Chain Of Events Research Articles

Pembangunan Tamadun melalui Wakaf Keluarga: Analisis dari Perspektif Sejarah Islam Civilizational Development through Family Waqf: An Analysis from Islamic Historical Perspectives

Islam menganjurkan amalan berwakaf sebagai satu bentuk tuntutan yang digalakkan terutama bagi membantu golongan yang kurang berkemampuan. Dalam sejarah Islam, praktis perwakafan bukanlah sesuatu yang asing dalam kalangan para sahabat dan pemerintah kerajaan Islam termasuk pelaksanaan wakaf ahli/wakaf zurri yang juga dikenali sebagai wakaf keluarga. Wakaf keluarga adalah satu bentuk wakaf yang dibuat oleh pewakaf (waqif) kepada benefisiari (mawquf ‘alaih) yang terdiri daripada seorang atau lebih ahli keluarga bagi tujuan kebajikan. Artikel ini meneliti perkembangan sejarah praktis wakaf keluarga daripada perspektif sejarah Islam. Penelitian artikel ini menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan teks tematik dimana setiap perbincangan akan dibuat secara bertema menerusi sub-sub tajuk yang berkaitan dan sesuai dengan tajuk artikel. Dapatan artikel ini menunjukkan bahawa wakaf keluarga adalah salah satu bentuk wakaf yang telah diterima dan dipraktiskan dalam sejarah dunia Islam. Namun, pelaksanaan wakaf keluarga di beberapa buah negara termasuk Malaysia telah mengalami pelbagai perkembangan yang berbeza selaras dengan keadaan serta keperluan tempatan dan undang-undang di setiap negara.

Periodontal disease etiology and role of oxidative stress

The term "periodontal disease" is used to describe an array of inflammatory conditions that can affect the periodontium. In response to the challenge given by the bacteria, the gingival and periodontal tissues undergo a complicated chain of events involving communication It is between the membranes of a vital nature located under the gums and the person's immune inflammatory reaction. When there is an imbalance between the oxidants and the antioxidants in the body, this is known as oxidative stress. Antioxidants are compounds that may either seek out and destroy oxidants or prevent them from forming in the first place. Some of the oxidants produced by-products of normal cellular metabolism include reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. These byproducts are known as reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species, respectively. The presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been shown to be associated with periodontal disease in research.

A Critical Analysis of Mark Ravenhill’s The Cane: Hegemonic Subjects’ Revolt against Authority

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the hegemonic approach taken toward students in the British education system in the past from the perspectives of both the students and the teachers within the framework of structure and superstructure and to search for the erroneous disciplinary beliefs prevalent then. Mark Ravenhill chooses The Cane for the title of his play ironically, a choice which draws attention to the cane as a punishment tool employed by the authority to exercise its hegemony, and to the deficiencies of the previous educational system. Turning into a display of hegemonic power and authority, this punishment act will be analysed through the term hegemony, believed to have been given its final meaning by Antonio Gramsci, a Marxist theorist. To Gramsci, this term is defined as the sovereign demonstrating its supremacy through ideological devices/techniques in institutions such as schools and churches, where large numbers of members present in civil society. The Cane (2019) by Mark Ravenhill, a pioneer of In-yer-face movement in British theatre, is the product of a flawed discipline-based hegemonic practice England used in the past when ideologies produced theses and antitheses, based on a chain of events revolving around a chain of mistakes.

A quality perspective on the ideal of coherent care pathways for patients with complex, long-term healthcare needs. A policy document analysis

