Evacuation Points Research Articles

Developing a framework on school resilience for risk-informed decision-making

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015–2030 pursues the goal of preventing new risk, reducing existing risk, and managing residual risk through integrated and multi-sectoral interaction. It considers educational infrastructures pivotal, with the framework promoting resilient educational facilities as a global target for 2030. Schools, being a critical infrastructure, are crucial for building resilient cities and forming safe shelters or evacuation points in emergencies, alongside promoting a disaster risk curriculum. Asian countries have experienced multiple hazards and cascading risk patterns of climate change in the last few decades. Many countries such as India and Japan have generated school safety policies and disaster risk reduction plans for attaining the efforts of various frameworks, including SFDRR. While effective policies prevail, inefficient interoperability and disaggregated platforms result in poor ground-level management, such as in schools in hazard-prone areas. Past Incidents such as the 2004 Kumbakonam fire incidence, 2011 East Japan Earthquake, and Tsunami affecting schools point out the need of focusing on risk-informed school selection and planning rather than contemporary syllabus-based school selection.The study aims to develop a ‘School Selection Framework’, which analyses extrinsic and intrinsicfactors associated with school selection and safety, such as academic aspects, physical, human resources, and natural conditions. The methodology involves an integrative literature review on parental school selection, school safety, and resilience indices. It further identifies significant dimensions and indicators of school selection and safety to generate a conceptual framework for risk-informed school selection. The evaluation of articles based on the content analysis resulted in 18 significant dimensions contributing to school selection and school safety that was used to generate a conceptual framework for risk-informed decision-making. The study's outcome is to enhance the school selection process by mitigating the gap between the education system and disaster management, prompting the stakeholders to improve student safety.

Agent-Based Simulation Disaster Evacuation Awareness on Night Situation in Aceh

In 2004 at least 230,000 people were victims of the Aceh tsunami disaster. To prevent the recurrence of many victims, the Aceh government held an evacuation exercise in 2008. To improve effectiveness dan reduce the cost reduction during evacuations drills, simulation is the best option. Agent-Based Modeling is a simulation program that was employed for tsunami evacuation in Aceh. This study on tsunami evacuation using agent-based modelling presented and evaluated the different control parameters that affect the evacuation rate. Evacuation scenario during day or night has different environmental, agent base, road modelling, and population approach. The Road Network Model has explained that to analyze the effect of agents in the evacuation process, resident agents are presumed to know the direction and shortest path to the nearest evacuation points. This simulation designed in Netlogo is also able to assess the congestion possibility on the road network. The road network emphasized the different scenarios to discover the possibility of congestion points. Nighttime is proven to be the best scenario for performing the evacuation in the simulation. The key reason to select the night scenario is to maximize the effects of an evaluation of the road network. In addition, simulation using night scenarios is also expected to raise people’s awareness.

Transportation infrastructure planning in supporting disaster mitigation: Case study in Mount Gamalama.

Effective mitigation planning is needed for communities living in areas prone to disasters, including natural calamities such as volcanic eruptions. The development of disaster evacuation routes in disaster-prone areas, including the area where this study was conducted, requires proper planning in transportation infrastructure. Ternate city in Indonesia is a disaster-prone area because of the presence of an active volcanic mountain and an area traversed by the Pacific ring of fire. This area includes a vulnerable zone that has the potential for disasters such as volcanic eruptions, therefore it is important to make mitigation plans to assist the community in evacuating and reducing the impacts of a disaster. Data was obtained from road network observations and by carrying out inventory surveys on the condition of facilities and infrastructure for land transportation and sea transportation in Ternate city, which is located close to Mount Gamalama. A quantitative approach was utilised in this study through transportation modelling using Vissim to analyse the existing traffic conditions and forecasting. The research aims to formulate disaster mitigation measures to reduce the damages caused by the volcanic eruption of Mount Gamalama and identify plans for evacuation routes in disaster-prone areas. The road network performance of Ternate city showed that the city has roads that can be used as evacuation routes for disaster victims. It has good road performance in terms of meeting points and final evacuation points. Efforts to reduce the number of victims when a volcanic eruption occurs, the socialisation of disaster mitigation to the community and the installation of disaster information signs need to be equipped with the preparation of evacuation routes in the form of evacuation gathering points and final evacuation points. This study recommends local governments to develop new evacuation routes in disaster-prone areas and increase evacuation capacity.

