European Institutions Research Articles

Experiential workshop on innovative teaching methods to improve palliative care education.

Introduction: To improve the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of healthcare providers for delivering quality generic palliative care, innovation in palliative care education and empowerment of the teaching staff are key.
 Context for the workshop: The World Health Organization states that “Palliative care improves the quality of life of patients and that of their families who are facing challenges associated with life-threatening illness, whether physical, psychological, social or spiritual. The quality of life of caregivers improves as well.”. Per definition palliative care is patient-centred integrated care. Or at least it should be.
 International research shows that nurses (and other healthcare providers) lack core competencies to deal with palliative care situations adequately. One of the underlying reasons is that the possibilities for practical internship in palliative care are limited and that there are few options for gaining bed-side practical experience with regard to supporting patients during the dying phase. Another cause is that the knowledge, skills and attitudes of nurse educators to teach something something as complex as palliative care are not sufficiently developed.
 In a participatory approach four European institutes for higher education (KAMK (Finland), UnitBv (Romania), Howest (Belgium), PMU (Austria)), a hospice (Casa Speranţei Braşov, Romania), and the European Association for Palliative Care joined forces to support teaching staff and build up their capabilities. Funded by the Erasmus+ KA203 programme the NursEduPal@Euro partnership developed innovative, attractive and immersive ways to train palliative care core competencies as an important step to improve the quality of palliative nursing education.
 Objective, structure and targeted audience of the workshop: During the 5 topics of the workshop, the NursEduPal@Euro team provides an inspiring experience with less traditional teaching methods for the participants. Starting from core competencies that bachelor degree nurses need to acquire to enable them to provide generalist palliative care, an immersive demonstration is given of innovative educational tools suited to accomplish the acquisition of those competencies. The input for all methodologies is a golden standard case telling the story of Maggie and Ben, an elderly couple that is dealing with issues of chronic disease, informal care giving and the end of life. The objective of the workshop is to promote the use of the demonstrated tools in palliative care education of (future) healthcare providers throughout Europe.
 The 90-min workshop consists of the following parts: (1) Introduction of the NursEduPal@Euro project and the core competencies in palliative care (10 min), (2) Engage in design thinking to creative complex problem solving (20 min), (3) The game is on: a taste of a serious educational escape game (25 min), (4) Experience the strength of simulation as a learning tool (25 min), (5) Evaluation of the workshop by the audience with an online tool, directions on how to freely access the learning tools, and closing remarks (10 min).
 Anyone interested in education is welcome: we are not only addressing the teaching staff of educational institutions, but also educators who are committed to promoting lifelong learning for the healthcare workforce.

Forestry and wood technology research and education network for climate change adaptation strategies and ASFORCLIC - HORIZON 2020 project

Seven European universities and research institutions from four countries agreed to collaborate on the ASFORCLIC - HORIZON 2020 project to support the ambitious goals of raising the leading institution's MENDELU research profile and strengthening its research excellence in the highly demanding field of assessing the impact of global climate change on forests and the bio-based sector. The ASFORCLIC consortium evaluates possible risk factors, predicts their evolution, and develops adaption strategies for future applications to monitor the impact of global climate change on central European forestry, particularly Czech forestry. Facing the unprecedented challenge of implementing a mobility project during the COVID-19 pandemic, the consortium used strategic approaches and augmented offerings, including successful literature seminars, writing workshops, and advanced data evaluation training largely realized through virtual platforms.

Clinicopathological characteristics of multiple-classifier endometrial cancers: a cohort study and systematic review.

Endometrial cancers with more than one molecular feature-POLE mutations (POLEmut), mismatch repair protein deficiency (MMRd), p53 abnormality (p53abn)-are called 'multiple classifiers'. To describe our cohort of multiple classifiers and to report the results of a review on their incidence and the techniques used to identify them. Multiple classifiers identified at the European Institute of Oncology, Milan, between April 2019 and Decmber 2022, were included. Clinicopathological, molecular characteristics, and oncologic outcomes were summarized and compared between single and multiple classifiers sharing common features. Studies on molecular classification of endometrial cancer were searched in the PubMed Database to collect data on the incidence of multiple classifiers and the techniques used for classification. Among 422 patients, 48 (11.4%) were multiple classifiers: 15 (3.6%) POLEmut-p53abn, 2 (0.5%) POLEmut-MMRd, 28 (6.6%) MMRd-p53abn, and 3 (0.7%) POLEmut-MMRd-p53abn. MMRd-p53abn and MMRd differed in histotype (non-endometrioid: 14.8% vs 2.0%, p=0.006), grade (high-grade: 55.6% vs 22.2%, p=0.001), and MMR proteins expression, whereas they differed from p53abn in histotype (non-endometrioid: 14.8% vs 50.0%, p=0.006). POLEmut-p53abn and POLEmut differed only in grade (high-grade: 66.7% vs 22.7%, p=0.008), while they differed from p53abn in age (56.1 vs 66.7 years, p=0.003), stage (advanced: 6.7% vs 53.4%, p=0.001), and histotype (non-endometrioid: 6.7% vs 50.0%, p=0.002). Two (7.1%) patients with MMRd-p53abn, 4 (4.0%) with MMRd, and 25 (34.3%) with p53abn had a recurrence. No recurrences were observed in POLEmut-p53abn and POLEmut. TP53 sequencing allowed the detection of additional 7 (18.9%) multiple classifiers with normal p53 immunostaining. The incidence of multiple classifiers ranged from 1.8% to 9.8% in 10 published studies including >100 patients. When only p53 immunohistochemistry was performed, the highest incidence was 3.9%. The characteristics of POLEmut-p53abn resembled those of POLEmut, whereas MMRd-p53abn appeared to be intermediate between MMRd and p53abn. The high proportion of multiple classifiers may be related to the methods used for molecular classification, which included both p53 immunohistochemistry and TP53 sequencing.

The Importance of Gender-Sensitive Health Care in the Context of Pain, Emergency and Vaccination: A Narrative Review.

So far, health care has been insufficiently organized in a gender-sensitive way, which makes the promotion of care that meets the needs of women and men equally emerge as a relevant public health problem. The aim of this narrative review was to outline the need for more gender-sensitive medical care in the context of pain, emergency care and vaccinations. In this narrative review, a selective search was performed in Pubmed, and the databases of the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Institute for Gender Equality and the German Federal Ministry of Health were searched. Study data indicate that there are differences between men and women with regard to the ability to bear pain. On the other hand, socially constructed role expectations in pain and the communication of these are also relevant. Studies indicate that women receive adequate pain medication less often than men with a comparable pain score. