. Hoffmann begins with a discussion of the ways in which Aristotle’s thinking on choice was incorporated into Western discussions, starting with the translation of John of Damascus’s eclectic De fide orthodoxa (which included a great deal of Aristotelian psychology with the addition of the notion of a rational will), and continuing with the direct access to relevant parts of the Nicomachean Ethics. This latter coincided with, and partly contributed to, what Hoffmann labels the “psychological turn” around the 1220s. Earlier medieval accounts of will were fundamentally theological in character. But Hoffmann notes that thinkers of the early thirteenth century suddenly became interested in action theory and moral psychology as objects worthy of study in themselves. (In this he follows, with due acknowledgement, his former student, Jamie Spiering, who has worked on the topic in Philip the Chancellor and others.) And what immediately followed the psychological turn was a largely intellectualist account, according to which free agency is explained (in Hoffmann’s helpful definition) “mainly with reference to the intellect” (5). The story follows a familiar trajectory: intellectualism prevails until it gets condemned (in Paris at least) by Stephen Tempier in 1270, and again with greater force in 1277. Specifically, as Hoffmann notes, the core issue was what he helpfully labels “judgment-volition conformity” (61): that the will automatically wills in accordance with judgment. The worry, of [End Page 671] course, was that judgment-volition conformity entails some kind of determinism. Now, even the most ardent intellectualists generally allow that the judgment of means (to an end) is in some sense contingent: the output, the judgment, is not determined by the input (reasons in favor of this or that means). So, one of the primary problems for the intellectualist lies in determining how the intellectual process of deliberation is contingent. According to Hoffmann, for instance, Aquinas claims that “one wills in proportion to one’s judgment,” and Hoffmann follows by noting that “the fact that this rather than that cognitive judgment actually becomes a judgment of choice depends on an affective commitment” (47). Aquinas is therefore a “moderate intellectualist” (54). But as Hoffmann notes, there is no explanation within Aquinas’s system for the activity of the will here. The year 1277 in fact saw two distinct condemnations, both in March: 219 errors of the arts masters, and 51 propositions from Giles of Rome’s Sentences commentary. In terms of long-term significance, article 24 of this latter list (that “there is no evil in the will unless there is error in reason”) turned out to be particularly important, since in 1285, when Giles appealed to the new pope, the Parisian theology masters conceded the previously condemned proposition—the so-called propositio magistralis. This odd chain of events allowed the initial imposition of some kind of voluntarism to be somewhat tempered. A key figure here is Henry of Ghent, one of the movers behind the first of these 1277 condemnations: the will is a self-mover (else it would be determined ab extra). The remarkable Franciscan Peter Olivi allows, in line with this...

Turbulence in the near scrape-off layer towards the L-mode density limit in ASDEX-Upgrade

The L-mode density limit in ASDEX Upgrade is investigated with focus on the scrape-off layer. We observe a chain of events that involves the collapse of the E × B outer shear layer (just outside the separatrix), widening of the electron pressure fall-off length, outer divertor detachment, density shoulder formation, reduction and flattening of the parallel Mach number, and enhanced turbulent cross-field transport. The latter effect was associated with higher amplitude density fluctuations at low frequencies, where the turbulent cross-phase between density and velocity fluctuations pointing radially outward was favourable.

Can fecal zonulin be used as a biomarker in the detection of leaky bowel syndrome in patients with intestinal metaplasia? A prospective cross-sectional study

Abstract: Aim: Intestinal metaplasia is the most common finding in routine endoscopic studies. The relationship between intestinal metaplasia and intestinal dysbiosis and leaking intestine is now a known fact. In this study, we tried to show the detection of this chain of events, which may cause many diseases, with zonulin in stool, which is a non-invasive method. Material and Method: Endoscopy was performed on 20 patients with dyspeptic complaints as of January 2022. All patients were tested for zonulin in the stool using the Stool Sample Application System (SAS) and Elisa method. Endoscopic findings of the patients (intestinal metaplasia, atrophic gastritis, helicobacter (Hp) status) and zonulin values in the stool were examined. This study was designed as a prospective cross-sectional study. Results: The median age of the patients was 48.35 (December: 33-73). In this study, 40% of the patients were female and 60% were male. Of the 20 patients who underwent endoscopy, 14 had intestinal metaplasia (70%), 11 had atrophic gastritis (55%) and 14 had helicobacter (Hp). In our results, while zonulin was high in stool in all patients with these conditions, only statistical significance was observed between intestinal metaplasia and zonulin elevation. Conclusion: Zonulin excretion has increased in fecal excretion in cases with intestinal metaplasia and may be an important marker in these cases.

Biased self-diffusion on Cu surface due to electric field gradients

Under strong electric fields, an arc of strong current flowing through plasma can link two metal surfaces even in ultra high vacuum. Despite decades of research, the chain of events leading to vacuum arc breakdowns is hitherto unknown. Previously we showed that a tall and sharp Cu nanotip exposed to strong electric fields heats up by field emission currents and eventually melts, evaporating neutral atoms that can contribute to plasma buildup. In this work, we investigate by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations whether surface diffusion biased by the presence of an electric field gradient can provide sufficient mass transport of atoms toward the top of the nanotip to maintain supply of neutrals for feeding plasma. To reach the necessary timescales and to add electric field in MD, we utilized a novel combination of collective variable-driven hyperdynamics acceleration and coupling to a finite element mesh. In our simulations, we observed biased self-diffusion on Cu surfaces, that can contribute to the continuous replenishment of particle-emitting nanotips. This mechanism implies a need to reduce the rate of surface diffusion in devices that are susceptible to vacuum arcs. Finding suitable alloys or surface treatments that hinder the observed biased diffusion could guide the design of future devices, and greatly improve their efficiency.

