Eurycoma Longifolia Research Articles

Comparison of Different DNA Extraction Methods from Leaves and Roots of Eurycoma longifolia Plant

Comparison of Different DNA Extraction Methods from Leaves and Roots of <i>Eurycoma longifolia</i> Plant

STUDY OF COMPONENT COMPOSITION OF MEDICINAL PLANT MATERIALS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH MASS-SPECTROMETRIC DETECTION

Component composition of extracts 14 medicinal materials kinds was study by gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection for revealing of the marker compounds specific for particular plant species. Extraction of components from the investigated objects was carried out by extraction of dry ground raw material with ethanol. For the analysis of polar compounds, the extracts were further derivatized to give the corresponding trimethylsilyl derivatives. Identification of components was carried out using commercial (NIST11, Wiley14) and own custom mass-spectrometer libraries. A number of compounds with species specificity were found for Schisandra chinensis, Ginkgo biloba, Oplopanax elatus, Oplopanax horridus, Ferula soongarica, Epimedium brevicornu, Epimedium koreanu, Cnidium Monnieri, Tribulus terrestris. The possibility of practical application of identified marker compounds for establishing the authenticity and quality control of multicomponent plant gathering and biologically active food additives on the example of the analysis BAA «Vertera Endo mix», «REDTEST», «Devil’s Club» is shown. Based on the analysis of extracts Panax ginseng, Aralia mandshurica, Rhodiola rosea, Eurycoma longifolia and Eleutherococcus senticosus, it was not possible to identify marker compounds

Antiadipogenic effects of a standardized quassinoids-enriched fraction and eurycomanone from Eurycoma longifolia.

Bioactive compounds of Eurycoma longifolia (EL) jack were previously shown to reduce omentum fat mass and oestradiol-induced fatty uterine adhesion in rats. However, the exact role of EL on adipogenesis remains unknown. This study sought to investigate the effects of an EL standardized quassinoids-enriched fraction (SQEL) and the pure compound, eurycomanone, on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells. 3T3-L1 cells were induced to differentiate and treated for 8days. The treatment reduced intracellular accumulation of lipid droplets and triglycerides in the differentiating adipocytes and induced lipolysis in matured adipocytes. The expressions of adipogenic transcription factors and markers were also significantly downregulated during the early stage of differentiation. Furthermore, SQEL also suppressed body weight gain, decreased epididymal and perirenal fat pad mass and size, and reduced the accumulation of fat in the livers of C57BL/6J mice fed with normal or high-fat diet that were concurrently given 5mg/kg and 10mg/kg (i.p) of SQEL for 12weeks. SQEL also improved glucose intolerance and decreased the elevated total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in these mice groups. These findings suggest that SQEL could be explored as an alternative pharmacologic agent inhibiting adipogenesis for the prevention of obesity.

Rapid discrimination of Eurycoma longifolia extracts by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and two dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy

Eurycoma longifolia is a herbal medicinal plant of South-East Asian origin, popularly recognized as ‘Tongkat Ali’. The root extracts have been used in indigenous traditional medicines for its unique antimalarial, anti-pyretic, antiulcer, cytotoxic and aphrodisiac properties. It is an important task that fast and effective analysis methods monitor the inherent qualities of traditional herbal medicines and its corresponding extracts products as a complicated mixture system. Owing to the unique fingerprint character and extensive applicability to test sample, infrared spectral method have been used in many research fields. In this paper, we use FT-IR, second derivative infrared spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy (2D-IR) step by step to analyze E. longifolia and its different extracts (extracted by hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and methanol in turn). The findings indicated that FT-IR and 2D-IR can provide many holistic variation rules of chemical constituents. The structural information of the samples indicated that E. longifolia and its extracts contain a large amount of quassinoids, since some characteristic absorption peaks of quassinoids, such as ∼1700 cm−1, ∼1670 cm−1, ∼1600 cm−1,∼1500 cm−1, and ∼1270 cm−1 can be detected. This method, having its high resolution and excellent macroscopic fingerprint features, can not only supply lots of structural information of main components in the complicated system, but also can differentiate the tiny differences between the similar systems according to the macro-fringerprint characters. This method is highly rapid, effective, accurate and well repetitive for pharmaceutical research.

