European Principles Research Articles

CoViD-19 and psychiatry: can mental illness justify further exceptions to the obligation to stay at home?

To face the CoViD-19 pandemic, the italian government has approved regulations which state, with no exceptions, that it is considered offence for people tested positive to the virus to leave their house, whereas other people are allowed to leave their house for proven needs such as work, health or emergencies. The authors contextualize these regulations with European and international sets of principles, in the light of the characteristics that some psychiatric disorders can present. Evaluate if such European principles need to be implemented with further specific exceptions to the obligation to stay at home for some people with mental disorders. Prohibition to leave the house can aggravate mental disorders, resulting in the concrete risk of harmful actions, in particular in psychotic and bipolar patients, even with mild excitement, depressed patients, or in cases of delusional patients, resulting from uninterrupted cohabitation with emotionally significant family members. Even the health of subjects with anxiety pathologies, or with different forms of mental retardation can be prejudiced by forced permanence at home. From numerous provisions of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union there emerges that collective health must be balanced with individual health and with the dignity of the human person. As the European and international provisions are hierarchically above the national provisions, the latter should be interpreted so that the non-compliance to the obligation to stay at home: a) does not constitute offence for a person tested positive to the virus, if therapeutic treatments resulting in hospitalization are deemed necessary; b) it does not constitute administrative offence if the subject proves, based on clinical and factual documented evidence, that leaving the house is necessary to avoid recrudescence of mental disorder. In addition, for evaluation purposes, particular attention should be paid to the severity of psychiatric illness in the specific case. In order to distinguish suitable subjects from those not suitable for home isolation, the reference criterion cannot be the only diagnostic element, but it will be necessary to take into account above all the severity of the condition. In the absence of such a qualitative assessment, there would be a risk of unfounded infringements of the obligation to stay at home.

Суспільне мовлення в країнах Балтії у період відновлення державності

The article examines the features of public broadcasting in the Baltic States during the restoration of statehood. It is emphasized that the conditions of post-communist development have significantly influenced the media system and its information policy. The definitions of the "public broadcasting" concept and its main meanings are analyzed. The peculiarities of the development and formation of public broadcasting in the post-communist countries, which have created certain cases for further improvement of state policy on the media, are traced. The structure of a special institution to which the state broadcasters of the Baltic States are subordinated is considered. Emphasis is placed on financing state television and radio companies. The main features of the program policy in accordance with the national legislation are indicated. The study proved that the information policy of public broadcasting is significantly influenced by geopolitical and cultural factors that contribute to the coverage of the pluralism of opinions of the ethnic composition of the population. The liberalization of socio-political life leads to the fact that one of the main responsibilities of public service broadcasting in the Baltic States is to ensure the unhindered dissemination of comprehensive coverage of events in the country and abroad. The internationalization of the Baltic media by Western companies contributes to their Westernization and development in accordance with European principles. In the course of the research it was determined that the formation of public broadcasting in the Baltic States is due to the integration of political, cultural and historical determinants. A feature of the informational space of the Baltic States is bilingualism, which contributes to the democratization of society and the development of the media. It is proved that the democratic development of the state requires the functioning of public television and radio, which provide coverage of information taking into account the social, cultural, religious and other diversity of the population.

Актуальні питання вдосконалення компетенції органів місцевого самоврядування в сфері містобудівної діяльності в умовах муніципальної реформи

