Eurycoma Longifolia Research Articles

Sequential ultrasound-microwave assisted extraction of water soluble proteins from Eurycoma longifolia roots

Even though Eurycoma longifolia was extensively studied, few researches investigated the protein content in its water extracts with the consideration of establishing the most suitable extraction method to increase their yields with high efficiency and less time consumption. The study applied a sequential extraction method to increase the yields of water soluble proteins (WSPs) in E. longifolia root extracts by the application of two nonconventional extraction methods, Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE). The study was established by circumscribed central composite designs (CCCDs) to indicate the optimum extraction conditions and the corresponding maximum WSPs yields for both the methods by investigating the MAE factors which were temperature (T); microwave power (W) and irradiation time (i) and UAE factors temperature (T); ultrasonic intensity (UI); and sonication time (s). The optimum conditions of MAE (T: 54°C, W: 301W and i: 15 min) led to the WSPs yield 23.101±1.647%.The optimum conditions of UAE (T: 46°C; UI: 1.84 W.cm”2 and s: 24 min) led to 24.181±0.321%. These predicted optimum conditions were then employed for the two proposed sequential extraction method, sequential ultrasound-microwave assisted extraction (SUMAE) and sequential microwave-ultrasound assisted extraction (SMUAE). Results revealed that the highest WSPs yield (27.172±1.086%) was obtained by initiating the sequential extraction with UAE for 10 minutes followed by MAE treatment for 5 minutes was the best extraction process. Therefore, SUMAE illustrated more efficiency than SMUAE. This concluded that the SUMAE is a more efficient extraction process than the one-step nonconventional extraction methods and was nominated for the upscaling of extracting proteins from E. longifolia roots in pilot and industrial scales.

Herbal tea of yellow bitter charm (Eurycoma longifolia Jack.) leaves and its potential analysis for commercial herbs drink

Yellow Bitter Charm (YBC) has been widely known as medicinal plants in Dipterocarps forest ecosystem. Common utilization of YBC is roots and stems, causing problems with its sustainability. In this study, some active compounds contained in YBC leave were identified due to antioxidant of YBC leaf is higher than root and stem. Thus, efficacious diversification products from it leaves as herbal tea was introduced. YBC leaves were taken from Samboja (East Kalimantan), Kotawaringin Timur and Katingan (Central Kalimantan). Chemical compounds showed that YBC leaves contained some important compounds, namely: canthin (anti-cancer), ethanol (aphrodisiac), anti-malaria (eurycomanone), and anti-HIV (quainoid), while other active compounds were saponins, tannins and alkaloids are very good for improving blood circulation. Herbal tea products from YBC leaves are made into 3 flavors, namely: original, jasmine and lime aroma. Organoleptic tests of these products including color, aroma and taste were tested on 58 respondents from different age classes showed that teenager respondents preferred herbal tea with lime aroma, adult respondents preferred jasmine aroma, while elderly respondent was very fond of original due to efficacy considerations. Antioxidant tests on these products proved that aroma additional might cause a decrease in antioxidant activity.

Proapoptosis Effect of Root of Eurycoma longifolia (Pasak Bumi) on the Prostate Cancer: In Silico Analysis

This study aimed to predict the proapoptosis effect of E. longifolia active compounds on prostate cancer by in silico analysis. Protein data such as BCL-2 (GI: 2506216), Caspase 3 (GI: 6978605), Caspase 8(GI: 11560103), data quassinoid (ID: 5459060 and chantin (ID: 97176) were collected from GenBank of NCBI. Protein BCL-2 collected from NCBI compare with Protein Data Bank (PDB) and UNIPROT. The docking process was carried out using software HEX 8.0. to compute the binding affinity between ligands (active compounds of Pasak Bumi) and protein target. The interaction between quassinoid and chantin was strongest and stable against caspase-9, indicating that the active ingredient in E. longifolia triggered caspase-9 activity after activation of BH3 domains in Bcl-2 in prostate cancer. The low energy binding between quassinoid and chantin with caspase-3 indicates the interaction between the active ingredients is not strong with caspase-3. E. longifolia active ingredients that are potentially used in the treatment of prostate cancer are quassinoid and chantin by inducing apoptotic mechanisms via both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. The combination of active ingredients of E. longifolia that is quassinoid and chantin can be used as a strategy of prostate cancer therapy both through extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.