A Fast, Sensitive and Validated Technique for Eurycomanone and Cordycepin Quantitation using UPLC‒MS/MS

Herbs and herbal based products have been widely used, but some products might contain no herbal ingredient as claimed in the product label. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a fast, sensitive and reliable method to analyze the herbs and their finished products. The roots of Eurycoma longifolia, and the health supplement of E. longifolia and Cordyceps were used as the sample matrices in this study. Sonication assisted extraction was applied to extract the marker compounds, namely eurycomanone and cordycepin from E. longifolia and Cordyceps, respectively. The presence of the marker compounds was established by high throughput ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‒MS/MS) using a highly sensitive and selective technique of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The positive ion transitions in MRM for eurycomanone and cordycepin are m/z 409 → 391 and m/z 252 → 136, respectively. The test method was validated for its robustness, accuracy, precision, linearity, detection and quantitation limits, as well as estimated for its measurement uncertainty.

Characterization of primary and secondary metabolites of leaf and stem extracts from &lt;i&gt;Eurycoma longifolia&lt;/i&gt; jack

This study evaluates the primary and secondary metabolite profiles of Eurycoma longifolia Jack (EL) stems and leaves to determine whether it can be utilized for therapeutic purposes as the roots. A total of six types of extracts were tested. The extracts showed high content of glycosaponins, polysaccharides, proteins and phenolics. The presence of flavonoids and phospholipids was also detected. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed the presence of bioactive marker of EL root, eurycomanone and 14,15ß-dihydroxyklaineanone in stem and leaf extracts. Primary and secondary metabolites identified were reported to associate with the enhancement of ergogenic and aphrodisiac activities in animal and human subjects. The result shows that stem and leaves of E. longifolia has the potential for therapeutic purposes.Keywords: Eurycoma longifolia; eurycomanone; 14,15ß-dihydroxyklaineanone; aphrodisiac

Toxicity level of polyherbal product containing Physta® Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) and SLP+® Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila) in rodent

Toxicity level of polyherbal product containing Physta® Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) and SLP+® Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila) in rodent

An Evidence-Based Review: The Effects of Malaysian Traditional Herbs on Osteoporotic Rat Models.

Osteoporosis is considered a silent disease, the early symptoms of which often go unrecognised. Osteoporosis causes bone loss, reduces mineralised density, and inevitably leads to bone fracture. Hormonal deficiencies due to aging or drug induction are also frequently attributed to osteoporosis. Nevertheless, the phytochemical content of natural plants has been proven to significantly reduce osteoporotic conditions. A systematic review was conducted by this study to identify research specifically on the effects of Malaysian herbs such as Piper sarmentosum, Eurycoma longifolia and Labisia pumila on osteoporotic bone changes. This review consisted of a comprehensive search of five databases for the effects of specific herbs on osteoporotic bone change. These databases were Web of Science (WOS), Medline, Scopus, ScienceDirect and PubMed. The articles were selected throughout the years, were limited to the English language and fully documented. Duplication, irrelevant titles, different herbs and in vitro studies were excluded, including those that are not original research papers. A total of 399 potential studies were identified, but only 21 samples were accepted based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Six of the twenty one studies were on Piper sarmentosum, six on Eurycoma longifolia, and the remaining nine studies were on Labisia pumila. Overall, in three of the studies a glucocorticoid-induced model was used, while in 12 of the studies an ovariectomised model was used, and for the other six studies an orchidectomised model was used as the osteoporotic model. All of the studies reported varied results based on the type of herbs used, but in comparison to Eurycoma longifolia, Piper sarmentosum and Labisia pumila recorded better anti-osteoporotic effects, while the majority of studies on Eurycoma longifolia were unable to preserve bone strength.