The article is devoted to the study of topical issues of improving the competence of local governments in the field of urban planning activities in the context of municipal reform. It is argued that the implementation of the European legal standards of urban planning activities of local self-government should be dialectically combined with the general adaptation of Ukrainian land, urban planning, architectural legislation to universal and European principles and norms, in particular with respect to the proper standardization of state architectural and construction control with the transfer of most of the relevant powers to level of executive bodies of local self-government. Thus, European legal standards of urban planning of local governments are framework, creating a certain conceptual standardized model of representative and executive local institutions as urban entities, which is filled with standardized, objectified and filled with specific functions and powers at the national level through the adoption of special institutions, legislative acts. At the same time, the optimal in the current conditions of constitutional decentralization form of implementation of European legal standards of urban planning of local governments is the transformation of the basic principles of sustainable urban development, embodied in universal and regional (European) sources of recommendation. It is emphasized that local self-government today is an integral part of the implementation and livelihood of the population, acting within a single policy of public authorities of each country. In today's world, local self-government is also the basis for the development of democracy, the formation of a common interest and responsibility of residents in the development and resolution of issues at the local level, including urban planning as one of the most important key issues of local importance. At the present stage, the role of international (universal and regional) legal standards for the regulation of urban planning is constantly growing, which requires the development of appropriate ways to implement such standards in the national legal system. It is argued that integrated urban development policies can help to improve these factors, for example, through the cooperation of all participants, support for the creation of network models and the optimization of local structures. The policy of integrated urban development promotes social and intercultural dialogue.

Розширена відповідальність виробника як базовий принцип сучасної системи управління відходами: перспективи правового регулювання в Україні

The purpose of the article is to consider the extended responsibility of the producer as one of the key principles of the European waste management system, as well as the analysis of the best practices for its implementation in the context of approximation of Ukrainian legislation to relevant EU standards. The objectives of the study are: 1. Establishing the essence of the principle of extended liability of the manufacturer and consideration of forms of such liability. 2. Acquaintance with the experience of Germany on the implementation of this principle. 3. Analysis of the state of Ukrainian legislation and relevant legislative proposals. The research methodology is based on philosophical and general scientific principles of cognition (formal logic, comprehensiveness, objectivity, systematization, etc.), as well as methods of analysis, synthesis, scientific comparison and generalization. The legal bases of the study are provided by EU Directives, national legislation of individual European countries and relevant legislation of Ukraine. The information base of the study consists of statistical, sociological and other information on the specified topic. The scientific novelty of the study is to systematize views on extended producer responsibility (principle, strategy, tool or mechanism of waste management, environmental policy approach), consider the latest legislative trends in the implementation of this responsibility in the EU, identify features of the German DSD and assess the prospects in Ukraine. Conclusions: principle of extended producer responsibility is one of the main principles of the waste management system in a circular economy, respectively, which is a key principle of the European waste management system. One of the best-extended producer responsibility systems in Europe is the German Dual System (DSD), an important condition for which was the existence of an effective municipal waste management system. Therefore, the introduction of an extended producer responsibility system without changing the entire waste management system in the country cannot lead to the expected consequences. The analysis of legislative initiatives in this area shows, on the one hand, the state’s attempt to shift the entire burden of creating a system of extended liability on producers, and on the other – the bills contain blocking rules that call into question the beginning of such a system. Taking into account economic, technical, and environmental and other factors, when creating a system of extended producer responsibility, the state must participate in this process through a series of technical, administrative and tax measures while launching a waste management system based on European principles

The European Integration in the Midst of the COVID-19: Challenges and Opportunities

The European Union is an intelligentsia that dreamed of a new Europe. The EU used technical and administrative skills to build the foundation of a new Europe. The purpose of this article is to examine the challenges and opportunities of the European Integration after the COVID 19 development. The researcher employed document analysis, Books, reports, brushers, leaflets, journals and articles as a source of secondary data. The data was analyzed by using thematic analysis for the qualitative data. The findings of the study showed that New European Union strategy and principles should be timely and relevant that should be stated in various European Union documents on any possible pandemic eruption. The nuisance prevention management and resolution should be translated in to a set of operational and implementation guide lines. The European Union should use its position as a major international player and historic partner to persuade international organizations to respond to any possible pandemic accordingly. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers recommended that the European Union development frame work should no longer focus merely on short term macro-economic issues instead the EU should also embrace social health and structural issues in a long term vision for the European Union Community. The EU and health professionals seek to answer pandemic challenges and promote the creation of a consistent, fair and professionally controlled health policy for the EU. The European Union should also use its position as a major international player to persuade international organizations, and its counterparts of the African Union to respond to pandemic defy accurately as well.

Predsekularni karakter crnogorskog Zakona o slobodi veroispovesti u kontekstu Fulerovih zahteva za unutrašnjom moralnošću prava

The authors analyse the new Montenegrin Law on Freedom of Religion or Belief and the Legal Status of Religious Communities from two aspects: the aspect of the socio-political context of its adoption (material sources of law) and formal aspects of the provisions of the Law itself (formal source of law) in order to point out the serious imperfections of that Law. Regarding the first aspect, wider social context in Montenegro is analysed in comparison with European regulative principles of area of religious freedoms. As for the provisions of the Law itself, they are considered in the context of Fuller's theory of the internal morality of law and its 8 requirements that make law possible in order to examine in detail whether and to what extent the Law fulfils the principles of legality as a basic principle for realization of the rule of law. The conclusion of the analysis from both aspects is that the analysed Law is also full of imperfections and obviously incompatible with the values of the rule of law.

Climate indicators of changes in hydrological characteristics (a case of the Psyol river basin)

Formulation of the problem. A national climate program, complying with the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU, is aimed at long-term adaptation measures to climate change, providing for the development of legislation in the field of environmental protection, sectoral strategies, improving air and water quality. These measures require identification of climatic factors’ impact on hydrological characteristics of water bodies in any area in order to protect and improve them, as well as a comprehensive approach to the rational management of water resources. Analysis of previous research. Using mathematical models of atmospheric circulation allows us to obtain generalized calculations of the average global and regional air temperature, characterized by significant errors in case of different models. Problems of further research. Modern changes in climatic conditions in Ukraine are characterized by locality and rapidity: increasing number of anomalous atmospheric phenomena, frequency of droughts, dry winds which, according to preliminary estimates, may lead to reduction of water resources, changes in internal annual redistribution of water temperature and runoff against the background of increasing thermal resources of the territory. The purpose. The article analyses climatic indicators’ influence on the main hydrological characteristics on the example of the Psyol river basin within Ukraine. Research methods. Research methods are presented by statistical and cartographic analysis (correlation analysis method). The initial information is the results of observations contained in the State Climate Cadastre and the State Water Cadastre for the Dnieper Valley. Presentation of the main research material. Analysis of climate change in the Psyol river basin indicates a decrease in water consumption, both in the main river of the basin and in its main tributaries. In addition to changes in temperature and humidity, the reasons for this process were the shifts that occurred in the nature of the intra-annual distribution of the runoff. During the late XX – early XXI century the share of spring floods decreased due to the reduced period of ice phenomena and corresponding decrease in the thickness of the snow cover on the rivers. As a result, the most important component of the annual runoff of rivers began to decrease rapidly. The role of groundwater in the formation of water runoff increased against the background of a predominant decrease in precipitation. This is especially true for medium-size and small rivers, subject to significant anthropogenic pressure: over-regulation of channels, creation of artificial lakes, their shallowing. Practical value. Based on the main provisions of the national environmental policy of Ukraine on the use of water resources and the implementation of European principles of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60 / EC (ERVD) the study of changes in hydrological regime of rivers is of practical importance for sustainable management. Research results. The study of the impact of changes in climatic indicators on hydrological characteristics makes it possible to determine the reference conditions and classes of ecological status of rivers under conditions of anthropogenic pressure against the background of further changes in climatic indicators that will have different trends.

РЕАЛІЗАЦІЯ РЕФОРМИ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ СЛУЖБИ ЩОДО БІЛЬШОЇ УЧАСТІ ГРОМАДЯН В ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕСАХ ДЛЯ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОЇ ТА ЄВРОАТЛАНТИЧНОЇ ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ УКРАЇНИ

The purpose of the article is to analyze the implementation of civil service reform to increase citizen participation in investment processes for European and Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine. Methodology. Various forms of citizen participation in public administration processes, which allows to form a good balance of advantages and disadvantages in this process for the implementation of European integration reforms is based on the methods of theoretical generalization, grouping and comparison have been researched. The analysis of the main advantages and disadvantages of promoting citizen participation in public administration processes is based on the methodology of system analysis and synthesis. Results. It was identified on the basis of the analysis of the main advantages and disadvantages that the advantages of citizen participation in public administration processes far outweigh the disadvantages to ensure better quality of services and living standards of citizens. The main shortcomings of citizen participation in public administration processes have been studied, which will help solve the problems of citizen participation in public administration processes in the context of European integration. Various forms of citizen participation in public administration processes have been developed in order to form a good balance of advantages and disadvantages in this process in order to implement European integration reforms. Different levels of citizen participation in public administration processes are analyzed, which contributes to the effective involvement of citizens in public administration processes for the implementation of European integration reforms. It was found that supporting the processes of socio-economic reform of the civil service through the strategy of public administration will help to implement the main European administrative reforms of public administration in Ukraine. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that supporting the transformation processes in Ukraine by investing in civil service reform helps to build the basic European principles of public administration in Ukraine. It is substantiated that measures to support civil society will be possible due to the training of civil servants, which will provide an opportunity to build the stable and efficient economy of Ukraine. Scientific novelty. The expediency of creating different levels of citizen participation in public administration processes is substantiated: informing, consulting, recommendations, joint development of plans, joint decisions, delegation. Practical significance. The results of the study form the scientific and practical basis for conducting various analytical and forecasting studies in terms of justifying greater participation of citizens in investment processes of public administration.

ПІВДЕННИЙ КАВКАЗ В СИСТЕМІ МІЖНАРОДНИХ ВІДНОСИН

The article considers the problems of divisive lines, separating nations and diminishing prospects of shared prosperity in South Caucasus. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the resultant independence for Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, the South Caucasus has primarily been associated with conflicts, hostility, military actions, closed borders. The article highlights the causes of problems and directions for their solutions. An assessment of the development potential of the South Caucasus’and tendencies of establishing a stable and secure space with broad prospects for economic cooperation in the region based on geopolitical and geo-economic opportunities is made. Arguments are based on variety of different factors, such as the facts that the region has inexhaustible transit and tourist potential, important natural resources of international significance, and an educated, relatively cheap labour force. Attemps are made to resolve issues such as prospects for the South Caucasus to become an attractive region, determined desirable further actions of the regional states and external players (Russia, United States of America, European Union) which are necessary to achieve a result. Expanding European principles, standards and criteria for cooperation in the South Caucasus is the most realistic way for the three states to achieve shared success. Nothing better has been offered in practice with respect to international regional cooperation. The future of the South Caucasus primarily depends on the three states themselves, their ability and vision, the capacity to observe the overall picture of regional developments and assist each other, and shared activity in order to help the population of the states perceive a new reality. The stable and integrated South Caucasus will make a serious contribution to the security system in a broader regional context and will bring greater stability in adjacent areas.

Challenges of civil service ”restarting”

Introduction. The article explores the problems of the civil service in Ukraine, in particular in the context of significant amendments to the Law “On Civil Service” that were introduced in September 2019 and stipulated by the “reset of power”. The analysis focuses on the possible impact of such innovations as the possibility of dismissal without justification (grounds) of senior civil servants from positions of the category "A"(actually, based on a change of the Government), leveling of competitive procedures for selection on civil service, whereby the subject of appointment is offered for arbitrary selection of “up to 5 candidates” according to results of a competition, introduction of “contracts” in the civil service of Ukraine, simplification of procedures on recruitment and dismissal of civil servants and their approximation to relations in private (commercial) sector. Aim of the article. The aim of the article is to draw attention to the risks posed by the aforementioned changes in the civil service legislation, since such key principles of the civil service as professionalism, stability and public-law regulation of civil service relations are undermined. Results. The results of the research suggest that without protection by the law, civil servants cannot perform their functions properly, as they become vulnerable to pressure. And as a result of instability and arbitrary dismissals, the evolutionary professionalization of the civil service and its political neutrality (impartiality) are destroyed. Conclusions. Therefore, the amendments to the Law “On Civil Service” of September 2019 are extremely threatening to the Ukrainian civil service system. In the case of their negative impact confirmation, it is recommended to correct the errors as soon as possible and to return to building a civil service system on the European principles of good governance and public administration. Ukraine also needs to form a culture not only of the "transfer" of power from "outgoing" politicians, but also of "acceptance" of this power by new political leaders.

Development of the European market of environmental goods and services: experience for Ukraine

Environmental issues are extremely relevant today at the national and international levels. The EU has become the basic platform for the unified environmental strategy formation and the development of the European principles, as well as national systems of environmental legislation. The purpose of the article is to determine the peculiarities of the European market of environmental goods and services formation and development, disclose the regulatory framework for organic production in the EU, and outline strategic directions for the Ukrainian environmental market development. The article considers the peculiarities of the European market of environmental goods and services formation and development. The instruments of normative-legal regulation of the EU environmental market are defined, among which the Directive of the Council of the EU № 834/2007 and the Directive of the EU Commission № 889/2008 are singled out. Given the global environmental situation, the EU governments pay close attention to product safety and environmental friendliness. Therefore, in recent decades, it is especially important to improve the regulatory framework to control the friendliness of the environmental product. The structure of certified agricultural lands in the EU is analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the study of the development peculiarities of the EU market for organic products, namely the constant growth of demand for these products and growing prices. The current state of the environmental market of Germany and France is characterized. The main tendencies of the Ukrainian environmental market formation and development are determined. The analysis of the domestic market of organic products is carried out. Strategic directions of the Ukrainian environmental market development are defined, including the increase of the certified organic land area, the number of certified organic farms and volumes of organic production, the ensuring of environmental marking, the forming of the ecological management and products certification system, etc.

ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКІ ЗАСАДИ ВЗАЄМОВІДНОСИН УКРАЇНИ ТА НАТО ТА ВИВЧЕННЯ ДОСВІДУ НЕЙТРАЛІТЕТУ У ЗОВНІШНІХ ВІДНОСИНАХ ОКРЕМИХ ДЕРЖАВ

The article considers European principles of reciprocal relations between Ukraine and NATO and scrutinizing the experienceof neutrality of foreign relations of separate states generating and generalizing the fundamental principles on settlement and exitfrom the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict. The attention has also been stipulated on the peculiarities on obtaining neutrality byEuropean states, scrutinizing the experience of separate countries towards settlement of external conflicts (Sweden, Finland).The government of Sweden has determined a new defense policy, related with the non-participation in wars, loses its practicalcontent and the neutral status of the mentioned countries to a certain extent becomes a symbolic consequence of historictraditions. The separate issues of fundamental principles of the development of relations between Ukraine and NATO have beenscrutinized.There’s a new tendency visible in the foreign policy of states – unlike the previous periods of time the neutral and non-blocstates do not avoid nor open the international political, economic and even military cooperation, they cooperate within theframework of UN, NATO, EU, OSCE hoping that this cooperation will facilitate the reinforcement of friendly relations betweenstates.Ukraine is presented as a sovereign, independent and stabile state, that is irreversibly loyal to the principles of democracyand the rule of law, has a prior meaning for the Euro-Atlantic security. The relations between Ukraine and NATO started thedevelopment at the beginning of the 90-ties of the XX century and since then has become one of the most significant NATOpartnerships. In the course of 2010 in Ukraine there was a tendency of measures and events predominantly related with thereview of organizational principles of cooperation with NATO and the transformation of entities responsible for this process.Starting from 2014, because of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, the Ukraine-NATO cooperation has been intensified in a set ofcritical fields. Also, a step that has not been less significant was the event that on 12 of June 2020 the NATO North AtlanticCouncil has approved the decision on granting our state the status of a NATO partner-nation with extended capabilities.

МОНГОЛЬСКИЕ ЭМЧИ-ЛАМЫ: ОТ ТРАДИЦИОННОГО ЛЕЧЕНИЯ К ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ МЕДИЦИНЕ (1920-1930-Е ГГ.)