Short-notice flood evacuation plan under dynamic demand in high populated areas

Driven primarily by climate change, natural disasters are expected to continue increasing throughout the years. A multitude of approaches for modelling disaster evacuation have been proposed for over decades and most of them focus on minimizing the travelling times or costs after a disaster strikes. However, evacuating all vulnerable people to safer places with sufficient vehicles before a disaster strikes is a better option. Owing to this operation's importance at such a crucial time, we have developed a short-notice flood evacuation model by utilising public transportation to evacuate an uncertain number of people, particularly in areas with a high population. The proposed model aims to find the minimum number of vehicles required and its sequence trips to save all evacuees before the water reaches the predicted areas. A closing time window at each evacuation point and evacuees-dependant service times are taken into account to tackle the flood propagation. Due to the limitation of available vehicles at the early stage of the disaster, the model considers splitting the demands and reusing the vehicles, i.e. multi-trips, to cover all the necessary routes within a time horizon. We apply the new model to some synthetic and real-world instances. In addition, we study the trade-off between the minimization of the number of vehicles and total travelling times. The results show that the proposed model has effectively saved more resources when split deliveries and multi-trips are imposed.

Analisis Konfigurasi pada Ruang Terbuka Sebagai Titik Evakuasi Studi kasus: Kawasan Bangunan Universitas Bandar Lampung

Apart from functioning as a place for social interaction, open space holds an important role as an emergency evacuation point when a disaster takes place. The concept of open space as an emergency evacuation spot is crucial to be adopted, one of which is in the educational complex, particularly related to the safety of the users such as students, lecturers, staff, etc., and to ensure the social activities among them. This study aims to analyze open space configuration patterns and identify the potential of the open space in the educational area or campus complex, taking as an example, Universitas Bandar Lampung, Lampung (UBL). The research uses a quantitative method that started with data collection from field observation to gather the information about emergency assembly point location settings and conduct space syntax analysis utilizing software called DepthmapX. Furthermore, several analyses, such as Visibility Graph Analysis (VGA), Isovist analysis, and agent tools analysis, have been conducted on the collected data to obtain an image of the UBL open space potential. The result shows that the open space of a car parking area (P3) is the most optimal spot to be the emergency assembly point with the highest values of connectivity, integration, and intelligibility (876.96, 1.08, and 0.23386).

Sistem Informasi Geografis Pemetaan Daerah Rawan Bencana Alam dengan Metode End User Development

Cilacap is the largest district in Central Java with an area of 225,361 hectares. Topographically, Cilacap Regency is located at an altitude of 1-198 meters above sea level, stretching from west to east. With this condition, Cilacap Regency is an area that is prone to natural disasters such as floods, landslides and earthquakes. The area of Cilacap district along with the many areas prone to natural disasters makes the importance of a geographic information system mapping areas prone to natural disasters. With this system, it is hoped that the community and local governments can take precautionary measures before a natural disaster occurs in their area. The purpose of the research is to design a geographic information system for mapping natural disaster-prone areas for the Cilacap Regency web-based area with End User Development method. This method is used because it is able to produce a system that meets user needs directly. The testing the feasibility study of the system is conducted using the SUS (System Usability Scale) method. The results of this study are a geographic information system for mapping natural disasters and website-based evacuation points with the test results getting an average score of 72. This shows that the system can be implemented properly and is able to show the location of the natural disaster evacuation point areas more quickly as well as it is able to help the community and BPBD Cilacap in anticipating natural disasters.

Developing an integrated multiscale rainfall-runoff and inundation model: Application to an extreme rainfall event in Marikina-Pasig River Basin, Philippines

Study regionMarikina–Pasig basin, Philippines Study focusA multiscale rainfall-runoff and inundation model was developed to simulate the severe flooding caused by a high-intensity short-duration storm rainfall event in the urban domain. The model used the 2D shallow-water flow and finite volume schemes with second-order space–time accuracy to automatically incorporate the runoff into the flood inundation. The adaptive mesh refinement scheme—a variable grid-sizing technique—was implemented to dynamically refine the mesh from a watershed-scale to a more precise inundation in a subcatchment floodplain. The digital terrain and surface models were used to represent the variations in flood propagation along buildings and artificial barriers in the urban area. Additionally, the simulated flood depths and extent were validated by comparison with the observed data. New hydrological insightThe severe inundation produced by the extreme rainfall event was perceived to be caused by a combination of fluvial and pluvial flooding; exacerbated by the domain’s flat and low-lying elevation and its geographical features acting as a flood water receiving catchment accrued from the adjacent mountainous regions. The proposed method can be used to identify the flood depth and water accumulation, estimated peak time, potential flash-flood prone areas, and imperceptible flood origins without the need to establish first the water level and stream discharge boundary conditions. The domain-specific flood simulations can be used for early warning and to identify a broader scope of possible evacuation points during storm-based flooding events.

