European Values Research Articles

The recession generation? Age-period-cohort dynamics of political trust in six countries severely affected by the 2008 crisis

A potential puzzle has emerged in the study of political trust: recent studies indicate that individuals' trust judgements are remarkably stable over their life course, but many other studies have observed long-term declines of trust in the aggregate. In particular, trust clearly declined substantially during and following the 2008 economic (and political) crisis in many European countries severely affected by it: especially Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain. In this study, I focus on these countries and ask to what extent the crisis may have resulted in a “recession generation” of citizens who were in their formative years at the time and may have adopted less trusting political orientations that have persisted since, more or less independent of life-cycle and period effects. To answer this question, I present descriptive visualizations of trust levels by citizens' age over time and conduct statistical age-period-cohort (APC) analysis of political trust levels using generalized additive models (GAMs) on data from the Eurobarometer (1997–2022) and the European Values Study/World Values Survey (EVS/WVS). The findings are inconclusive: descriptive comparisons of age-by-year diagonals suggest this cohort of citizens may indeed have lower levels of trust than older and younger cohorts, above and beyond the effects of life cycle and period—but the results from GAMs differ between countries and data sources and only show the expected cohort effect in three cases. These tentative results have implications for our understanding of the nature of political trust judgements and the potential socializing effects of major political events on citizens attitude-formation, but they await confirmation in future studies which will have the benefit of longer-term data and potentially further innovations in APC analysis.

Preservation of the Urban Historical Landscape as a Response to the Challenges of War

This paper focuses attention on the importance of preserving objects of the historical urban landscape, which the authors consider as a response to the challenges of war. The relevance of the study is due to the desire of Ukraine to follow European values in the formation of urban spaces. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the essential, to be preserved, characteristics of the elements of historical urban landscapes - gardens and squares. In the work, the analysis of the stages of formation of elements of the historical urban landscape is carried out on the example of a garden and a square in the cities of Poltava and Kharkov; factors and patterns that influenced the features of their architectural and landscape formation are identified; the main characteristics of the spatial planning and landscape organization of the studied objects are revealed. A new research algorithm for Ukrainian practice will strengthen the scientific justification of projects for the preservation and revival of the country's historical urban landscape objects, as a response to the challenges of the post-war period. The result of the study can be used in works aimed at preserving historical urban landscapes in various urban conditions.

Exploring citizen perceptions and values for a responsible society

AbstractAimsCitizens’ perceived values play a decisive role in shaping a responsive society, driving social and political attitudes and behaviors. Understanding these values, influenced by cultural, historical, and personal experiences, is essential for comprehending public perspectives on social, economic, and ecological aspects crucial for sustainable societies. This study investigates perceived values as indicators of citizens’ potential civic engagement, mainly contributing to societal development.Materials and methodsFor the purpose of this study, we analyzed 1012 cases from the European Value Survey/World Value Survey data set of the Republic of Macedonia. In addition to the exploratory factor analysis and cluster analysis, we employed XGBoost regression, coupled with SHAP analysis, offering a transparent exploration of the significance of citizens’ perceived values, while emphasizing their role in motivating social responsibility and duty.ResultsWe identified 12 factors and categorized Macedonian citizens into 4 clusters. Through the SHAP feature importance method, we determined that perceptions of gender stereotypes, trust in people, civil rights, and job equality strongly influence the idea of social responsibility.ConclusionsOur findings offer pathways to promote individual accountability and increased participation in societal actions, fostering greater advocacy and policy changes for a responsible, engaged, and sustainable society.

VICTORY DAY OR EUROPE DAY? THE POLITICS OF MEMORY IN MOLDOVA IN THE SHADOW OF RUSSIA'S WAR IN UKRAINE

The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 had a profound impact on the Republic of Moldova. The aftermath witnessed an unprecedented influx of Ukrainian refugees, a significant rise in inflation, a decline in political stability, and a deepening energy crisis. The root causes of political instability in Moldova are diverse, with issues of identity and memory playing a central role in the nation-building process since the Soviet Union's collapse. Moldova, situated between its Romanian roots and Russian- Soviet heritage, confronts numerous challenges in reconciling its past and navigating its future. The Russian occupation of its neighboring country has accentuated these challenges, serving as a crucial test for Moldova's European-oriented government. The response to this new geopolitical reality, however, has led to some measures that intensified ideological divisions within the population, particularly regarding matters of memory and identity. The contested memorial heritage in Moldova was notably evident during the May 9 celebrations, coinciding with Europe Day and Victory Day. While many European Union countries consider Europe Day a peripheral holiday promoting European values, Moldovan politicians and the public are increasingly giving it attention, with a growing belief that it should replace the Soviet-style Victory Day. Using the "struggle" over the significance of May 9 as a case study, this article explores contemporary Moldovan memory politics influenced by the realities of war.