The article analyses the state of Tibetan medicine in Mongolia at the beginning of the XX century, examines the early stages of its interaction with European medicine. The paper reveals poorly investigated aspects in the history of traditional Mongolian medicine: attempts of emchi-lamas to adopt European principles of healthcare. It is shown that a small group of the Buddhist clergy tried to establish fruitful cooperation and to adopt the experience of Soviet physicians. The author shows that in the 1920-1930s, the Mongolian government encouraged emchi-lamas to participate in solving the national healthcare problems. For that purpose, medical courses were organized for lamas and healers and traditional medicine dispensaries were opened at Buddhist monasteries.

Євроінтеграційні орієнтири формування екологічної політики в Україні в контексті сталого розвитку регіонів

Досліджено та визначено євроінтеграційні орієнтири і напрямки формування екологічної політики в контексті сталого розвитку регіонів в Україні. Обґрунтовано, що в контексті децентралізації державного управління посилюється роль місцевого самоврядування в управлінні екологічною сферою, а отже, і формування регіональної екологічної політики. Виокремлено такі євроінтеграційні орієнтири формування екологічної політики в Україні в контексті сталого розвитку регіонів: адаптація і приведення національного екологічного законодавства до європейських стандартів; впровадження європейського досвіду застосування економічних механізмів реалізації екологічної політики, які засновані на принципі “забруднювач платить”; запровадження системи екологічного менеджменту, механізмами якого є екологічний моніторинг, екологічна оцінка, екологічний аудит, екологічне маркування; реалізація концепції екологічного урядування у сфері реалізації екологічної політики. Охарактеризовано євроінтеграційні орієнтири формування екологічної політики в Україні в контексті сталого розвитку регіонів.

Modern local government – a new content of activity within the territory of the community

A number of public reforms have been underway in Ukraine for the third year, and administrative reform is of particular importance for a new level of state development, which aims to change the status of local authorities, accountability and content of their social work. Attempts to initiate public authority reform have been made several times, but political will has not been sufficient, the changes have been superficial: signboards replacement and re-subordination. As a rule, such actions did not change the old authoritarian system of government, the system and content of activity in government structures, and accordingly it changed only external factors, which as a result aggravated the situation in the regions, deepened the excessive centralization of territorial governance, violating European principles of self-government and budgeting. Gradually, we came to the state and tendencies that in the process of activity became a burden for state development, removal of local authorities from influencing real situation within the territory and the lack of strategy for its development.
 Local authorities, as usual, expected financial subventions from the central government to solve particular territorial problems (roads, social facilities, community improvement, etc.), local authorities were discouraged from solving territorial problems and deepened destructive processes (corruption, abuse in the financial sphere, deepening the processes of complication of social status of territories, etc.) It could not last long, substantial and profound changes in territorial management, redistribution of powers, financial resources and spheres of responsibility for the real situation should have been implemented. Responsibility and resources (material, financial) were transferred from the center to the local government level. The powers of the deputy and the chairman of the local community are now filled with specifics and responsibility for solving problems of social development within the territory.
 Democratization of the processes of public authorities activity from the center to the region outlined legal and practical problems regarding the competence and content of officials: the ability to communicate on certain aspects of community activity; analytical skills and practices; involving citizens in the process of preparing public decisions within the territory; strategies of activity and preparation of community work plans. The vision of the problems of the territory and the strategy of solving them becomes the key to changing the life practices of the community.

УЧАСТЬ УКРАЇНИ В МАКРОРЕГІОНАЛЬНИХ СТРАТЕГІЯХ ЕС: КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНЕ БАЧЕННЯ ТА ВИКЛИКИ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЇ

Досліджено теоретичні аспекти міжстратегічної співпраці з реалізації макрорегіональних стратегій ЄС. Наголошено, що необхідність розробки макрорегіональних стратегій зумовлена наявністю комплексних проблем територіальних громад, для розв’язання яких традиційні методи галузевого і територіального управління виявляються недостатніми, а сфера поширення територіальних проблем не збігається з економічним і адміністративним районуванням. Відзначено, що участь України в процесі розробки і подальшій реалізації макрорегіональних стратегій ЄС відкриває шанс долучитися до втілення в життя важливої ініціативи Європейської комісії, а також практично підтвердити євроінтеграційні прагнення.Зосереджено увагу на Стратегії ЄС для Дунайського регіону. Визначено основні напрями розвитку Дунайського макрорегіону. Обґрунтовано, що активна участь України в даній Стратегії ЄС сприятиме підвищенню конкурентоспроможності її регіонів, прискоренню євроінтеграційних процесів та наближенню рівня життя населення прикордонних регіонів до середньоєвропейського рівня.Сформовано концептуальне бачення щодо імплементації макрорегіональної стратегії для Дунайського регіону на території України в контексті глобалізаційних викликів. Акцентовано увагу на необхідності тісної співпраці України та інших країн-учасниць над визначенням і узгодженням спільних пріоритетних проєктів (поновлення роботи спільної президентської комісії, активізація діалогу в рамках існуючих єврорегіонів тощо).Підкреслено доцільність адаптації національної системи планування до європейських принципів, необхідність узгодження системи цілей національної та регіональних стратегій з планом дій та проєктами реалізації макрорегіональних стратегій на територіях, охоплених сферою впливу останніх, важливість кореляції системи стратегічних заходів з політикою ЄС.Визначено ключові компоненти, на яких має ґрунтуватися стратегічне планування розвитку української частини Дунайського регіону. Визначено пріоритети активної участі України в реалізації макрорегіональної Стратегії ЄС для Дунайського регіону.

Technology and Organization of Accounting: Recent Changes

The article is concerned with the substantiation of approaches to the rational organization of accounting in modern conditions. It is established that the institutional basis for the development of socio-economic phenomena logically sets the problem of the need to reform accounting as a technological aspect, where some changes will occur in the operational information system. It is proved that the institutional model of accounting should be aimed at a significant increase in the efficiency of mechanisms for implementing rules and bridging institutional gaps. It is revealed that current trends in the development of society and business, the existing challenges and risks that have arisen as a result of ill-conceived management at all levels of management require the urgent development of a concept for the further development of accounting, which should significantly simplify it based on the European principles of standardization and harmonization of accounting.

Нормативно-правове забезпечення розвитку лідерства на державній службі в Україні

The legal support for the development of leadership in public administration activities is analyzed. The article describes the legislative framework that has developed over the years of independence of Ukraine, and regulations regarding their compliance with the principles and standards of the European Union and the Euro-Atlantic community. The stages of the Strategy of the state personnel policy for 2012–2020 are investigated. Indeed, the effectiveness and coherence of the management work of state bodies and local self-government bodies are largely determined by the person who heads these bodies, the presence or absence of such a person’s experience, proper professional knowledge and inborn or acquired leadership qualities. Accordingly, in modern conditions, there is growing attention to the selection of heads of state authorities and local self-government bodies, which should be not just executors, but managers who have inherent competence, awareness, responsibility, ability and readiness for creative, innovative activities. The formation of the public service and its legal regulation is a complex process that is not implemented instantly, but needs a certain time. For modern Ukraine, many of the challenges of creating the state were extremely difficult due to the Soviet past and the lack of sufficient knowledge in the field of democratic governance. At the present stage, the administrative reform in Ukraine has significantly influenced the improvement of public authority, which is adapting to the basic European principles of good governance. The development of leadership of civil servants includes only one direction, which is skills training. In our case, it is necessary to be conscious that if a leaderm accordingly, does not have the inborn or obtained in the process of long-term socialization qualities to leadership, feeling and understanding the high own responsibility for people that are in a submission and charged business, then, certainly, it will be possible to develop them to the certain level due to the special course of training. However, no matter the quality of such trainings, the quality of such leadership cannot be high a priori. And vice versa, if a leader possesses inborn leader qualities, then, the special training can develop them and show them out on a new quality level.

Decentralized pricing management in housing and municipal economy

Actuality of research theme. The process of Ukraine's integration into the European Community actualizes the issue of the compliance of the administrative and territorial structure with European principles of regional and local development organization, and the formation of local self-government. Nowadays the problem of developing an effective system of management of the infrastructure united territorial communities (UTCs) formation in the context of administrative and territorial reform implementation based on the principles of decentralization becomes especially acute. Problem statement. Nowadays conditions, the reform of the administrative-territorial structure and the decentralization of power in Ukraine require special attention to the problem of housing and communal services management, since its maintenance is ensured by local authorities and created in the process of reforming the united territorial communities (OTСs). Analysis of the last researches and publications. The modern aspects of decision of problems of development of territorial communities and local self-government such scientists engage in, as Pavliuk A. P., Oliinyk D. I., Batalov O. A., Datsko O. I., Murkovych L. L., Molodozhen Yu. B.and other [1-4]. The results of own researches of problem are in to [5-13]. Selection of unexplored parts of general issue. The new administrative and territorial system should become the basis for constructing a new model of territorial administration, based on the principles of decentralization, subsidiarity, balance of national interests with regional and territorial communities` interests representation, local self-governance widespread, territorial communities` power and autonomy, coherence with natural geographical capacity. That is why the problem of mechanism for managing regional housing and communal services programs and to determine the optimal pricing models taking into account world experience. Task statement, research aim. To search for new mechanisms of efficient pricing management in housing and utilities using world experience and peculiarities of domestic business practices. Method or methodology of realization of research. In the process of realization researches drawn on scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analytical grouping) and special (abstracting, economical-mathematical design, etc.) methods of study of the economic phenomena and processes. Exposition of basic material (job performances). In the world practice certain methods of pricing under natural monopoly were formed. The analysis of the essence and peculiarities of these methods to adopt the best practices: а) Rate of return regulation. This is the most traditional approach to set price of goods (services) of natural monopolies. It is based on cost-plus pricing calculation. It is used in Ukraine. b) Price cap regulation (price restrictions). The method`s essence is to set fixed maximum price limitations by the regulatory institution. The institution has the right to set the price, which is lower or equals the limit, and to profit. As the profit does not correlate to costs, there is the stimulating mechanism to cut them. The model assumes quite a long period between tariff revisions – 4-5 years. c) Profit-sharing plan with sliding scale. Unlike the previous method, in which natural monopoly gains significant profits, this method assumes to use the sliding scale of profit distribution between a producer and a consumer. d) Price discrimination. Price discrimination is a pricing strategy that charges customers or their groups’ different prices for the same product or service. Price difference does not depend on production costs or supply costs. Price discrimination is possible if consumers` direct price elasticity of demand is different. Conclusions. The analysis of the natural monopoly`s world pricing practice, including national housing and utilities sector has been carried out. It has been stated that the main methods of monopolistic pricing are: rate of return regulation; price cap regulation (price restrictions); profit-sharing plan with sliding scale; price discrimination; multi-rate tariffs; pricing for different competition forms, compatible with natural monopoly.The obtained findings prove the necessity of modification to the housing and utilities sector’s monopoly market by implementation of competition elements.

Regulation (EC) 261/2004 and Internal Strikes Under Article 5.3: ‘It’s All About Control, Stupid’

According to the preamble of the EU passenger rights regulation (EU Regulation 261/2004) strikes that affect the operation of an operating air carrier are explicitly provided as an example of extraordinary circumstances, exempting the air carrier from having to pay compensation to the passengers. Complex in this regard is how one should see strikes by airlines staff also named ‘internal strikes’. There are persons – often boosted by commercial claim companies – who advocate that due to the European Court of Justice (‘ECJ’) judgment of 17 April 2018, Helga Krüsemann and Others v. TUIFLY it has been clearly established that these internal strikes do not constitute an extraordinary circumstance and thus obliges the air carrier to pay compensation. The authors have a different view. With this contribution, they want to put internal strikes and the concept of extraordinary circumstances in the proper context. For this they are ‘filleting’ EU Regulation 261/2004, the Montreal Convention, relevant ECJ case law and European social principles pursuant to which they want to show the proper nuances as regards internal strikes and the extraordinary ordinary defence for the air carrier. All of which should lead to a rewording of article 5(3) of the EU regulation 261/2004. Something for the EU legislator to take into account, as part of the still pending revision of this regulation.