A fast and reliable 2D-IR spectroscopic technique for herbal leaves classification

The safety and quality of herbal products are of great importance. People take herbal products with the intention for health improvement and overall well-being. Both chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques have been proven for their effectiveness in phytochemical fingerprinting and profiling. The present study describes the application of advanced two dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy (2D-IR), and followed by chemometrics for herbal leaves classification. The 2D-IR could ascertain small difference and reveal for any overlapping peaks compared to conventional FTIR technique. There were 13 herbs selected and their dried leaves in fine powder form were used for spectral scanning from 400 to 4000 cm−1. The absorption signals were analysed by principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). It was found that the wavenumber of 1800–900 cm−1 was the dominant region of identification and discrimination. The region was found to have signals attributed to the functional groups of CO, CO and CC stretching, and CH and OH bending. Both PCA and HCA could cluster the IR spectral data of the herbs into 4 distinct groups. There was no significant relationship of leaf morphology and phytoconstituents similarity. Somehow, hairy (Strobilanthes crispa and Morus alba) and waxy (Eurycoma longifolia and Citrus hystrix) leaf surfaces of the herbs are still grouped together after data extraction and reduction using the pattern recognition tools. The classification was also verified by introducing another 3 new spectral data (S. crispa, M. alba and Ficus deltoidea) into the statistical analysis. The new dataset was found to be located at the position near to their individual plant species in both score plot and dendrogram. Although the absorption signals of the new dataset were obtained from their aqueous crude extract, 2D-IR spectroscopic analysis was still capable to capture the key features of discrimination for classification in a precise and rapid manner.

Effect of nutritional factors on the accretion of secondary metabolites in Malaysian ginseng adventitious root cultures

In this study, we aimed to verify the effect of nutritional factors on the accretion of secondary metabolites in the adventitious root (AR) cultures of Malaysian ginseng (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) grown in small-scale bioreactors. AR were induced from leaf explants and cultured in different types of media including Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, Driver Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) medium, Gamborg’s B5 medium, Woody Plant Medium (WPM), and ¾ MS medium. Among these media, the MS and Gamborg’s B5 media induced lateral root development from initial inoculum, which accounted for the increase in AR biomass accretion. By contrast, the DKW and WPM media did not induce lateral root formation from the cultured explants. The ¾ MS medium was optimal for the growth of AR and accretion of secondary metabolites, after 7 weeks of culture, the biomass of AR increased by 8.6-fold in ¾ MS medium, and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents reached 5.23 and 2 mg g−1 of tissue dry weight, respectively. Analysis of mineral elements in the spent medium revealed that ¾ MS medium was most suitable for nutrient supply to developing AR. LC–MS analysis showed the accretion of eurycomanone, a therapeutically useful metabolite, in the AR of Malaysian ginseng.

Effect of Eurycoma longifolia Stem Extract on Uric Acid Excretion in Hyperuricemia Mice.

Background: Eurycoma longifolia is a tropical medicinal plant belonging to Simaroubaceae distributed in South East Asia. The stems are traditionally used for the treatment of sexual insufficiency, fever, hypertension, and malaria. Furthermore, it has antidiabetic and anticancer activities. Recently, it has been reported to reduce uric acid, but the mechanism is unclear.Hypothesis/Purpose: The aim of this study is to explore the effect and mechanism of E. longifolia stem 70% ethanol extract (EL) and its active compounds on uric acid excretion.Study Design and Methods: Potassium oxonate (PO) induced hyperuricemia rats model and adenine-PO induced hyperuricemia mice model were used to evaluate the effects of EL. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography was used to determine the levels of plasma or serum uric acid and creatinine. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was applied to observe kidney pathological changes, and western blot was applied to detect protein expression levels of uric acid transporters. Effects of constituents on urate uptake were tested in hURAT1-expressing HEK293T cells.Results: EL significantly reduced serum and plasma uric acid levels at dosages of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg in hyperuricemia rats and mice, increased the clearance rate of uric acid and creatinine, and improved the renal pathological injury. The protein expression levels of urate reabsorption transporter 1 (URAT1) and glucose transporter 9 were down-regulated, while sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 were up-regulated in the kidney after EL treatment. The quassinoids isolated from EL showed inhibitory effects on urate uptake in hURAT1-expressing HEK293T cells, and the effect of eurycomanol was further confirmed in vivo.Conclusion: Our findings revealed that EL significantly reduced blood uric acid levels, prevented pathological changes of kidney in PO induced hyperuricemia animal model, and improved renal urate transports. We partly clarified the mechanism was related to suppressing effect of URAT1 by quassinoid in EL. This study is the first to demonstrate that EL plays a role in hyperuricemia by promoting renal uric acid excretion.