Potential medicinal plants for improve the immune system from Borneo Island and the prospect to be developed as nanomedicine

The immune system is a combination of cells, molecules, and tissues that play a role in preventing, detecting and eliminating a pathogen that enters the body. Indonesian society, hereditary and traditionally used medicinal plants (herbs) to increase immunity or immune system that fight the bacterias and pathogens. This paper aims to review the potential plants for immunomodulator from Borneo Island and the prospect to be developed as nanomedicines. The review is made using online and offline literature. Based on the literature, the immune system can be improved by various compounds from plants such as bawang dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia(L) Merr), kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris(Burm.f) Bedd), pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifoliaJack), kasturi (Mangifera casturiKosterm.), binjai (Mangifera caesia), ramania (Bouea macrophyllaGriff), gerunggang (Cratoxylum arborescens(Vahl) Bl) and akar kuning (Fibraurea chloroleucaMiers). In general, the mechanism of the plants to improve the immune system is by facing the cause of the disease directly as an effector and also work by regulating immunity. The medicinal plants also have prospects to be developed as nanomedicines.

Potential efficacy of extracts of Pimpinela alpina, Tribulus terestris and Eurycoma longifolia in increasing sexual activity in male wistar rats

Sexual dysfunction includes erectile dysfunction or impotence, ejaculation dysfunction and hypogonadism. It is a serious public health problem among young as well as old men worldwide, with a prevalence of more than 20%. In Indonesia, many indigenous plants have sex-stimulating effects include Tribulus terestris (tribulus), Eurycoma longifolia (pasak bumi) and Pimpinela alpina (purwoceng). In the present study, we evaluated the combination of T. terestris, E. longifolia and P. alpina (purwoceng) on the sexual behavior of male rats. Male Wistar rats were randomized to five groups (6 rats/group). Group 1: negative control. Group 2: positive control (sildenafil citrate 5 mg/kg b.w). Groups 3, 4 and 5: treatment with extract combination at 250 mg/kg b.w., 500 mg/kg b.w., 1000 mg/kg b.w. Mating behavior and mating performance were evaluated. Testosterone, FSH and LH were assayed by ELISA. The results showed that the extract combination (1000 mg/kg b.w.) significantly increased the frequency of mounting and intromission in comparison to the sildenafil group. The extract combination (1000 mg/kg b.w) increased serum hormone levels in comparison to sildenafil. It can be concluded that the extract combination at a dose of 1000 mg/kg b.w. increased sexual activity and hormonal concentrations in comparison to sildenafil treatment.

Exploring dynamic biomedical algorithm of Eurycoma longifolia Jack and its bioactive phytochemicals: A review of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic implications and future prospects

Eurycoma longifolia Jack (E. longifolia) is a well-recognized traditional herbal medicine that offers a wide dynamic range of biomedical applications including anti-osteoporotic, anticancer, anti-proliferative, anti-malarial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, anti-diabetic, anti-rheumatism and anti-ulcer properties. This review aims to overview the pharmacokinetic and a pharmacodynamic algorithm of E. longifolia and its bioactive components. Analysis of pharmacokinetic profile revealed that E. longifolia exhibit higher bioavailability, high volume of distribution, slow elimination rate, and does not show inhibitory effects on cytochrome P450 isoenzymes. E. longifolia has been used, alone or in combination with other pharmacological agents, in the form of crude extracts, standard extracts, or decoctions of different plant parts (i.e., herbs, shrubs, stem, leaves, and roots) for the treatment of various ailments in animals and humans. Among various bioactive constituents, eurycomanone has been found to be the most remarkable, super-stable, versatile, and most potent phytochemical (isolated or extracted from root extracts) against various types of animals and human diseases. Based on its well-established pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, we suggested that E. longifolia can be a well-accepted complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of different types of human ailments.

