Eastern Enlargement Of EU Research Articles

THE DAIRY SECTOR OF AN ENLARGED EU: AGENDA 2000 AND IMPACTS OF TECHNICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES

Regarding the developments in the dairy sector of the old and new members of the EU, two future options were analyzed. The first one is the reform package Agenda 2000, which forms the political platform for the next years, a period including the beginning of the EU Eastern enlargement. The second scenario is a technological and institutional change in new member countries after their accession into the EU. For the analysis, two different models were used -- the partial equilibrium model MIPsi and the general equilibrium model GTAP. The main features of both models are presented in the theoretical part of the paper. The results show the usefulness, as well as the restrictions, of this approach in regard to the analysis of the milk and dairy sector.

EU Eastern Enlargement Can Be Financed - Increased Need for Reforms

EU Eastern Enlargement Can Be Financed - Increased Need for Reforms

EU Eastern Enlargement: Sealing Off or Regulated Opening Up?

EU Eastern Enlargement: Sealing Off or Regulated Opening Up?

An Incumbent Country View on Eastern Enlargement of the EU. Part II: The Austrian Case

In Part I of this paper, we have presented a general treatment of the welfare effect of an eastern EU enlargement on incumbent countries. Part II now takes a closer look at the Austrian case. We first present a few descriptive statistics on the role that east-west trade, as well as the pertinent tradebarriers, play for the Austrian economy. We then argue that a numerical simulation, based on a suitably specified general equilibrium model, is an appropriate way towards a full evaluation of the welfare and distributional consequences of enlargement. Focussing on the Austrian case, we thereforeimplement an enriched and parameterized version of the general model used in Part I of the paper. The model features savings and investment, based on intertemporal optimization, as well as sectoral allocation of capital andlabor (skilled/unskilled), based on product differentiation and imperfect competition. In addition, the model incorporates a detailed representation of the government budget, featuring distortive taxes and subsidies, as wellas transfers to domestic households, and financial transactions with the EU. The model allows us to take a quantitative view on both the costs and integration gains of an eastern enlargement. Relying on a Hicksian welfare measure which incorporates both long-run effects and short-run adjustment, our numericalsimulations indicate that, in the Austrian case, the integration gains outweigh the fiscal burden.

EU enlargement and labour markets in the CEECs

The implications for labour markets are central to any political and economic evaluation of EU Eastern enlargement. The resulting new levels of unemployment and of wages will have direct effects on social welfare in the acceding countries as well as in the present member states of the EU. Furthermore, employment and wages are substantial factors of political stability in the central and eastern European countries (CEECs). The following paper analyses the present situation on the labour markets in the CEECs and discusses the effects of their reintegration into the Western European system and the resulting implications for labour market and wage policy institutions.

EU‐Russian relations and the eastern enlargement: Integration or isolation?

The external relations dimension of the European Union's enlargement to central and eastern Europe has received surprisingly little attention despite the fact that in the long‐term the issues that it raises may be far more important than those currently dominating the debate. Nowhere is this more likely to be true than in relation to Russia for which the EU's enlargement poses a risk of increasing isolation from the rest of Europe. The danger of creating a new dividing line across Europe is widely recognised and the challenge therefore is to find ways of ensuring that Russia can be fully integrated with Europe while almost certainly remaining outside the EU itself. This article focuses on relations between the EU and Russia and address three key questions: how Russia has reacted to the prospect of the EU's eastern enlargement; the specific issues arising from enlargement and the kind of long‐term relationship that might develop between Russia and an enlarged EU.

Politics, policy and identity: EU eastern enlargement and East-West differences

This article considers the implications of generalizing existing EU equal opportunities legislation to countries that are in a transition from state socialism. The transposition of Western policy assumes that gender identities and interests in the East and the West are the same. The East-West tensions that persist over the ideas of gender and feminism suggest that such an assumption may be out of place. I discuss explicit sexual equality policies under communism, showing how, despite the limits to their success, sexual difference was nevertheless not experienced as the source of political inequality during the communist regime. Sexual equalization was rather the unintended consequence of state socialism, where political exclusion was defined in terms of society vis-À-vis the state. While existing EU policy has been oriented towards the exclusionary meaning that the public-private distinction has had in the West, in the communist countries political inequality was not defined in these terms. For eastern European countries, convergence with the West means not only the rise of masculinism, it means - among other things - the rise of unemployment for both women and men, and the rise of class. One reason why sexual discrimination in the labour market may not have priority among eastern European women's concerns is that a starker comparison is between the unemployment of both sexes now, as compared with the full employment of both sexes in the past.

Integration and Search Unemployment: An Analysis of Eastern EU Enlargement

The paper develops a unified general equilibrium model including savings with overlapping generations, investment and search unemployment. Long-run analytical results for the small open economy identify capital accumulation as a prime transmission channel. The effects of integration on unemployment, however, depend importantly on the nature of wage taxation and unemployment compensation. As a separate methodological contribution, we extend a dynamic CGE model for Germany to allow for search unemployment of high- and low-skilled labour. Simulating the effects of Eastern EU enlargement, we find quantitatively small effects of integration but more pronounced labour market effects from immigration.