Effect of Active Compound of Pasak Bumi Root (Euricoma longifolia, Jack) as an inhibitor of CDK2 methylation: In Silico Study

Active compound of Pasak Bumi’s root, a native plant of Indonesia, is used as antitumor by triggering cell apoptosis and reactivating the silence tumor suppressor gene caused by hypermethylation, inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. The aim of this study is to know the role of quassinoid from Pasak Bumi’s root (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) as an inhibitor of CDK2 methylation in silico. This is a descriptive study. CDK2 samples are obtained from Protein Data Bank (RSCB.org) with ID3SWR, samples of natural quassinoid are obtained from PUBCHEM NCBI and controlled by Sunitinib (®Sutent). Autodock Vina program PyRx 0.8 is used to analyze Molecular Docking. The process of analyzing molecular interactions is carried out using the LigandScout V.2.0 program. Visualization process are carried out using LigandScout V.2.0 program. The affinity of quassinoid and sutinab to CDK are -6.1 and -9.4, respectively. The more negative the binding affinity value, the better the ability of the compound (ligand) to bind to the receptor (macromolecules). From this case, Sutinab has better value compared to quassinoid. Target protein analysis using HITPICK shows quassinoid’s target predictor is JUN protein. Protein interaction analysis are obtained, and the compound is using stitch. JUN protein and Sunitib could bind with CDK2. The conclusion of this study is Sutinib has greater affinity compared to quassinoid.

Effects of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) Alcoholic Root Extract Against Oral Pathogens

Introduction: Eurycoma longifolia jack (E.L) is a herbal medicinal plant of South-East Asian origin, popularly recognized as ‘Tongkat Ali.’ The plant roots have been scientifically proven to have many biological effects including antibacterial activity however, no previous research to date has studied the effect on oral pathogens including cariogenic bacteria. This study was done to determine the antibacterial and antifungal activities of E.L. root extract against three common oral pathogens. Material and Methods: The microorganisms used were Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei. E.L root was extracted using soxhlet method. Disc diffusion assay was conducted using extract concentration of 200 mg/ml. Nystatin and Ampicillin were used as positive control for fungal and bacterial tests respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was done to determine the lowest inhibitory concentration of the extract on the microorganisms. Results: E.L extract inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans at a concentration of 200 mg/ ml with a zone of inhibition of 16.0 ± 3.0 mm and 7.0 ± 1.0 mm respectively. There was no antimicrobial effect of the extract on Lactobacillus casei. The MIC of E.L extract against both Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans was 25 mg/ml. Conclusions: The results from this study revealed the potential use of Eurycoma longifolia jack as an antimicrobial agent which can be used to produce new oral care products.

Amelioration of Spermiogram and Reproductive Hormonal Changes with Nigella Sativa and Eurycoma Longifolia Treatments in Rats Exposed to Lead Acetate

Aim The current study was designed to estimate the influence of Nigella sativa and Eurycoma longifolia pre-treatment and Lead acetate administration on the reproductive hormonal and spermiogram of rats. Materials and Methods: Five groups of Sprague Dawley rats have been divided into 6 rats each. Distilled water was given to Group 1 (NC) and set as the negative control. Lead acetate 20 mg/kg/day orally for one month was administered to Group 2 (PC) and set as the positive control. Group 3 (T1) were administered 20 mg/kg LA and 300 mg/kg Nigella sativa both orally/day for one month. Group 4 (T2) were received 20 mg/kg LA and 500 mg/kg Eurycoma longifolia orally/day for one month. Group 5 (T3) were administered 300 mg/kg Nigella sativa, 20 mg/kg LA, and 500 mg/kg Eurycoma longifolia orally/day for one month. Results: In this study, five groups of Sprague Dawley rats have been divided into 6 male rats each and grouped as follows; Group 1(Negative control); Group 2 (Positive control; 20mg/kg lead acetate); Group 3 (LA 20mg/kg + NS 300mg/kg); Group 4 (LA 20mg/kg + EL 500mg/kg); Group 5 (LA 20mg/kg+ NS 300mg/kg + EL 500mg/kg). All administrations were given daily for 30 days. The rats were euthanized and serum and epididymal samples were collected for reproductive hormonal assays and spermiogram determination. The estrogen concentration was less (p less than 0.05) in the EL treated group, whereas in the positive control (PC), the concentration of follicle stimulation hormones, as well as luteinizing hormones, were lower (p less than 0.05). Testosterone concentration was found to be higher (p less than 0.05) in the PC in comparison to other groups. The motility, concentration, and viability of the sperm were all low in the PC and high (p less than 0.05) in the treatment groups. The sperm abnormality was higher in the PC in compared with other groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study showed the preventive effect of Nigella sativa and Eurycoma longifolia administration against alterations in spermiogram and hormones caused by LA.

Chemical constituents and synergistic anti-gout studies on Eurycoma longifolia and potential mechanisms evaluation based on systemic analysis approach

37 compounds mainly including triterpenoids with the quassinoid skeleton and β-carboline alkaloids have been isolated from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia Jack (EL), which has been used as traditional medicine for a long history. It has been demonstrated that the total extracts from EL could significantly inhibit the joint swelling in MSU-induced acute gout arthritis rat model at middle and high doses (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), as meanwhile, better performance than that of positive control (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) has been observed at the dose of 10 g/kg. Aiming to search potential compounds and probable mechanisms, network pharmacology, molecular docking and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were adopted, leading to the hypothesis of 17 targets related to different pathogenesis of gout and 5 potential compounds (C36, C107, C124, C125 and C130) among 156 selected compounds, playing synergetic role with multiple targets. Instead of the guiding ideology of “a gene, a drug, a disease”, varieties of compounds but not a single one from EL display holistic performance through multiple pathways with multi-targets. It was noteworthy that Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase (XDH), Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2), Fatty acid-binding protein, liver (FABP1), Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), and Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARA) were the key targets with intensely interaction. Furthermore, the functional enrichment analysis indicated that EL probably produced the gout protection effects by synergistic regulation in multiple biological pathways, including Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, etc.

Modelling Growth Curves In Kampung Super Garut Chicken Fed With Pasak Bumi Meal (Euricoma longifolia Jack)

AbstractChicken growth will be showing a curve with certain mathematic model. The aim of this research was to predict growth curve model of kampung super garut chicken Fed With Pasak Bumi Meal (Euricoma longifolia Jack). This research used descriptive eksperimental method with 100, divided in five groups. Every groups fed with Pasak Bumi Meal in five categories is R0 (0%), R1 (0,025%), R2 (0,050%), R3 (0,075%) and R4 (0,100%). Chickens reared for 12 weeks, the collected data is body weight and body weight gain. Scatter plots data is used for estimated determination coefficient (R2), correlation coefficient (r), and standard error (SE). The results showed that; (1) addition of pasak bumi flour in ration at level 0,075% in ration resulted growth performance optimal; (2) The Gompertz model with the formula of Y = 1965.2 exp (-3.7890e-0.1456t ) was the best model with coefficient determination (R2) of 99.94%, coefficient of correlation (r) of 99.97%, and standard error (SE) of 16.01%. (3) growth rate until 12 weeks ages still increase.

In vitro and in vivo effect of Eurycoma longifolia root extract on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity

In vitro and in vivo effect of Eurycoma longifolia root extract on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity

Efek Ekstrak Etanol Akar Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma Longifolia, Jack) terhadap Ekspresi HRAS pada Organ Hati Tikus Galur Sprague Dawley pada Pemberian Doxorubicin

Doxorubicin chemotherapy agents cause serious side effects in normal cells, especially in the liver and heart caused by free radicals. RAS is an important component of the signal transduction pathway that controls cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. The pasak bumi root (Eurycoma longifolia, Jack) has been reported to have acted as an antioxidant and hepatoprotector. This study aims to determine the effect of giving ethanol extract of pasak bumi root on HRAS expression in healthy mice given doxorubicin. This research was conducted by dividing the test animals into 7 groups, namely doxorubicin control group 4.67 mg / kgBB, group II control ethanol extract of pasak bumi roots 200 mg / kgBB, group III, IV and V were the treatment groups given doxorubicin 4.67 mg / kgBW with ethanol extract of the pasak bumi root, each 50 mg / kgBB; 100 mg / kgBB; 200 mg / kgBW, group VI solvent control and group VII healthy control. The study was continued by painting using an immunohistochemical method to see the expression of HRAS in each experimental group. Data analysis was performed by calculating per cent expressions, then proceed with statistical tests using SPSS. The results of statistical tests showed that there were significant differences between the doxorubicin control group (18.56 � 1.85) and the treatment of group 5 (10.43 � 1.71) and there were no significant differences between the doxorubicin control group (18.56 � 1, 85) with group 3 treatment (17.80 � 4.23) and group 4 treatment (16.70 � 1.97). From the results of the study concluded that the ethanol extract of pasak bumi roots at a dose of 200 mg / KgBB can reduce the expression of HRAS in the administration of doxorubicin

Bioactive Constituents from the Roots of Eurycoma longifolia.