Can Italian wines outperform European benchmarks in environmental impact? An examination through the product environmental footprint method

Nowadays, there is a pressing demand for precise tools to quantify sustainability and assess the contributions of products and processes to sustainable development. This requirement extends to the wine industry as well. In 2013, the European Commission introduced the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF), providing a standardized methodology grounded in life cycle thinking for evaluating the environmental impacts of products across various industries. Despite its potential and the availability of specific guidelines for wine, the application of PEF remains unexplored in the sector. This study contributes to the knowledge by applying PEF to assess environmental impacts of Italian still and sparkling wines production, identifying variations from European benchmarks. Additionally, it aims to pinpoint pivotal hotspots and provide guidance for effective mitigation strategies.Average data from 27 wines certified as sustainable under Italian VIVA program, were collected and used to perform a life cycle assessment in accordance with PEF protocol. Results revealed that Italian still wines exhibited a greater environmental impact than the European reference value, while sparkling wines displayed a slightly more favourable environmental performance compared to the European average. Notably, specific impact categories remained consistent across different wines and countries, with climate change, resource utilization, land use, and particulate matter harmful for human health accounting for nearly 80 % of the overall environmental footprint. Hotspot analysis identified the plantation/destruction of vines, energy usage in the winery, and packaging as significant factors influencing the environmental footprint of Italian wines. Addressing these elements could enhance the environmental competitiveness of the Italian wine sector relative to its European counterparts. However, to validate these findings, further studies are necessary, both within Italy and in other European wine-producing regions. Such research initiatives will improve and strengthen PEF methodology, bolstering its adoption as the primary tool for environmental impact assessment of wine at the community level.

How the Information Warfare Turns Into Full-Scale Military Agression: the Experience of Ukraine

The article analyzes the main ideological components and tools of Russia’s information, hybrid and full-scale war against Ukraine. Since the time of Ivan III, Russia has implemented the model of eastern despotism, which claims a special historical mission (“Moscow as the third Rome”). This model involves imperialism, absolutism, anti-democracy, disregard for human rights and the rights of nations. Throughout its history (Moscow Princedom – Russian Empire – Soviet Union – Russian Federation), the external forms of this model changed, but its essence remained unaltered, which is why it was always hostile to European values.
 From the middle of the 17th century, when Ukrainian lands came under Russian control, it did everything to spread this model to them. To this end, it has taken such actions as rewriting history, banning the Ukrainian language and culture, destroying ethnic self-awareness, as well as repression and genocide against the Ukrainian people. Nevertheless, the oppressor failed to completely destroy the code of freedom, which is fundamental to the Ukrainian mentality. Nevertheless, the oppressor failed to completely destroy the code of freedom, which is fundamental to the Ukrainian mentality.
 With the collapse of the Soviet Union (1991), Ukraine got the opportunity to build its statehood on the values of freedom and democracy, and realized itself as a full-fledged member of the European family. Russia perceived Ukraine’s independence as a threat to its mission and moved to an ideological war against Ukraine. All methods of propaganda were employed, including distortion of facts, creation and mass distribution of pseudo-historical narratives, fakes, manipulations and outright lies. During the rule of Vladimir Putin, the doctrine of “Russkiy mir” (“Russian world”) was developed as a neo-imperial myth, and the Ukrainian state was viewed as a historical mistake that had to be corrected through new colonization. When during the Revolution of Dignity (2014) Ukrainians removed a corrupt pro-Russian politician Viktor Yanukovych from power, Russia resorted to the hybrid war during which it annexed Crimea, Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Although the civilized world did not recognize the Russian annexation, its reaction was too restrained. This gave Putin hope that the world’s response to further aggression would also be weak, and therefore on February 24, 2022, he ordered the full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
 The Russian ruler underestimated the will of Ukrainians to fight for their freedom, lives, and European ideals. Putin and his henchmen also underestimated the harsh reaction of the civilized world to Russian barbarism. An unpleasant surprise for them was the unprecedented military and financial aid that the West provides to Ukraine. Russian propaganda cannot hide from the world the terrible war crimes and offences against humanity committed by the Russian military. This war is not just a war between two states – it is a war between medieval barbarism and civilization. Ukraine’s victory determines not only the fate of Ukraine, but also the entire world order.

The impact of far-right political orientation and cultural values on conservative attitudes toward life and death in Europe: a multilevel approach

Belief systems are core organizing factors of social attitudes and behaviors, and their study has highlighted the role of conservatism as a contributing mechanism in mitigating concerns associated with change avoidance, as well as the reduction of uncertainty and ambiguity in life. Moreover, these aspects seem to be consistently used as powerful tools in the political and social discourse of the far-right. Life and death ethics are an example of issues that deal with the need for stability and control over personal and social life that people endorsing conservative values seek to attain. There is a rich line of studies on the individual and social explanatory factors of political conservatism, but less attention has been dedicated to moral conservatism as an autonomous and meaningful concept. The current research follows a multilevel approach to disentangle the individual and contextual correlates of conservative attitudes toward life and death. Thus, besides looking at the influence of individual choices related to religion and political orientation, this study also seeks to analyse the impact of the context, introducing in the model variables measuring economic performance, social and gender inequality, religious diversity and the prevalence of materialism and post-materialism values. Multilevel models using data from the 34 countries that participated in the last wave of the European Values Study (2017–2020), revealed an association between far-right orientation and conservative attitudes toward life and death, and that this relationship is moderated by materialism/post-materialism values, economic performance, and social inequality. Our findings reinforce the role of democracy as an environment where freedom of choice and thought are indisputable rights, cherished by most of the populations, regardless of their political position or their stance on moral issues.

Dietary encapsulated fennel seed (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) essential oil supplementation improves performance, modifies the intestinal microflora, morphology, and transcriptome profile of broiler chickens.

Global antimicrobial resistance has led to a ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry farming, encouraging the use of natural phytogenic feed additives that provide similar effects to AGPs without causing resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the addition of encapsulated fennel seed (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) essential oil (FEO) into the diets on the performance, intestinal microflora, morphology, and transcriptomic profiling of broiler chickens. In the study, 400 one-d-old male chicks of the Ross-308 genotype were randomly distributed into five groups, each with 16 replicates of five birds. The experiment included a control group fed on basal diets without the addition of FEO and treatment groups supplemented with 50 (FEO50), 100 (FEO100), 200 (FEO200), or 400 (FEO400) mg of encapsulated FEO/kg. Body weight and the European Production Efficiency Factor values were higher in the FEO100, FEO200, and FEO400 groups (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio significantly improved at all FEO levels (P < 0.05). FEO supplementation improved duodenum, jejunum, and ileum morphologies. It enhanced mucosal layer thickness in the duodenum and jejunum, and muscular layer thickness in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). It also increased the number of Lactobacillus spp. in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). According to the transcriptome profile obtained from the microarray analysis of samples taken from small intestine tissues, the mRNA expression levels of 261 genes in the FEO50 group (206 upregulated and 55 downregulated), 302 genes in the FEO100 group (218 upregulated and 84 downregulated), 292 genes in the FEO200 group (231 upregulated and 61 downregulated), and 348 genes in the FEO400 group (268 upregulated and 80 downregulated) changed compared to the control group. Most upregulated genes were associated with catalytic activity, binding, transcription regulators and transcription factors, anatomical structure and cellular development, and protein binding activity modulators. The downregulated genes mostly belonged to the transporter, carrier, and protein-modifying enzyme classes. Besides, the anti-inflammatory IL-10 gene (4.41-fold) increased significantly in the FEO100 group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, FEO improved the performance of broiler chickens by regulating biological processes such as performance and intestinal health, with the 100mg FEO/kg supplementation being the most prominent.

ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКІ ЦІННОСТІ ЯК ЧИННИК КОНСОЛІДАЦІЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО СУСПІЛЬСТВА В УМОВАХ РОСІЙСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ

The article analyzes the value dimension of the consolidation of Ukrainian society under the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The author’s attention is focused on the attitude of Ukrainians toward the value foundations of a united Europe. The paper is based on sociological research from 2014–2024 years. The author traces the dynamics of the attitude of Ukrainians toward the European Union, the possibility of joining Ukraine the EU, basic and political European values (freedom, equality, security, democracy, political system, political regime). The article emphasizes the transformation that has taken place in Ukrainian society: from misunderstanding, reticence or denial to mass support for the European perspective of Ukraine and awareness of the civilizational choice. Consolidation is seen as the unity of society based on common values and a common goal. The Russian-Ukrainian war became one of the means of consolidating Ukrainian society around European values to protect Ukraine’s right to exist as an independent democratic state. Any country striving to be a subject of history must rely on a certain level of internal and external consolidation. The article argues that only by relying on the community of its consolidated citizens, the country can realize its own civilizational project, remaining a historical and geopolitical subject. At the same time, to ensure a dignified life and the self-realization of these citizens, the country must economically and politically consolidate with other countries. It has been proven that the consolidation of Ukrainians on the axiological basis of a united Europe in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war is the basis of its stability, the driving force of social development, and the unifying factor in the formation of a political nation and civil society in Ukraine. Summarizing, the author notes that during the post-war reconstruction of the country on the basis of European democratic values, the development of a scientifically based strategy of social consolidation and the involvement of professionals in its implementation acquires practical significance.

Piano Arrangements as a Universal Principle of Adaptation of European Artistic Values to the Peculiarities of Chinese Musical Culture

The article examines the role of arrangements for piano in the development of the Chinese piano school. The dynamic development of the latter is shown in the context of the influence of Western art and the ability of Chinese music to refract this influence through its own cultural lenses. The authors trace the development of piano arrangements in connection with the evolution of compositional thinking and adaptation to European standards and emphasise the role of the Russian musical culture in the process of interaction between the representatives of the binary opposition of “East vs. West.” The article examines methods of manifestation of Chinese national coloration by means of textural, registral, and technical capabilities intrinsic to the piano instrumentation for revealing the parallels with the principles of working with original sources in the context of Western European musical art. Particular attention is paid to the significance of the timbres (timbral forms) of Chinese traditional folk instruments, allusions to which have often appeared in the works of contemporary Chinese composers. In this connection, the authors draw analogies to the arrangements of folk melodies in the works of Western European (Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven) and Russian (Mily Balakirev, Anatoly Lyadov) composers. The main vectors of national traditions and their refraction in the mainstream of 20th century composition techniques are outlined in the article, and parallels are revealed connecting the aesthetics of musical impressionism with the conditions under which it acquires a unique sound on the basis of Chinese culture.

Life Wins in the West. Agnieszka Holland’s East-European Interpretation of The Secret Garden

The author of this essay interprets Agnieszka Holland’s cinematographic adaptation of Frances Hodgson Burnett’s The Secret Garden as a work of an East-European creator musing on the essence of Western civilisation and comments on it in the context of the present-day questioning of the European unity, values, and standards in Polish culture. In the analysis of Holland’s cinematographic version of the novel, a special relevance is given to cultural (in)visibility of the dangers of pregnancy and childbirth. The East-West divide is interpreted in terms of divergent conceptualisations of the major human transformative actions: work and sacrifice. In the multimodal idiom of Holland’s film, the music composed by Zbigniew Preisner occupies a special place. The East-European interpretation of the children’s classic promotes a vision of Englishness (treated as a pars pro toto exemplification of the broader concept of “the West”) as a space of resilience and triumphant life, against manipulative messages presenting the West as a space of corruption and “culture of death”.

Atlas of ozone chemical regimes in Europe

While concentrations of most air pollutants have been decreasing in Europe over the last 20 years, O3 is showing variable trends, with increasing average and decreasing peak concentrations. The complexity of O3 chemistry adds to the difficulty of understanding both the trends observed and how concentrations can be mitigated. This paper tries to answer the following questions: which emission sectors should be targeted and what levels of reduction could be achieved? To address these reflections, an Atlas of O3 chemical regimes has been constructed. For this Atlas, 22 European cities were selected and the surrogate model Air Control Toolbox (ACT) was used to evaluate the simulated changes in several ozone metrics as a result of reductions in road transport and industrial emissions. O3 chemical regimes have been classified and put in perspective with meteorological and emission data at each city location and around. The O3 sensitivity to road transport and industrial emissions differ from one city to another, but also for the same city when considering different ozone metrics and seasons (e.g., annual means versus SOMO35 or summer peaks). Counterproductive impacts yielding O3 increase when emissions are reduced are mainly encountered in regions or periods where O3 concentration are relatively low. In terms of meteorological factors, O3 chemical regimes are mostly impacted by the amount of solar radiation received but wind speed also has a considerable impact. Most cases show a higher sensitivity to emission reductions from road transport or equal sensitivity to emission reductions from road transport and industry. Very few cases are more sensitive to emissions from the industrial sector. However, the response of annual or seasonal average O3 metrics to industrial and road transport emissions can be considered relatively low with a maximum reduction of 33% for a 100% reduction of both industrial and road transport emissions. This is because anthropogenic emission can only mitigate ozone above a substantial natural tropospheric background. It is precisely this incremental anthropogenic ozone, which should be targeted by efficient policies as we also demonstrate that none of the cities studied would exceed the European target value with a 100% reduction in emissions.