Differential protein expression of SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells treated with standardised extract of Eurycoma longifolia (SEEL30)

Differential protein expression of SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells treated with standardised extract of Eurycoma longifolia (SEEL30)

Courtship activity, copulation & insemination success in a mosquito vector fed a herbal aphrodisiac: Implications for sterile insect technology.

Background & objectives:In sterile insect technology (SIT), mating competitiveness is a pre-condition for the reduction of target pest populations and a crucial parameter for judging efficacy. Still, current SIT trials are being hindered by decreased effectiveness due to reduced sexual performance of released males. Here, we explored the possible role of a herbal aphrodisiac in boosting the mating activity of Aedes aegypti.Methods:Males were fed one of two diets in this study: experimental extract of Eurycoma longifolia (MSAs) and sugar only (MSOs). Differences in life span, courtship latency, copulation activity and mating success were examined between the two groups.Results:No deaths occurred among MSA and MSO males. Life span of MSOs was similar to that of MSAs. The courtship latency of MSAs was shorter than that of MSOs (P<0.01). MSAs had greater copulation success than MSOs (P<0.001). In all female treatments, MSAs mated more than MSOs, but the differences in rate were significant only in the highest female density (P<0.05). In MSAs, mating success varied significantly with female density (P<0.01), with the 20-female group (P<0.01) having the lowest rate. Single MSA had better mating success at the two lowest female densities. In MSOs, there were no significant differences in mating success rate between the different female densities.Interpretation & conclusions:Our results suggested that the herbal aphrodisiac, E. longifolia, stimulated the sexual activity of Ae. aegypti and may be useful for improving the mating competitiveness of sterile males, thus improving SIT programmes.

Assessing product adulteration of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) herbal medicinal product using DNA barcoding and HPLC analysis

Context: Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Simaroubaceae) commonly known as Tongkat Ali is one of the most important plants in Malaysia. The plant extracts (particularly roots) are widely used for the treatment of cough and fever besides having antimalarial, antidiabetic, anticancer and aphrodisiac activities.Objectives: This study assesses the extent of adulteration of E. longifolia herbal medicinal products (HMPs) using DNA barcoding validated by HPLC analysis.Materials and methods: Chloroplastic rbcL and nuclear ITS2 barcode regions were used in the present study. The sequences generated from E. longifolia HMPs were compared to sequences in the GenBank using MEGABLAST to verify their taxonomic identity. These results were verified by neighbor-joining tree analysis in which branches of unknown specimen are compared to the reference sequences established from this study and other retrieved from the GenBank. The HMPs were also analysed using HPLC analysis for the presence of eurycomanone bioactive marker.Results: Identification using DNA barcoding revealed that 37% of the tested HMPs were authentic while 27% were adulterated with the ITS2 barcode region proven to be the ideal marker. The validation of the authenticity using HPLC analysis showed a situation in which a species which was identified as authentic was found not to contain the expected chemical compound.Discussion and conclusions: DNA barcoding should be used as the first screening step for testing of HMPs raw materials. However, integration of DNA barcoding with HPLC analysis will help to provide detailed knowledge about the safety and efficacy of the HMPs.

Impact of Eurycoma longifolia extract on DNA integrity, lipid peroxidation, and functional parameters in chilled and cryopreserved bull sperm