Four new phenolic components, eurylophenolosides A (1) and B (2), eurylolignanosides A (3) and B (4), along with twelve known compounds were isolated from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia Jack. The structure of these components was elucidated by using various spectral techniques and chemical reactions. Among the known isolates, syringaldehyde (12), 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 3-chloro-4-hydroxyl benzoic acid-4-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (14), and isotachioside (15) were isolated from the Eurycoma genus for the first time. Further, the NMR data of 14 was reported here firstly. Meanwhile, the nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activities of all compounds were examined in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells at 40 μM. As results, piscidinol A (6), 24-epi-piscidinol A (7), bourjotinolone A (10), and scopoletin (16) were found to play important role in suppressing NO levels without cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the Western blot method was used to investigate the mechanism of compounds 6, 7, 10, and 16 by analysing the level of inflammation related proteins, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Consequently, compounds 6, 7, 10, and 16 were found to significantly inhibit LPS-induced protein expression of IL-6, NF-κB and iNOS in NF-κB signaling pathway. Moreover, it was found that the protein expression inhibitory effects of 6, 7, and 16 exhibited in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the iNOS expressions through suppressing the IL-6-induced NF-κB pathway.

HUBUNGAN PEMANFAATAN TUMBUHAN PASAK BUMI (Eurycoma longifolia Jack.) SEBAGAI OBAT TRADISIONAL DAN BIOAKTIVITASNYA

Pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack.) is a species belonging Simarobuaceae has been long used as traditional medicine, which known very well as aphrosidiac. The studies have been conducted to reveal the benefits of E. longifolia through ethnobotany, phytochemical, and bioessay approaches, but the review articles on the its utilization and bioactivity limited. This article is based on scientific articles published on line or off-line, then synthesized so that to be information the relationship between use and bioactivity. Ethnobotany of E. longifolia have been used as a medicine for fever, malaria, improve stamina, antimalarial, antidiabetic, anticancer, aphrodisiac, overcoming erectile dysfunction. Bioactivity of E. longifolia is antiosteoporotic, antimicrobial, aphrodisiac, anticancer, angiogenesis, and hepatoprotective. Eurycomanone has activity as an antimalaria, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, and cytotoxic. The quassinoids, coumarin and glycosides of El have activity increase the production, quality, totality, synthesis and release of spermatozoa. Eurycoma longifolia is very potential to be developed as an antiosteoporotic and aprosidiac drug, but until now most of it is harvested directly from the forest, so to preserve it, we need to study the cultivation method.

The Potential Herbs of Medicinal Forests from Central Kalimantan as a Inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus

Background: Central Kalimantan is one of the largest provinces in Indonesia with a wealth of medicinal herbaceous plant species. This province was the origin of various medicinal plants such as tabat barito, akar kuning, pasak bumi and some other medicinal plants that were useful for human health. Methods: This paper explain about inhibitory test extracts etanol of Hati Tanah (Angiotepris Sp) tubers and Sangkareho leaves (Callicarpa longifolia Lam.) in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with concentration 1%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. Both plants has been utilized by the community as a traditional medicine to treat minor to moderate injuries such as postpartum. Results: The results for extract Hati Tanah was 15.63 mm, 16.97 mm, 25.42 mm, 28.40 mm and the results for and Sangkareho leaves was 1 mm, 2.68 mm, 3.9 mm, 6.2 mm. Inhibitory test studies have also been performed on the N-Butanol fraction from ethanol extract Hati Tanah tubers of the soil at the same concentrations and bacteria. The inhibited zone results was 15.65 mm, 23.20 mm, 24.15 mm, 26.25 mm. Conclusion: Medicinal forest plants origin of Central Kalimantan is Hati Tanah tubers and Sangkareho leaves has potential as a traditional medicine in inhibiting and killing Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