ДЕМОГРАФІЧНИЙ РОЗВИТОК ПОСТКОНФЛІКТНИХ СУСПІЛЬСТВ: ДОСВІД КРАЇН КОЛИШНЬОЇ ЮГОСЛАВІЇ

The article shows the demographic losses of the states of the former Yugoslavia in the wars of the 1990s and analyzes the trends of the post-war demographic development of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Slovenia, and the partially recognized state of Kosovo. Before the start of the wars, the second demographic transition was largely completed in these countries, and the birth rate approached the average European value. There was no significant reduction in the total birth rate in the countries of the Balkan region during armed conflicts. Only in Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina, there was a noticeable decrease in the number of births due to large migratory losses of reproductive cohorts. The impact of the war was manifested in the accelerated transformation of the age-related birth rate, there was a decrease in the early birth rate against the background of an aging motherhood. It was established that in the post-war societies of the Balkan region, except Serbia, there was no compensatory increase in the birth rate. The birth rate in the countries of the former Yugoslavia changed synchronously with those European states that experienced deep economic crises or geopolitical transformations, in particular, joined the EU. Structural and demographic transformations in post-conflict societies are studied. It was found that during the war, the rate of decline in the share of the child population and the rate of demographic aging were higher than the European average. The long-term dynamics of the age structure of the population of the modern post-conflict countries of the former Yugoslavia do not differ in the main parameters from other European countries. It was established that the main factor in reducing the population of the region is forced external migration. The largest specific weight of emigrants from the number of permanent population is in Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In these countries, unresolved ethnopolitical problems destabilize the development of society in general, negatively affect the processes of natural reproduction, and act as a deterrent to the return of migrants. Taking into account the analogies of the post-conflict societies of the Balkan region, as well as taking into account the crisis parameters of the demographic situation before the full-scale war of 2022, the scenarios of the demographic development of Ukraine are built. They are due exclusively to probable migration trends. Optimistic and pessimistic scenarios of the demographic development of Ukraine are determined by several external and internal factors. Recommendations regarding the basic principles of the policy of re-emigration of Ukrainian refugees have been provided.

Active processes in the modern Ukrainian political lexicon

The article examines centripetal-centrifugal processes in the modern Ukrainian political lexicon during 2019–2023. Both passivization and activation of certain groups of socio-political vocabulary belonging to STATE – ARMY – SOCIETY concepts have been established. To describe the studied material, the technique of identifying the functional potential of the nomination resource, i.e. the ability of the new vocabulary to create lexical associations: word-forming nests and series, synonymous series, antonymic oppositions, the spectrum of word combinations (paradigmatic, syntagmatic and epidigmatic (derivative) relations in the text) have been used. To describe the selected vocabulary the following criteria have been applied: 1) semantic volume of the lexeme in the political text compared to the lexicographic definition, 2) functional load, 3) pragmatic load of the lexical unit in the text. It is concluded that political life in Ukraine in recent years has been significantly affected by the war, especially full-scale war. The war circumstances have changed the usual political rhetoric, the subject matter of texts and speeches on political topics and the language of such texts and speeches. The topics of inter-party struggle and pre-election battles have become irrelevant and this part of the lexicon has become passive, at least as long as the war continues and elections are not being held. Instead, patriotic and unifying rhetoric, military vocabulary in texts aimed at the Ukrainian audience as well as vocabulary that shows the struggle of Ukrainians for European values aimed at the international audience have become increasingly active. Keywords: the language of politics, political vocabulary, socio-political vocabulary, dynamics, functional potential of the nomination resource, pragmatic potential of the word.