Background: Policy documents’ rhetoric emphasize coherent care pathways as an expression of integrated and person-centred care in healthcare services for persons with complex long-term needs. Various measures are introduced to achieve these ideals. Norwegian policy highlights personal responsibility for one professional as a coordinator, cross-sectional individual care plans, services provided by multidisciplinary teams, formal collaboration structures between primary and specialized care, and implementation of different types of pathway organization. Policy documents rarely specify how quality in terms of goal achievement is to be understood, assessed, or evaluated. It has proved difficult to show outcomes of the measures as well as whether they contribute to achievement of the ideals. 
 Theoretical framework: Four quality paradigms have been demonstrated as a common basis for assessing quality in integrated care: the empirical paradigm which focus on measuring reality, the reference paradigm where care is evaluated according to models or frameworks, the reflective paradigm where quality cannot be defined, just discussed. And finally, the emergence paradigm where all stakeholders explore and co-create new solutions together.
 Aim: To analyse how ideals of coherent care pathways are described in policy documents, and how they resonate with different quality paradigms. 
 Methods: An analysis of two central Norwegian policy documents is in process. The meaning of ‘care pathway’ is interpreted in the context of each paragraph, and categorized according to which quality paradigm(s) is considered relevant. 
 Preliminary results and discussion: The concept ‘coherent care pathways’ is used as an expression of, and as an argument for, a variety of models, care organization, care values, and desirable patient experiences related to process-oriented care. Achievement of coherent care pathways for persons with long-term complex healthcare needs, can therefore imply different types of “success”. 
 One type of model is standardized clinical pathways. Here quality is defined as timely accomplishments of defined tasks. This is in accordance with the empirical paradigm. In the Norwegian coordination reform, care pathways is defined as the chronological chain of events that make up the patient's encounters with various parts of the health and care services. In good pathways these events are put together in a rational and coordinated way to meet the patient's various needs. Pathway in this meaning must be evaluated in perspective of the individual patient’s situation, considering the degree of predictability and the prerequisites for planning during the process. This in accordance with the emergence paradigm.
 Van Kemenade, van der Vlegel et al. (2019, 2020, 2021, 2022) have introduced the quality paradigms in analysis of, and recommendations for, integrated care research, to show different understandings and values at play in a patient case, and to propose a new definition of integrated care. In this paper we intend to discuss how conceptualizations of coherent care pathways in policy documents has consequences for how quality can be understood and evaluated. And further, that we can draw relevant knowledge from this of benefit to discussions and plans for realizing the measures and the ideals of integrated person-centred care. 
 Keywords: Care pathways, integrated care, person-centred care, quality paradigms.

A framework to model contractors’ hazard and risk exposure at process plants using unsupervised text mining

Increasing outsourcing of operations in process industries is leading to contractors facing higher exposure to complex processes and machinery. This necessitates development of safety management systems by performing fault detection and diagnosis, accident/failure modelling and risk assessment of contractors’ operations and associated hazards. Unfortunately, limited work has been done in this area. Moreover, in broad process safety domain, using text mining to perform accident modelling and risk assessment has not been fully exploited. We address these research gaps by proposing an unsupervised text mining framework to generate accident/failure models like chain of events and fault trees from investigation reports of contractor incidents. A case study is used to demonstrate the framework where incident investigation reports of contract personnel working at a steel plant in India are analysed using a combination of topic modelling and association rule mining. Twenty sequences of basic events are identified as major chains of events. These chains of events are then combined using logic rules to generate fault trees depicting all possible propagation paths of contractor safety failures leading to top events. Our framework enables generation of chain of events and fault trees from unstructured incident reports with minimal human supervision with accuracy of 81%.

COMBINATIONS AND SEQUENCES OF LIFE TRANSITIONS DURING A 10 YEAR PERIOD AROUND RETIREMENT AGE

Abstract Our lives can be characterized as periods of stability, alternating with events that bring about change of both practical and psychological nature which require some life adjustment. The scope and depth of such life transitions are related to the kind of event, but also to whether it is perceived as positive or negative, occurs together with other events, addresses an entirely new topic or something that is biographically familiar, comes after a long period of stability or if it is an event in a chain of events occurring shortly after one another. Applying a quantitative approach to qualitative interview data from the Swedish German HoT-age project (N=50; mean age=69; 50% men), life transitions were analysed by means of sequential and configural frequency analysis. During an approximate 10-year period around retirement age, the participants experienced in average 3.7 life transitions and 24% of them more than five. Fifteen different kinds of transitions (retirement, relocation, divorce/separation, new partner, chronic illness etc) were recorded. Besides retirement experienced by almost all (96%), relocation (66%), becoming a grandparent (40%) and chronic illness (40%) were most frequent. The transitions significantly more often (p=0.041) occurring in combination were retirement and relocation. Those who had experienced chronic illness often had a sequence of several events preceding the illness recorded as a transition. Those who found a new partner often had a sequence of events after that. Large variation in sequences and distances between events were found. This study contributes with new knowledge on life transitions around retirement age.