Siri' na pacce: The Local Wisdom of Coastal Community Settlement Patterns and Its Existence amid COVID-19 Pandemic

The handling of some issues due to the spread of the COVID-19 virus has been carried out in various cities, including the coastal city of Makassar. Efforts to break the chain of spread of the virus have been carried out starting from the recommendation to comply with health protocols to the establishment of regulations that limit people's daily movement. On the other hand, some local wisdom rooted in the lives of coastal residents also experienced a shift in meaning during this pandemic. This study aims to examine the meaning of local wisdom siri' na pacce in people's lives in coastal settlements, its manifestation in life during the COVID-19 pandemic and efforts that can be made as disaster mitigations. Methods of data collection were done by observation, interviews and questionnaires. The data collected was then analyzed by spatial analysis and description. This study found that the siri' value was influenced by bad stigma towards people with COVID-19 so that the meaning shifted in a negative direction. The value of pacce still has a positive form. It can be seen from community cooperation to help patients who are in self-isolation. At the end of the study, recommendations for pandemic disaster mitigation were formulated in coastal settlements, such as determining the location of temporary shelters and evacuation points.

Strategy for Effective Evacuation of Pedestrians Using GIS and GPS Measurements

During a residential settlement evacuation, a large number of individuals do not have access to any private means of transport in order to be evacuated; these people are assembled at Evacuation Assembly Points (E.A.P.s), so as to be picked up, gathered and evacuated by the competent authorities. The present study aims to evaluate whether some pedestrian assembly points are adequate for these people’s fastest assembly, taking into account the demographic characteristics of the studied population and the incline of the studied area’s ground. In order for said fastest assembly and evacuation to be achieved Geographical Information Systems (G.I.S.) and GPS measurements have been employed. The suggested method has led to the creation of the households’ classification maps based upon their inhabitants’ response time in order to improve the pre-existent Intervention Teams’ contingency plans. First, in order to identify the demographic characteristics of the studied population, we have employed the field survey method; second, we have determined the fastest and ergo optimal evacuation routes using the Dijkstra algorithm. What is more, the results hereof prove that it is feasible that the time it takes to gather the pedestrians be optimized by way of choosing the best evacuation point, whilst a method of large crowds’ evacuation in groups has been developed. The latter could constitute a useful tool for Civil Protection Agents and responders.

Организационные аспекты эвакуации промышленных предприятий в Казахскую ССР в годы Великой Отечественной войны

This article touches upon the issue of evacuation policy implementation during the Great Patriotic War. As a research task, the authors identify an attempt to show how the industrial enterprises evacuation organized by the country’s leadership during the Great Patriotic War was carried out on the ground. The scientific originality lies in the appeal to previously not studied materials and documents from the Archives of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Central State Archives of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Basing on the analysis of the documents under consideration, the authors of the article come to the conclusion that there were a number of problems associated with inconsistency in decision-making regarding the evacuation of the population and equipment. For example, the problems occurred in matters of choosing route directions, echelon redirection points at the central and local levels, which ultimately had a negative impact on the deployment process, the effectiveness of restoration work at relocated enterprises and the health of the evacuees. Finally, the authors conclude that the organization of industrial enterprises evacuation was complicated not only by the absence of pre-prepared evacuation plans and the developed evacuation mechanism by the beginning of the war, but also by the practice of illegal readdressing of trains with evacuees, which led to general confusion, disorganization of the railway, evacuation points.

Application of the clarke-wright algorithm in determining tsunami disaster evacuation route in Purworejo district

The potentials for tsunami in Indonesia are spread over many areas, one of which is Purworejo. Purworejo has a high tsunami potential because it is located on the Indo-Australian plate. In Central Java, Purworejo occupies the 3rd position in the tsunami-prone area. Therefore, a route is needed to evacuate the population to mitigate the tsunami. This research focuses on two sub-districts, namely Ngombol and Purwodadi. The problems in this paper are: (1) Which points can be used as evacuation sites (2) How to model tsunami evacuation routes with graphs (3) What are the optimal evacuation routes. The method used to find the evacuation route is the VRP with time window. The algorithm used is Clarke Wright algorithm. The optimal evacuation route is obtained if all points are evacuated with minimal time and distance. From nine final evacuation points, only 4 points that fulfill criteria for the shortest distance and can be accessed by vehicles. There are eight final routes with minimum time of 42 minutes. Each of depots B3 and C2 has 3 routes. Whereas each of depots C4 and C5 has 1 route.