Nexus between Nuclear Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprint in Asia Pacific Region: Policy toward Environmental Sustainability

The distribution of energy sources is regarded to be an act of compassion in many of the Sustainable Development Goals outlined by the United Nations. In order to build a firm foundation for competitiveness and prosperity, nations should maintain equilibrium with the three key aspects of the global energy trilemma, which are energy affordability, energy access, and ecological balance. In light of this, the purpose of this research was to investigate the impact that nuclear energy, technological advancements, renewable energy, non-renewable energy, and natural resources have had on carbon footprints. We selected the top five nuclear energy countries by consumption in the Asia Pacific region, including China, India, Japan, Pakistan, and South Korea. We devised an exhaustive and all-encompassing empirical inquiry and used contemporary econometric methods. The second-generation panel’s long-run cointegration promotes the idea of long-term relationships between the series. According to the data, using nuclear and renewable sources of energy significantly contributes to an improvement in environmental quality. On the other hand, advancements in technology and the use of energy sources that do not replenish themselves considerably decrease environmental sustainability. In addition, natural resources end up playing a negative role in the long term. The results of the panel’s investigation into the chain of events that led to the development of nuclear power showed that the chain of events was unidirectional. In addition, there is causality that runs in both directions between technological innovation, renewable energy sources, non-renewable energy sources, and natural resources that have a carbon footprint. In light of this, it is recommended that these countries should combine energy policy actions and build energy strategy consistency by harmonizing the essential features of global nuclear energy in order to aid in the development of a well-calibrated energy structure.

GPCRs in Intracellular Compartments: New Targets for Drug Discovery.

The architecture of eukaryotic cells is defined by extensive membrane-delimited compartments, which entails separate metabolic processes that would otherwise interfere with each other, leading to functional differences between cells. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of cell surface receptors, and their signal transduction is traditionally viewed as a chain of events initiated from the plasma membrane. Furthermore, their intracellular trafficking, internalization, and recycling were considered only to regulate receptor desensitization and cell surface expression. On the contrary, accumulating data strongly suggest that GPCRs also signal from intracellular compartments. GPCRs localize in the membranes of endosomes, nucleus, Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum apparatuses, mitochondria, and cell division compartments. Importantly, from these sites they have shown to orchestrate multiple signals that regulate different cell pathways. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of this fascinating phenomenon, explaining how GPCRs reach the intracellular sites, are stimulated by the endogenous ligands, and their potential physiological/pathophysiological roles. Finally, we illustrate several mechanisms involved in the modulation of the compartmentalized GPCR signaling by drugs and endogenous ligands. Understanding how GPCR signaling compartmentalization is regulated will provide a unique opportunity to develop novel pharmaceutical approaches to target GPCRs and potentially lead the way towards new therapeutic approaches.

Human Respiratory Infections in Nigeria: Influenza and the Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic.

The increasing outbreak of zoonotic diseases presents challenging times for nations and calls for a renewed effort to disrupt the chain of events that precede it. Nigeria’s response to the 2006 bird flu provided a platform for outbreak response, yet it was not its first experience with Influenza. This study describes the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Influenza surveillance and, conversely, while the 1918 Influenza pandemic remains the most devastating (500,000 deaths in 18 million population) in Nigeria, the emergence of SARS CoV-2 presented renewed opportunities for the development of vaccines with novel technology, co-infection studies outcome, and challenges globally. Although the public health Intervention and strategies left some positive outcomes for other viruses, Nigeria and Africa’s preparation against the next pandemic may involve prioritizing a combination of technology, socioeconomic growth, and active surveillance in the spirit of One Health.

Black tea extract prevents inorganic arsenic induced uncontrolled proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and induction of metastatic properties in HaCaT keratinocytes - an in vitro study

A major global problem is chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) which causes various health hazards including cancer. Escalation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by chronic iAs exposure promotes Epithelial to Mesenchymal transition (EMT) which is followed by metastatic progression. In the present study, skin keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) were divided into three groups: (i) untreated, (ii) chronically iAs exposed, (iii) black tea extract (BTE) along with iAs treated. ROS was estimated by flowcytometry, expression of EMT markers were assessed by flowcytometry, western-blotting and Immunofluorescence. For metastatic studies, wound-healing assay, gelatin zymography, western-blot, transwell migration/invasion assay had been performed. Long term exposure of HaCaT cells to iAs causes excess generation of ROS. Morphological transformation and EMT were apparent at 210 days of exposure. Development of metastatic characteristics were observed at 240 days. Alterations in the parameters induced by iAs were found to be ameliorated by BTE. BTE was found to quench excess generation of ROS by iAs, subsequently inhibiting the chain of events like EMT and metastasis. Therefore, BTE may be considered as a potential phytochemical to prevent the deleterious effect of iAs. Skin carcinogenesis induced by iAs may thus be prevented by BTE via inhibition of EMT.