SYSTEMS BIOLOGY OF HUMAN AGING - NETWORK MODEL 2023

Abstract This network is presented to aid in conceptualizing the many processes of aging, the causal chains of events, the interactions among them, feedback, and vicious cycles. It suggests promising intervention points for therapy development. The signs of human senescence are hypothesized to result from several primary causes. This network includes both intracellular and extracellular processes, ranging from molecular to whole-body. Lifestyle, environment, and proposed interventions are highlighted. Important pathways include: Nuclear mutations, transposon insertions, telomere shortening, chromosome breaks, chromatin alterations, epigenetic DNA adducts. Extracellular protein damage results in stiffness, weakness, inflammation. Altered niches for cells cause transdifferentiation, arrested cell division, cell death, cancer, stem cell depletion, tissue wasting, neurodegeneration, organ malfunction. Stiffer blood vessels promote stroke, heart disease. Lysosomes accumulate reactive, crosslinked Lipofuscin, which impairs autophagic turnover of macromolecules and organelles. Lipofuscin leaking into cytosol triggers apoptosis. Mitochondrial DNA Mutates; Lamin-A progerin, accumulates in nuclear scaffold, impairing mitosis and telomere maintenance. Nuclear Envelope Pore Proteins become oxidized, allowing inappropriate traffic of other proteins into and out of nucleus. Oxidized Aggregates in cytoplasm crosslink, resist turnover, inhibit proteasome activity, increase redox poise, and physically interfere with intracellular transport in axons. Proteasomes inhibited, reduce turnover of damaged molecules and expired molecular signals. Increased Redox Poise alters signaling and enzyme activities, and erodes telomeres. Inflammatory Cascades, promoted by damaged molecules and sick cells, further damage tissues. Neuroendocrine and immune systems degrade. Misfolded Proteins accumulate in Endoplasmic Reticulum. This diagram is maintained on the Web as a reference for researchers and students. www.LegendaryPharma.com/chartbg.html

Role of mitochondrial DNA in yeast replicative aging

Despite the variety of manifestations of aging, there are some common features and underlying mechanisms. In particular, mitochondria appears to be one of the most vulnerable systems in both metazoa and fungi. In this review, we discuss how mitochondrial dysfunction is related to replicative aging in the simplest eukaryotic model, the baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We discuss a chain of events that starts from asymmetric inheritance of mitochondria by mother and daughter cells. With age, yeast mother cells start to experience a decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential and, consequently, a decrease in mitochondrial protein import efficiency. This induces mitochondrial protein precursors accumulation in the cytoplasm, the loss of mitochondrial DNA, and at the later stages - cell death. Interestingly, yeast strains without mitochondrial DNA can have both increased and increased lifespan compared to their counterparts with mtDNA. The direction of the effect depends on their ability to activate compensatory mechanisms preventing or mitigating negative consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction. The central role of mitochondria in yeast aging and death indicates that it is one of the most complex and, therefore, deregulation-prone systems in eukaryotic cells.

A realist evaluation of policy interventions to reduce public subsidies of private dental care in Finland.

The Finnish dental care market operates as a dual system, divided between a regulated, affordable public sector and a less regulated, more expensive private sector that receives public subsidies. In 2015 and 2016, two policy interventions were introduced to reduce these subsidies for private dental services. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of these policy changes on the dental care market. This study was a realist evaluation. Context-Intervention-Mechanism-Outcome-configurations were applied to elicit an initial program theory (IPT) for the policy interventions. The IPT allowed a complicated system to be reduced to the main components, allowing for better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the chain of events started by the interventions. The resulting hypotheses about the chain of events and outcomes were tested against a dataset collected from the Social Insurance Institution of Finland (SII) registries on public and private dental visits in the cities of Espoo, Helsinki and Oulu during the years 2010-2016. The used dataset consisted of N = 17 111 625 dental procedures or N = 8 139 990 individual visits (which can include several procedures) at a public (n = 9 097 407 procedures, n = 4 083 475 visits) or a private (n = 8 014 218 procedures or n = 4 056 515 visits) dental clinic. The system was studied during three time periods related to the two interventions in 2015 and in 2016. Changes were evaluated by statistically analysing changes in several key metrics: mean subsidy, mean out-of-pocket price, mean (non-subsidized) price, number of patients treated, number of professionals, procedures per professional, Case-Mix adjusted procedures per professional, patient-to-professional ratio, total procedures. The 2015 and 2016 reductions to the subsidization of private dental care reduced the average subsidies paid to the private dental sector by 49% [-49.1, -38.8]. A 26% [25.2, 26.7] increase in the out-of-pocket price paid in the private sector was observed. Over the 2 years, 12.2% of patients left the private sector and an increase of 13% was observed in the number of patients treated in the public sector. The public sector increased its number of dental care professionals by 2.3% and the patient-to-professional ratio increased by 9.9% over the 2 years, while the private sector lost 4.6% of its dental care professionals and increased its prices by 4.0% [3.5, 4.5]. The policy changes had tangible effects on both the private and public sectors of the Finnish dental care market. By reducing subsidies, the private sector became more expensive for patients, causing many to transition to the public sector for their dental needs. While the public sector increased its capacity to accommodate the rise in patients, the demand still outpaced the growth in professionals, hinting at capacity or resource constraints in the public sector. The results also show initial evidence that contrary to the objectives, the policy changes increased the cost to the public sector as subsidized patient cared for in the private sector costs less to the government than treating that same patient in the public sector.