Cross-border cooperation as a component of the modern concept of international territorial partnership

Cross-border cooperation (CBC) is an integral element and part of the European regional policy aimed at creating a more competitive regional economy with the involvement of state financial support, attracting investments and introducing innovations. The strategy of intensifying the development of regional CBCs should be aimed at solving the problem of disproportions in the socio-economic development of Ukraine’s regions, to facilitate the attraction of funding for the implementation of cross-border projects and the creation of new cross-border cooperation bodies. To draw on the experience of European countries in creating and implementing new forms of CBC, which would bring faster and more expected results, especially in the face of current challenges and external threats, especially in those territories that require special attention from the state and the use of special mechanisms and tools to stimulate their preservation and development. The CBC is implemented with the aim of integration into the European society and institutions, and the establishment of basic European values. CBC is one of the effective tools for deepening the interaction of its subjects and participants to jointly fulfill the tasks of local and regional development, support economic growth, stimulate and implement innovations.

Die Europäische Union im Spannungsfeld von Daten- und Geopolitik – eine Analyse ihrer strategischen Ausrichtung anhand des Konzepts der Grenzarbeit

Data is increasingly recognized as central in addressing social, political, and economic challenges. This article utilizes the concept of boundary work to illustrate how the European Union (EU) advances its strategic interests through data and market control. Specifically, the EU aims to enhance the competitiveness of European companies and address social issues while upholding European values. Through the analysis of three case studies – recent data legislation, the promotion of common European data spaces, and the IPCEI-CIS on cloud edge computing – the article evaluates the effectiveness of EU actions in this complex arena. Consequently, it contributes to the growing literature examining the EU’s evolving role as a geopolitical actor, framing these endeavors as a new form of industrial policy in the data economy.

ЕВРИСТИЧНИМЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ ГРОМАДЯНСЬКОГО СУСПІЛЬСТВА В РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ СТРАТЕГІЇ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОЇ ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ УКРАЇНИ: КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ ВИМІРИ

The radical transformations that modern Ukrainian society is experiencing in the conditions of full-scale aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine and its acquisition of the status of a candidate for the EU require a proper, in-depth and comprehensive analysis of Ukraine’s humanitarian development strategies, the implementation of the European integration vector of its development. The humanitarian strategies of Ukraine’s development in the context of full membership in the European Union are studied. It is shown that they should be determined by the national interests of the entire society, ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens, and updating the system of fundamental values of the Ukrainian people. Paradigmatic European values include Ukrainian civilizational identity (spirituality), state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, high level of human development, democratic society, full standards of living, gender equality, etc. The focus of the research is: artifacts of totalitarian society and their overcoming; European experience and the Ukrainian way in forming a system of values; civil society and state institutions; synergy of interaction in the European integration context; formation of collective memory and rethinking of Ukraine’s past in a European perspective. Special attention is paid to the dynamics of the processes of democratization and decommunization, cultural and linguistic policy, interethnic and interreligious relations, etc.

МЕМОРІАЛЬНИЙ ТУРИЗМ ЯК ЕЛЕМЕНТ ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ІДЕНТИЧНОСТІ УКРАЇНИ

The relevance of the study is determined by the analysis of the causes and consequences of the transformation of the national identity of Ukrainians historical milestones and the constant struggle for freedom and independence. At the current stage, considering the Russian-Ukrainian war the question of the connection of generations of courage strength of spirit, stability and at the same time mercy and empathy of Ukrainians arises again. The origin and powerful activity of "Plast" – the National Scout Organization of Ukraine – is analyzed. Historical personalities have been identified, namely: Robert Baden-Powell, Petro Franko, Ivan Chmola, Oleksandr Tysovsky, Stepan Bandera, Roman Shukhevich, Lyubomir Huzar, Bohdan Havrylishen. The fate of the participants of the Revolution of Dignity, who were among the first to join the country's defense in 2014 during the Russian-Ukrainian war, was also investigated. The research introduces the life and exploits of Heroes who gave their lives for the freedom and independence of Ukraine, namely: Stepan Tarabalka, Viktor Gurnyak, Markiyan Paslavskyi, Vitaly Dereh and others. The improvement of tourism in Ukraine after the war is characterized by a proposal for the development of memorial and other types of tourism, for the rehabilitation of military personnel and their families. The activities of the "Warmth of the Winged Soul" health center, created by the mother of the Hero of Ukraine pilot Stepan Tarabalk, were considered. The task of the research: to determine the essence of national identity, national identity of Ukrainians, features of European values conditions and consequences of the Revolution of Dignity, patriotic education of the National Scout Organization of Ukraine "Plast" foreign experience of post-war recovery, post-war recovery of tourism in Ukraine. Proposals for the development of tourism in Ukraine were developed based on the results of the experience of countries where tourism was restored despite military conflicts. In the research process such general scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, comparison and deduction.