Protective Role of Eurycoma longifolia Jack Root Extract Against High-Fat Diet Induced Testicular Damage in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Objective: The aims of this study were to investigate the adverse effects of the high-fat-diet (HFD) on the testosterone level and testicular structure of male rats as well as to examine whether Eurycoma Longifolia (EL) is able to ameliorate these effects. Methods: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups each containing 6 rats. Group ND was given only normal diet, group NDEL was given normal diet and EL extracts (15 mg/ kg) dissolved in distilled water, group HFD was given only high-fat-diet and group HFDEL was given high-fat-diet and EL extracts (15 mg/kg). EL was administered orally for 12 weeks. The animal’s testosterone level was measured at week 0, 6 and 12. The rats were sacrificed at the end of 12th weeks and the testes samples were processed for histological examination Results: The testosterone level was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the in the treated rats with EL (NDEL and HFDEL) compared with ND and HFD groups. Treatment with HFD revealed a marked degeneration of the seminiferous tubule epithelium and disruption of interstitial cells of the testis thereby interfering with spermatogenesis. Treatment of HFD rats with El reduced the adverse effects of HFD and improved the morphological structure of the seminiferous tubules. Conclusion: These findings revealed that EL has ameliorative effects against the testicular damage caused by high-fat-diet.

Short Communication: Aphrodisiac plants used by Dayak Ethnic in Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

Abstract. Fauzi, Widodo H. 2019. Short Communication: Aphrodisiac plants used by Dayak Ethnic in Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1859-1865. Sexual dysfunction in men might render psychological disorders and household harmony. The prevalence increases with age and other risk factors such as systemic diseases and psychological factors. A community with no exception certain ethnic groups uses plants to fulfill various needs, including to treat sexual disorders in men. This paper aims to explore medicinal plants that are often used for aphrodisiacs by Dayak ethnic in Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The method was carried out through reviewing literature, searching for various references and analyzing data of the exploration of ethnomedicine and community-based medicinal plants in Indonesia held in 2012 and 2015. Of the 9 Dayak ethnic groups surveyed, only four ethnic groups (Bawo, Taboyan, Tomum and Siang) posses an aphrodisiac formula. The plants used by ethnic Dayaks for aphrodisiacs are Eurycoma longifolia Jack., Luvunga sarmentosa (Bl.) Kurz., Rennellia elliptica Korth., Mimosa pudica L., Lepisanthes amoena (Hassk) Leenh., Fordia splendidissima (Miq.) Buijsen., Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch., Ficus deltoidea Jack., Koilodepas bantamense Hassk., Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. &amp; Binn., Gnetum sp., Caryota sp. and Calamus sp.

Brain Cortical and Hippocampal Dopamine: A New Mechanistic Approach for Eurycoma longifolia Well-Known Aphrodisiac Activity and Its Chemical Characterization

Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Fam.: Simaroubaceae), known as Tongkat Ali (TA), has been known as a symbol of virility and sexual power for men. Metabolic profiling of the aqueous extract of E. longifolia (AEEL) using UPLC-MS/MS in both positive and negative modes allowed the identification of seventeen metabolites. The identified compounds were classified into four groups: quassinoids, alkaloids, triterpenes, and biphenylneolignans. AEEL is considered safe with oral LD50 cut-off >5000 mg/kg. Oral administration of 50, 100, 200, 400, or 800 mg/kg of AEEL for 10 consecutive days to Sprague-Dawley male rats caused significant reductions in mounting, intromission, and ejaculation latencies and increased penile erection index. AEEL increased total body weight and relative weights of seminal vesicles and prostate. Total and free serum testosterone and brain cortical and hippocampal dopamine content was significantly elevated in treated groups with no significant effects on serotonin or noradrenaline content.

PREVENTION EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Eurycoma longifolia ROOTS ON CARBON TETRACHLORIDE-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICY IN RATS

The objective of this study was to investigate preventive effects of methanolic extract of Eurycoma longifolia roots (MEEL) against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. A total of 25 rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=5). Group I treated with Sodium CMC 1% w/v (peroral, 6 days), group II treated with single dose of CCl 4 in olive oil (1:1) 2 mL/kg (intraperitoneal injection). Groups III-V treated with 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg BW of MEEL (peroral, 6 days) respectively, and administration of CCl 4 in olive oil (1:1) 2 mL/kg (intraperitoneal injection) on seventh day. The hepatoprotective potential was estimated by measuring serum activity of biochemical parameters. Further, liver weight ratio and histopathological changes were determined. The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly ( P <0.05) increased and albumin decreased significantly ( P <0.05) in CCl 4 treated group, but treatment with MEEL 75 mg/kg significantly ( P <0.05) prevented the elevation of ALT, AST, and LDH. Histopathological changes also show hepatic protection of MEEL 75 mg/kg. It is suggested that methanolic extract of Eurycoma longifolia roots75 mg/kg would be enough to give a protective effect against CCl 4 -induced hepatotoxicity.