Inclusive Innovations in Forensic Epistemology and Pedagogy: A Proposed Framework

Scientific temper in evidence processing using forensic knowledge reposes public faith in justice system. Forensic science is a blend of various disciplines, including art, pure sciences, and humanities, with experiment-oriented scientific validation. Forensics and law are intertwined precepts enabling translational impact on the legal system in pursuit of truth to ensure flawless justice. Worldwide, forensics intensely involves both doctrinal and clinical perspectives, largely converging on scientific theories and laboratory experiments to construe expert opinion, and similar pedagogy must be adopted in India as envisaged under the New Education Policy-2020. 3 In legal parlance, forensic inputs are secondary evidence, but primarily used for corroboration for exploring missing links in the chain of events. Due to multi-disciplinary content knowledge sharing during forensic studies, though fascinating, poses pedagogical challenges. Globally, imparting significance of procedural law, the backbone of forensic evidence, is largely missing from forensic education. Expert opinion is contested in courtrooms on ground of admissibility in terms of reliability and validity including protection of chain of custody necessary to avoid manipulation or tampering of samples which is prime root cause for miscarriage of justice. This article deliberates upon an entwined framework of epistemology and pedagogy for imparting holistic understanding of law and science in forensic education. We propose three verticals for forensic pedagogy: (i) crime scene management for scientific handling of articles and traces; (ii) laboratory experimentation and forensic report writing and (ii) translating expert opinion into legal evidence and its presentation during the court proceedings.

Advanced glycation end products and breast cancer: a review of the literature

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are mediators of chronic inflammation, which is recognized as an underlying process in carcinogenesis. The role of AGEs in cancers is the focus of recent studies. Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in the world and the etiology is unknown, but some risk factors have been defined; including obesity and diabetes. Both of these disorders are linked to AGEs; thus, BC and AGEs might be associated. AGEs in the human body either derive from the glycation of proteins and lipids in the blood, or from the dietary AGEs (dAGE). AGEs are mainly associated with disease states or aging, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders, Alzheimer, renal failure, arthritis, skin problems, viral infections, and osteoporosis. Some bioeffects of AGEs are consistent with the chain of events that occur during carcinogenesis. However, the studies about the role of AGEs in specific cancers are not conclusive, and some recent literature, especially clinical studies do not support the theory of the association between AGEs and cancers,. There does not exist a great deal of studies about the role of AGEs in BC, but the subject has been addressed recently. The present evidence is rather in favor of the association of AGEs and breast cancer; however, the direction and type of this association are unclear. In-vitro studies show that AGEs promote features of invasiveness in BC, but clinical studies show diverse findings. In this study, we present an overview of the core existing knowledge about AGEs and their relation with diseases; then provide a brief review of the results of studies that have investigated the association of AGEs and cancer, and then proceed to a concise discussion about studies on AGEs and BC.