Shaped by the pantheistic ideology of the founders, Türkiye has used its national education curriculum as an instrument of social engineering

Despite centuries of conservative ideology inspired by Islam, the rapid economic development and consecutive millitary victories of the West had caused within the ranks of the Ottoman elite an inferiority complex generating a wave of admiration resulting in the emulation of European values. Emerging with reinforced positivist doctrines after being deeply influenced by the French revolution, this admiration turned into an irreligious political ideology creating a decentralizing effect on the ruling sultanate of the Ottoman state. After the Republic was founded in 1923, the Kemalist state ideology was imposed onto Turkish society in the form of an aggregation of materialism, social Darwinism, positivism, secularism, and Turkish nationalism. To socially engineer a modern, secular, temporal and materially prosperous nation, this ideology would in most ways carry manifestations of the very character and lifestyles of the Republic’s founders. To maintain this ideology, assertive secularism was adopted as a security measure to prevent both the re-emergence of Islamic conservatism and any other nationalist or political ideology. While the visual aspects of Islamic society were transformed into a uniform Western society through mandatory reforms, the intellectual shift from East to West was realised by means of social engineering and religious inculturation through the education curriculum. This article will portray how the founders’ belligerent belief towards Eastern-Islamic tradition motivated them towards a new Western looking secular order and how these ideas have been imposed through school textbooks.

Young People’s Confidence in the Media in Croatia Compared to Young People in Europe Based on the European Values Study

Zahvaljujući procesu globalizacije, razvojem tehnologija dolazi do razvoja medija koji imaju važnu ulogu u oblikovanju čovjekova života i društva općenito. Medijima se često pripisuje moć oblikovanja pojedinčeve svakodnevnice, a posebno svakodnevice mladih, kao društvene skupine koja odrasta i razvija se u digitalnom dobu. Ipak, u sociološkoj teoriji ne postoji usuglašenost oko učinaka koje mediji proizvode, kao ni metodološka usuglašenost u konceptualizaciji i operacionalizaciji istraživanja povjerenja u medije. Zbog toga je u istraživanju korišten mješoviti pristup te metode ankete i intervjua kako bi se dobili što bolji podaci o problemu istraživanja. Napravljena je analiza podataka iz zadnjega vala anketnoga istraživanja Europske studije vrijednosti (2017. godine). Europska studija vrijednosti je međunarodni znanstveni projekt, u koji je uključeno i Hrvatsko katoličko sveučilište. Uzorak su bili mladi od 18 do 35 godine iz 34 europske zemlje (n=16772), uključujući i Hrvatsku (n=455). U intervjuima je sudjelovalo 10 sudionika iste dobne skupine iz Zagreba i Zlatara. Rezultati pokazuju da mladi u Hrvatskoj imaju više povjerenja u društvene mreže, a manje povjerenja u tisak nego njihovi vršnjaci iz europskih zemalja te da ne postoji povezanost povjerenja u tisak i društvene mreže s veličinom grada iz kojega dolaze ispitanici. Rezultati kvalitativnoga istraživanja su pokazali da je zbog lake dostupnosti, aktualnosti, multimedijalnosti i mogućnosti arhiviranja sadržaja, internet medij koji mladi najčešće koriste. Oni na njemu i prate i konzumiraju uglavnom zabavne sadržaje te više slušaju i gledaju nego što čitaju. Sudionici u vrste medija i medijske sadržaje upisuju različita značenja vezana uz povjerenje (sažetost, potpis autora, reference, provjerljivost informacija i dr.) i nepovjerenje (senzacionalizam, lažne vijesti, dezinformacije, jednostranost i dr.), stoga se u našem istraživanju djelomično potvrđuje teorija o racionalnosti publika. Naime, sudionici ne sudjeluju javno u raspravama i komentarima, a vijesti i komentare na sadržaje dijele samo s bliskim osobama te pokazuju pasivnost prema proglašivačkoj i tekstualnoj formi zbog odbojnosti prema virtualnom nasilju. S obzirom na to da im mediji služe uglavnom za zabavu, oni ih koriste i kada nemaju povjerenje u njih.