This study aims to assess the effect of Eurycoma longifolia aqueous extract on chilled and cryopreserved quality of bull sperm. Semen samples were obtained from four Simmental–Brangus. Each sample was divided into two fractions: the first fraction was used for chilling the semen, and the second fraction was used for the freezing process. Both fractions were extended with Tris–egg yolk extender supplemented with 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mg/ml Eurycoma longifolia aqueous extract. The diluted chilled fraction was chilled at 5 °C for 6 days, whereas the frozen–thawed fraction was frozen in liquid nitrogen. Data revealed that 1 mg/ml E. longifolia aqueous extract yielded significantly (p < .05) higher sperm motility, morphology, viability, and sperm membrane integrity compared with the control group and other treated groups in chilled semen evaluation. For cryopreserved sperm, a significant difference (p < .05) in sperm motility, viability, sperm membrane integrity, DNA integrity, and lipid peroxidation was observed between 5 mg/ml E. longifolia aqueous extract and other treated and control groups. However, no significant difference in the percentage of sperm exhibiting normal sperm morphology was observed among the groups. In conclusion, the addition of 0.25 and 1 mg/ml E. langifolia extract to chilled semen and 5 mg/ml E. longifolia aqueous extract to cryopreserved sperm into Tris–egg yolk extender helps in maintaining superior quality of bull spermatozoa during chilling and freezing.

EFFECT OF EURYCOMA LONGIFOLIA ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN SEXUALLY DYSFUNCTIONAL MALE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Objective: This systematic review was conducted to summarize and evaluate the effect of Eurycoma longifolia (EL) on sexual behavior in the sexually dysfunctional male.Methods: Ovid Medline, Wiley Online Library, Scopus, BioMed Central, Hindawi and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant studies published from 1995 to 2016 and search was limited to relevant studies published in English. Studies assessing aphrodisiac properties of EL on male sexual behavior in sexually dysfunctional animal models or human were included.Results: Among the 155 studies identified in the literature search, a total of 6 eligible articles (5 animal studies and one human study) were selected and reviewed. All studies reported positive aphrodisiac activities and supported the use of the plant as an aphrodisiac.Conclusion: This systematic review highlighted the effect of EL extract as an aphrodisiac agent to improve sexual behavior in the sexually dysfunctional male. Further studies are required to determine the specific mechanisms of action and identification of the bioactive components of EL responsible for its potential efficacy.

The determination of metal content, microbial contamination and dissolution assessment of the ethanol extract of pasak bumi root

The Eurycoma longifolia is bitter therefore, to address this problem, it is prepared in a capsule form. The capsule dosage form must has the parameters of good quality, thus expected to increase the potential use of biodiversity and the interest of the community in consuming the medicine from the natural materials. The purpose of this research is to get the capsule product of ethanol extract of the Eurycoma longifolia root of quality through the test of total plate value and yeast yeast contamination, the determination of the metal content of Pb, Hg, Cd and the level of flavonoids released in the capsule dissolution test of ethanol extract Eurycoma longifolia root. The result of this research shows that the dissolution efficiency (DE 12 0 ) capability of ethanol extract of Eurycoma longifolia root is 81,04±2,38%. Test of heavy metal content in capsule of of ethanol extract of Eurycoma longifolia root found level of Pb equal to 4,132 ppm and not detected content of Cd and Hg in capsule. This indicates that the capsule meets the requirements set by BPOM RI. Tests for total plate numbers (ALT) and yeast capsule ethanol extract of the E. longifolia root were each obtained data of 70 x 10 2 colonies / g and 4 x 10 2 colonies / g. It also shows that the capsules meet the requirements by BPOM RI.

Development of a selective HPLC-DAD/ELSD method for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of commercially available Eurycoma longifolia products and plant extracts

Aqueous extracts of the roots of Eurycoma longifolia are traditionally used to improve sexual performance, to treat infertility and other sexual dysfunctions but also to increase muscle strength. Nowadays, many different products are commercially available which are promoted as E. longifolia extracts and claim to possess beneficial aphrodisiac effects. Since such herbal aphrodisiac preparations have been recently the target of fraudulent product counterfeiting and because eurycomanone, one of the main quassinoids of E. longifolia, is suspected to possess toxic effects at higher concentrations, a highly selective HPLC-DAD/ELSD method has been established to analyze commercially available products and extracts of plant material. The presented method was established by the use of a mixture of 27 reference compounds for qualitative issues and fully validated according to the ICH guidelines for the quantification of three quassinoides: laurycolactone A, longilactone, and eurycomanone. The calibration curves of these showed a linearity over a range of 0.05 to 1.0mg/ml, with a regression coefficient not lower than R2=0.9969. The inter-day and intra-day precision (indicated as relative standard deviation) of the developed method was <2.9%. The recovery ranged from −3.3% to +6.0%. Eight randomly purchased products have been analyzed with this method, but only five of them contained E. longifolia compounds in detectable amounts. The concentration of eurycomanone in these products varied from 0.22±0.002mg eurycomanone per capsule to 1.84±0.08mg corresponding to a maximal recommended daily intake of 0.76±0.02 to 31.90±0.21mg.

Exploring molecular mechanism of bone-forming capacity of Eurycoma longifolia: Evidence of enhanced expression of bone-related biomarkers

BackgroundAmong the numerous well-documented medicinal herbs, Eurycoma longifolia (EL) has gained remarkable recognition due to its promising efficacy of stimulating bone formation in androgen-deficient osteoporosis. Though numerous animal studies have explored the bone-forming capacity of EL, the exact mechanism was yet to be explored. Objective(s)The present study was aimed to investigate the mechanism of bone-forming capacity of EL using MC3T3-E1 as an in vitro osteoblastic model. Materials and methodsThe cell differentiation capacity of EL was investigated by evaluating cell growth, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen deposition and mineralization. Taken together, time-mannered expression of bone-related mediators which include bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2), ALP, runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx-2), osteocalcin (OCN), type I collagen, osteopontin (OPN), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and androgen receptor (AR) were measured to comprehend bone-forming mechanism of EL. ResultsResults demonstrated a superior cell differentiation efficacy of EL (particularly at a dose of 25 μg/mL) that was evidenced by dramatically increased cell growth, higher ALP activity, collagen deposition and mineralization compared to the testosterone. Results analysis of the bone-related protein biomarkers indicated that the expression of these mediators was well-regulated in EL-treated cell cultures compared to the control groups. These findings revealed potential molecular mechanism of EL for the prevention and treatment of male osteoporosis. ConclusionThe resulting data suggested that EL exhibited superior efficacy in stimulating bone formation via up-regulating the expression of various mitogenic proteins and thus can be considered as a potential natural alternative therapy for the treatment of osteoporosis.

The effects of combination of Eurycoma longifolia Jack ethanolic extract and doxorubicine on hematological profile in rats given by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene

Doxorubicin (Dox) is known as anticancer drug commonly used for cancer treatment. Eurycoma longifolia Jack or Pasakbumi was reported to have chemopreventive effect. In cancer patients, there are some dysfunctions of blood parameter, therefore some hematologic tests are needed to monitor cancer patients. In this study, the effects of combination of ethanolic extract of E. longifolia Jack (EEE) and Dox on hematologic profiles were investigated in rats injected by DMBA. Rats were divided into eight groups. Group I was normal group; Group II, rats were treated with extract dose 100 mg/kgbw; Groups III, IV, V, VI, VII and VIII, rats were treated with Dox, DMBA, DMBA+Dox, DMBA+EEE, DMBA+Dox +EEE, and Dox+EEE, respectively. DMBA administration orally was conducted twice a week for 5 weeks. At 16th week of treatments, bloods were taken from orbitalis sinus for hematologicals profile (levels of Hb, erytrocyte, hematocrite, leukocyte, MCV, MCH, and differencial leucocyte count) measurements. These data were analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by LSD test. DMBA administration significantly decreased the hematological profiles compared to the normal group, except in lymphocyte level. Rats treated with extract and extract+Dox were able to increase the hematological profile compared to rats given by DMBA only. Based on these findings it can be concluded that the combination of EEE and Dox potentially increase hematological profile of rats given by DMBA.