Event Segmentation in the Audio Description of Films

To make the content of films available to a visually impaired audience, a sighted translator can provide audio description (AD), a verbal description of visual events. To achieve this goal, the audio describer needs to select what to describe, when to describe it, and how to describe it, as well as to express the information aurally. The efficacy of this communication is critically dependent upon basic cognitive processes of how the sighted audio describer perceives and segments the film’s unfolding chain of events and in what way the visually impaired end users conceive the structure, content, and segmentation of such events in relation to the produced AD. There is, however, virtually no research on this interplay in relation to AD. In this study, we scrutinize live AD of a film from two trained audio describers and examine how events are structured, segmented and construed in their AD. Results demonstrate that the event segmentation experienced from the film is indeed a fundamental part of how AD is structured and construed. It was found that AD at event boundaries was highly sensitive to different spatiotemporal circumstances and this relationship depends on semantic resources for expressing AD. Lay summary In our everyday lives, we naturally organize and remember our experiences as meaningful sequences of events. This happens the same way when we watch movies – we see them as a series of events happening in different places, times, and with changing character dynamics. Now, think about making this cinematic experience accessible to people with visual impairments. This is where a sighted translator, called an audio describer, becomes really important. To make movies understandable for a visually impaired audience, a sighted audio describer describes crucial visual events in the film. Their goal is to create a "narrative equivalence" between the original film and the audio-described version. Thus, the main challenges for audio describers are deciding what information to describe, when to do it, and how to articulate it effectively. In the current case study, we looked at two audio descriptions for the Swedish film "Skumtimmen" (English title: "Echoes from the Dead"). These descriptions were created by trained audio describers. We wanted to see how these narrators organized, broke down, and verbalized the course of events in their audio descriptions. To achieve this, we focused on two important parts of storytelling – changes in time and location – and paid special attention to how often and in what way audio describers verbalized these event boundaries. What we found is that both describers indeed verbalized most event boundaries. This shows that these boundaries are a big part of how audio descriptions are put together. We also learned that the descriptions at these event boundaries were very sensitive to when and where key events unfolded in the story. The way these boundaries were described depended on fundamental cognitive and linguistic resources to talk about space and time. Our findings help us understand how breaking down events in a film is a crucial part of shaping audio descriptions. Plus, our research highlights how important it is to study how events are broken down and verbalized, giving useful insights to improve audio descriptions and train future audio describers. The ultimate goal is to make the experience better for visually impaired viewers, contributing to a more inclusive and enjoyable audiovisual world.

Incorporating cascading effects analysis in the maintenance policy assessment of torrent check dams against torrential floods

In mountainous regions, protection infrastructures designed to mitigate the impacts of torrential floods often consist of a complex system of several structural components (check dams). Over time, the efficacy of this system in protecting downstream assets diminishes as the structural components deteriorate. The extent of deterioration is influenced by the interdependencies between the failure modes of individual components, as well as those between multiple components of the system. Understanding and quantifying the chain of failure events, known as cascading effects, is a critical scientific challenge that remains largely unexplored. In this study, we propose a novel approach that employs physics-based models to examine the deterioration of a series of check dams over time, while considering failure dependencies and bidirectional interactions between consecutive dams. The results obtained from this approach reveals that the absence of a downstream dam accelerates the deterioration rate of upstream dams, while its presence serves to stabilize them. We further incorporate stochastic deterioration and maintenance processes using Stochastic Petri nets to support decision-making regarding maintenance actions for each dam, while also considering economic factors. Strategies involving minor operations achieved cost-effectiveness and prolonged satisfactory performance of the dams, with notable impacts from upstream and downstream dam presence on maintenance costs. We illustrate our approach using a case study of the Faucon torrent in France, where we model the deterioration of three consecutive check dams subjected to torrential floods over a period of 100 years.

Explaining legal judgments: A multitask learning framework for enhancing factual consistency in rationale generation

The explanation of legal judgments is crucial for the transparency, fairness, and trustworthiness, aiming to provide rationales for decision-making. While previous works have focused on improving the accuracy of legal judgment prediction, the lack of explainability seriously limits the practical application of these methods. Many researchers have dedicated effort to extracting or generating rationales as explanations for legal judgments, ignoring the factual consistency of these rationales. Inconsistencies between rationales and fact descriptions severely impact their applicability. To address these issues, we investigate Event Chain – ordered sequences of events related to criminal behavior – as an intermediate representation in the fact descriptions, to enhance the representation of causal relationships among events, and focus on crucial events within the fact description. Specifically, we propose a multi-task learning approach, dubbed LegalMind, that introduces Event Chain as an auxiliary task and jointly models Event Chain and rationale in a unified decoder, to improve factual consistency in rationale generation. The experiment results show that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods, achieving improvements of 7.65% and 6.65% in AVG-BLEU on the CJO dataset and LAIC2021 dataset respectively compared to BART-C3VG. Furthermore, in comparison to BART-C3VG, our model demonstrated superior performance with increases of 6.17% and 8.33% in factual consistency on the CJO and LAIC2021 datasets, respectively.