Eastern Enlargement of the EU: How Much is it Worth for Austria?

For present member countries, eastern EU enlargement entails gains from integration as well as fiscal costs. The authors use a calibrated model to quantify the dynamic effects of discriminatory trade liberalization and immigration from eastern applicants. It is found that enlargement is expansionary and yields a remarkable fiscal dividend. Surprisingly, integration compresses the wage spread between skilled and unskilled labor. Overall, the (dynamic) gains from integration clearly outweigh the fiscal cost, while ambiguous enlargement is found to hold a remarkable net welfare gain for Austria.

Dynamik der realwirtschaftlichen Integration am Beispiel der EU-Osterweiterung / On the Dynamics of Economic Integration: The Case of the EU Eastern Enlargement

Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag werden die Auswirkungen einer wirtschaftlichen Integration auf das langfristige Wachstum analysiert. Dabei wird von international unterschiedlichen Faktorausstattungen, einer unvollständigen Wissensdiffusion und der Existenz von Umweltproblemen ausgegangen. Als Resultat einer Integration ergibt sich, daß eine für die langfristige Dynamik ungünstige Reallokation der Ressourcen zwischen den Wirtschaftssektoren nicht auszuschließen ist. Dies trifft vor allem dann zu, wenn die Integrationspartner über wenig qualifizierte Arbeit verfügen, die internationale Wissensdiffusion gering ist sowie die Substitutionsmöglichkeiten zwischen den verschiedenen Arbeitsinputs sowie zwischen den natürlichen Ressourcen und dem Faktor Wissen gering sind. Diese Fälle werden am Beispiel der EU-Osterweiterung diskutiert.

The German Lander and EU enlargement: Between apple pie and issue linkage

Following the Maastricht Treaty, the German Lander won unprecedented, collective rights of input into German EU policy making, extending across a wide range of EU policy fields. An analysis of Lander policy on EU eastern enlargement — focused here on Bavaria and Saxony ‐ points to a dilemma for the Lander in exercising these rights. Divergences of interest and priority militate against the generation of collective majority decisions. Beneath a veneer of generalised support for the enlargement process, individual Lander have different perspectives on enlargement conditioned by self‐interest rather than collective interest. While this is unlikely significantly to hinder the enlargement process, the pursuit of self‐interest seems set in key areas to pitch the Lander into conflict with the applicant states over resources, locational competition, and the scope of European‐level intervention.

Between deepening and widening: Role conflict in Germany's enlargement policy

Although Germany is the principal proponent of the EU's eastern enlargement, it has at times found it difficult to reconcile this aim with its desire to promote deeper EU integration. The use of role theory illustrates these conflicting priorities. West Germany's post‐war role in European politics was that of a promoter of deeper integration; the deepening of West European integration thus became part of the self‐conception of West German foreign policy‐making élites. The changed situation after 1990 placed new demands on German foreign policy makers. West Germany's traditional self‐conception as an integration deepener conflicted with the desire on behalf of unified Germany to press for EU enlargement. However, although German policy makers employed a variety of strategies in order to pursue their incongruous foreign‐policy aims, their principal concern remained with the deepening of western integration.

Introduction: Eu Eastern Enlargement - Hopes and Problems Related to FDI

Introduction: Eu Eastern Enlargement - Hopes and Problems Related to FDI

Agricultural Reforms in the CEFTA and EU Eastern Enlargement

Agricultural Reforms in the CEFTA and EU Eastern Enlargement

Financial context of ceec process of privatization and restructuring (czech republic, poland, hungary)

As EU Eastern enlargement draws nearer, CEE countries - especially those with the best chance to become EU members in the first group - have to get prepared for the EU environment, where they will be exposed to new competitive pressures. They have to increase their performance and overcome their low level of competitiveness, existing in spite of their recent relatively successful transition from command to market economy. Even though they are not a homogeneous group of states, at minimum those of them, the application of which for joining EU are dealt with, show despite the existing differences certain common features of their hitherto transformation (including restructuring) development (we take into account the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland).

Reforms necessary if eastern enlargement of the EU is to be financed

The scenarios delineate a framework within which the financial consequences of eastern enlargement move against the background of more or less far-reaching reforms of internal EU policies. They clearly indicate that enlargement need not come to grief on the costs associated with it. The burden imposed on the budget can be kept within reasonable bounds given changes in internal EU policies that should be implemented in any case. If these policies are not modified, the analysis shows that structural policy is a more serious obstacle to accession than agricultural policy. If the capability of a national economy to absorb transfers efficiently is taken into account by introducing a fixed ceiling on EU support as a proportion of GDP, it would make a decisive contribution towards facilitating eastern enlargement. Irrespective of enlargement it is vital that further progress is made with agricultural policy reform. Agricultural policy remains the most important item of spending in the EU (15) budget. It is only here that the—inevitably substantial—resources required for eastern enlargement can be freed up.