Study of Flood Disaster Mitigation Analysis for Transportation Routes in Panakukkang District, Makassar City

This study conducted an analysis study of flood disaster mitigation for transportation routes in the Panakukkang district of Makassar City. By using ArcGis software, the results of the simulation of safe and vulnerable zone levels based on color indicators are known. There are 5 villages in Panakukkang District which are flood safe zones, with the number of evacuation sites, namely 21 buildings. Then there are 4 villages which are flood alert zones with 2 evacuation sites, 2 buildings. On the first evacuation route there are 8 reference points namely Reference Point C with the distance to the nearest evacuation site 3.22 km and a travel time of 64.3 minutes. Then the reference point A with a distance to the nearest evacuation site is 2.85 km and a travel time of 57 minutes. While the reference point F is the closest point to the nearest evacuation distance 0.71 km and the travel time is 14.2 minutes. All these reference points require travel speeds of 3 km / h on foot. On the second evacuation route there are 6 Reference Points namely reference point A with distance to the nearest evacuation point 1.94 km and travel time 38.8 minutes, reference point E with distance to nearest evacuation location 1.23 km and travel time 24.6 minutes. Then at the reference point C is the closest point to the nearest evacuation distance 0.72 km and the travel time is 14.4 minutes.

Agent-Based Simulation for Evaluating the Effect of Different Walking and Driving Speed on Disaster Evacuation in Aceh

Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation (ABMS) was implemented to build and develop an evacuation simulation model. In this research, ABMS is simulated in several evacuation scenarios with an output: the evacuation rate of two different decision choice evacuation modes (walking or driving to the evacuation points). The result of this tsunami evacuation simulation shows that the decision choices on the evacuation mode are highly correlated to the evacuation rate. Observed in the simulation that there is a typical choice that leads to the higher evacuation rate, the choice is by maximizing the pedestrian agents on the population distribution.

Reintroduced malaria in Queensland, Australia during the Second World War.

A malaria epidemic arose in 1942 in Cairns, which was the evacuation point from the Japanese offensive in New Guinea. Health authorities made great efforts to suppress parasites in transiting soldiers and to position them south of 19°S latitude away from most vectors. Queensland experienced some scattered locally transmitted epidemics in 1943-1944 but by 1945 malaria transmission had largely been eliminated.

ЎЗБЕКИСТОН ХУДУДЛАРИГА КЎЧИРИБ КЕЛТИРИЛГАН МЕҲРИБОНЛИК УЙЛАРИ (ИККИНЧИ ЖАҲОН УРУШИ ЙИЛЛАРИДА)

One of the most important issues in world history is the study of the fate of children during the Second World War, who were forced to leave their homes, cities and countries. This article, based on archival documents, highlights the historical process associated with the evacuation of orphanages from the front-line regions during the Second World War. The article also discusses the main issue of the resettlement of children in orphanages, in empty premises, as well as in families in Uzbekistan.Index Terms: Uzbekistan is a country of love, evacuation, orphanages,evacuation point, Red Army.

People's Response to Potential Natural Hazard-Triggered Technological Threats after a Sudden-Onset Earthquake in Indonesia.

(1) Background: We aim to examine whether people activate initial protection behavior, adopt evacuation behavior, worry about the possibility of a tsunami, and consider natural hazard-triggered technological (Natech) situations in a sudden-onset earthquake. The literature suggests that risk perception is a significant predictor of people’s response to potential Natech threats. We aim to empirically verify the variables relating to people’s responses. (2) Methods: We conducted a household survey following a January 2018 earthquake in Indonesia. (3) Results: Immediately after the earthquake, almost 30% of the respondents assembled at the evacuation point. However, sequential steps of people’s response were not observed: evacuation immediately after the earthquake was due to worry about the possibility of a tsunami, but this worry was not related to Natech damage estimation. The relevant factors for evacuation behavior were information access, worry about the possibility of a tsunami, and knowledge of groups and programs related to disaster risk reduction (DRR). The survey location (two villages), perceived earthquake risk, and DRR activity participation are less relevant to the behavior of assembling at the evacuation point. (4) Conclusions: Contrary to the existing literature, our results do not support that higher risk perception is associated with evacuation behavior, or that immediate evacuation is related to foreseeing cascading sequential consequences.