A kinking-based failure model for engineering simulation of compressive crushing of composite structures

The use of continuum damage models is state of the art for the finite element modelling of progressive damage and failure under compressive loading in composites during e.g. crash and impact simulations. However, after failure initiation the compressive stress is quickly degraded to zero alternatively to a plateau with constant stress and at a certain point the element needs to be deleted due to the damage level or large element deformation. This effectively represent a void in the material which contrasts with reality where a fully formed kink band would be expected to have compressive properties similar to the transverse direction of the ply. To better represent this physical behaviour is here a kinking formulation developed that instead of the common constant stress plateau after initial softening features a stiffening at larger strains. This formulation has been implemented in a commercial FE-code complemented by criteria for kinking initiation and kink band broadening. The results presented show the novelty of the model in that it describes a chain of events starting with initiation of kinking, progressing to the growth of kink bands through the element and finally including an increase in stress that initiate kinking in adjacent elements.

Role of Mitochondrial DNA in Yeast Replicative Aging.

Despite the diverse manifestations of aging across different species, some common aging features and underlying mechanisms are shared. In particular, mitochondria appear to be among the most vulnerable systems in both metazoa and fungi. In this review, we discuss how mitochondrial dysfunction is related to replicative aging in the simplest eukaryotic model, the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We discuss a chain of events that starts from asymmetric distribution of mitochondria between mother and daughter cells. With age, yeast mother cells start to experience a decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential and, consequently, a decrease in mitochondrial protein import efficiency. This induces mitochondrial protein precursors in the cytoplasm, the loss of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and at the later stages - cell death. Interestingly, yeast strains without mtDNA can have either increased or decreased lifespan compared to the parental strains with mtDNA. The direction of the effect depends on their ability to activate compensatory mechanisms preventing or mitigating negative consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction. The central role of mitochondria in yeast aging and death indicates that it is one of the most complex and, therefore, deregulation-prone systems in eukaryotic cells.

Dostoevsky’s Lost Play “Mary Stuart” (Materials for the Reconstruction of the Idea)

The reconstruction of Dostoevsky’s first literary experience — the lost drama “Mary Stuart” — involves the identification and analysis of the sources of the idea. As a result of the conducted research, a hypothetical chain of events was built. In 1838 (1835, according to other sources), Dostoevsky was impressed by “Mary Stuart” at the Alexandrinsky Theater with A. M. Karatygina in the title role: the image of the suffering queen created by the actress was superimposed on the reading of both Schiller’s tragedy “Mary Stuart” and Walter Scott’s novel “The Abbot.” Russian collection of her biographical documents, published in 1809 and the 1839 French-Russian edition of letters of Mary Stuart, her will and the report on the execution discovered by A. Ya. Lobanov-Rostovsky in the archives, came into the view of the novice writer when he was studying the “historical data” about the “life and execution” of Mary Stuart. In 1839–1840, a fictionalized biography of the “criminal” queen, compiled by Alexandre Dumas, was published. In his version, the image of Mary Stuart is twofold: along with the heroic beginning of the character, the theme of sinful passion emerged. The bifurcation of the image was reinforced in the 1841 essay by Filaret Shal, who also emphasized the religious motives of the unfolding historical drama. Comprehending all these turns of European and Russian historiography in 1839–1842, Dostoevsky could use as the basis of his play the dialogue of the nurse and Mary in the fourth scene of the first act of his tragedy about the correlation between guilt and responsibility, which Schiller did not continue. For Schiller, Mary Stuart is the title character, but not the only main one, moreover, the theme of Elizabeth in many ways attracted dramatic interest. Dostoevsky most likely focused on the internal collisions of the “gigantic character,” whom he placed in a line of Racine’s heroines (first of all, the “Shakespearean essay” by Phaedra): Maria integrated the firmness of spirit in the face of suffering and death itself with the omnipotence of passion, accompanied by torments of conscience. The “historical data” that Riesenkampf hinted at, mastered by the Russian author, allowed to continue Schiller’s creative work. The article identifies and analyzes a range of these data thatrevealed the deep collisions of European history embodied in one of its iconic characters to Dostoevsky.

Augmenting Vehicular Ad Hoc Network Security and Efficiency with Blockchain: A Probabilistic Identification and Malicious Node Mitigation Strategy

This manuscript delineates the development of an avant garde dual-layer blockchain architecture, which has been meticulously engineered to augment the security and operational efficacy of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). VANETs, which are integral to the infrastructure of intelligent transport systems, facilitate the critical exchange of information between vehicular nodes. Despite their significance, these networks confront an array of formidable security vulnerabilities. Our innovative approach, employing a dual blockchain framework—the event chain and the reputation chain—meticulously tracks network activities, thereby significantly enhancing the trustworthiness and integrity of the system. This research presents a transformative dual-layer blockchain architecture, which was conceived to address the intricate security challenges pervasive in VANETs. The architecture pivots on a sophisticated reputation assessment framework, thus leveraging the principles of Bayesian inference and the analytical rigor of historical data to markedly diminish observational errors, as well as elevate the accuracy of reputation evaluations for vehicular nodes. A salient feature of our methodology is the implementation of an attenuation factor, which has been deftly calibrated to modulate the impact of historical behaviors on current reputation scores, thereby ensuring their relevance and alignment with recent vehicular interactions. Additionally, the numerical threshold serves as an indispensable mechanism, thus establishing a definitive criterion for the early identification of potentially malicious activities and enabling the activation of proactive security measures to safeguard the network’s integrity. Empirical validation of our dual-layer blockchain model has yielded a remarkable 86% efficacy in counteracting malevolent behaviors, thus significantly outperforming extant paradigms. These empirical outcomes underscore the model’s potential as a vanguard in the domain of secure and efficient reputation management within VANETs, thereby heralding a substantial advancement in the sphere of intelligent transportation systems.

Probability of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus pathogens in long-distance passenger transport

This paper presents a description of the methodology developed for estimation of pathogen transmission in transport and the results of the case study application for long-distance passenger transport. The primary objective is to report the method developed and the application for case studies in various passenger transport services. The most important findings and achievements of the presented study are the original universal methodology to estimate the probability of pathogen transmission with full mathematical disclosure and an open process formula, to make it possible to take other specific mechanisms of virus transmission when providing transport services. The results presented conducted an analysis on the mechanisms of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus pathogens during the transport process, to examine the chain of events as a result of which passengers may be infected. The author proposed a new method to estimate the probability of transmission of viral pathogens using the probability theory of the sum of elementary events. This is a new approach in this area, the advantage of which is a fully explicit mathematical formula that allows the method to be applied to various cases. The findings of this study can facilitate the management of epidemic risk in passenger transport operators and government administration. It should be clearly emphasised that the developed method and estimated values are the probabilities of pathogen transmission. Estimating the probability of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pathogen is not the same as the probability of viral infection, and more so the probability of contracting COVID-19. Viral infection strongly depends on viral mechanisms, exposure doses, and contact frequency. The probability of contracting COVID-19 and its complications depends on the individual characteristics of the immune system, even with confirmed viral infection. However, it is undoubtedly that the probability of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pathogen is the most reliable measure of infection risk, which can be estimated according to the objective determinants of pathogen transmission.

Away from Home or Returned Home? What Iranian Participants with Dementia Experience while Living in a Culturally Profiled Nursing Home in Sweden

This study explores Iranian immigrants with dementia living in a culturally profiled Swedish nursing home and what it means to be at “home.” The meaning given to a place, in general, is understood to be generated and formed by experiences, expectations, hopes, and chains of events, and its significance can change over time. Life changes will mainly affect the understanding of what constitutes “home.” Such a concept can be challenging to define, especially amongst some immigrant populations and those with dementia, for whom parameters change and choice can be limited. This qualitative research study is based on ethnographic fieldwork following ten participants. The data was analyzed, and three main categories that contribute to understanding “home” as part of the delivery of care to elderly immigrants with dementia, namely “a place to escape to”, “a place to be”, and “a place to live”, were identified. The findings show that living in a culturally profiled nursing home in Sweden gave residents a feeling of self-rule, although the institution did have its codes and rules. Considering the feeling of home, none of the participants felt at home; instead, they stated that the culturally profiled nursing home was merely a place to live. Factors that strengthened their independence were the ability to speak the language they were familiar with and receiving medical help without relying on their children.