SIMULATION OF 2004 TSUNAMI INUNDATION IN GALLE CITY IN SRI LANKA AND REVISIT THE PRESENT EVACUATION MEASURES

Tsunami inundation was successfully reproduced for the Galle City, Sri Lanka using Delft3D-Flow model and Delft Dashboard Tsunami Tool. Previously identified tsunami hazard maps agreed with the simulation results. Existing tsunami early warning system and preparedness for evacuation are in a favourable condition. Based on the outcome of numerical simulation and field investigations, suitable horizontal evacuation measures were proposed, and vertical evacuation points were suggested primarily considering the identified hazardous zones with lack of proposed buildings and evacuation routes in previous studies.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/g4V0c8GQepE

Analysis of the Tsunami Evacuation Route in Kunjir Village and Way Muli Village, South Lampung Regency

This research was conducted to analyze the effectiveness of existing evacuation routes in Kunjir Village and Way Muli Village by calculating the level of safety of the population when evacuating in the event of a tsunami disaster. The data used are direct field observations, topographic maps derived from aerial photo mapping results, existing conditions of evacuation routes, gathering conditions, evacuation direction signs, and data on tsunami wave heights that may occur in the study area. We analyze the tsunami disaster evacuation route using Network Analyst in ArcGIS. Furthermore, the evacuation route is determined which has a road width of more than 2 m so that not all roads in both villages are used as evacuation routes. In determining the evacuation point modeling tsunami inundation is used with a wave height of 4 m. Later the route and direction of the nearest evacuation route will be known to the safe evacuation point. Based on the results of the study, the number of evacuation routes in Way Muli Village amounted to 5 with 4 site points while in Kunjir Village there were 7 with 4 site points that could be used as evacuation sites. The farthest distance from the evacuation route to the evacuation site in Way Muli Village is 441.5 m with a travel time of 4 minutes and for Kunjir Village is 704.3 m with a travel time of 6.38 minutes.

Application of the best evacuation model of deep learning in the design of public structures

Evacuation behavior is an important factor which must be considered in the design of public structures. With the continuous complexity of structure, more and more factors should be considered in evacuation. The traditional design based on experience may have some limitations in practice. Based on the deep neural network model, the evacuation design simulation for subway station buildings is implemented. VR video tracking technologies such as auxiliary image data pre-training algorithm, tracking sequence pre-training algorithm, and recursive neural network model based on You Only Look Once (YOLO) are introduced. Compared with the convolutional neural network (CNN) model, the classified data set pre-training model, and YOLO algorithm, the accuracy and training speed of the model algorithm are verified. In simulation, the Zhujiang New Town Station in Guangzhou is taken as the object. The initial evacuation test point is selected according to the structure of the subway platform, and the test personnel are selected according to the test requirements. The average evacuation time and the average satisfaction score of the testers under the influence factors such as gender, age, subway frequency, and familiarity with VR equipment, as well as under the initial starting points of different evacuation tests. The results show that the accuracy of the algorithm is lower than that of the CNN, but the training speed is faster. The accuracy of the model based on YOLO recurrent neural network is the highest. Although the training speed is 19 ms, which is higher than other models, the overall performance is the best. Differences in factors such as gender, age, frequency of subway ride, and familiarity with VR devices will result in different differences in average evacuation time and average satisfaction score. When the platform center is used as the initial evacuation point, the average evacuation time is the shortest, and the average satisfaction score of the testers is the highest. In conclusion, through VR video tracking technology, the actual situation of subway station buildings can be well simulated, and further design schemes can be made according to the simulated situation, which has practical reference significance.

A GIS Based University’s Campus Evacuation Plan in Case of Emergencies

Abstract Emergencies are bound to happen anywhere at any time and as such pre-planning is necessary. This study outlined a procedure by which students on a university campus can be evacuated safely, while optimising use of available resources. Applications of optimisation techniques in campus emergency planning studies are not common, especially in developing countries. Collaboration of students is essential for a successful campus emergency evacuation, as such this study examined factors that will predict students’ behaviour in an emergency. The study adopted a location-allocation (L-A) model based decision support system (DSS) to implement the campus evacuation plan. The DSS was implemented within a geographic information system (GIS) environment. A total of 150 students were selected randomly across six faculties at Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria for the study. In the event of an emergency it is proposed that all the students will move to designated assembly areas. The output from the emergency decision support system will be used to direct students from the assembly areas to appropriate evacuation points. The DSS was specifically applied in this study to find the locations of five evacuation points that will minimise travel distances of all students from thirteen assembly areas. The results from the DSS showed the average travel distance is 328.43 metres. This study used the binary logistic regression model to predict factors that will influence students to assist in an emergency. The result of the analysis showed that their level of consciousness of emergencies is the only factor that will significantly influence them to assist in an emergency. The findings from this study showed that for a disaster resilient university it must develop an all-hazards comprehensive plan, conduct regular emergency training and exercises, and develop a partnership with the host community for joint use of emergency resources. Keywords: Decision Support System ; Emergency Preparedness; Evacuation Plan; Location-Allocation Models; University Campus.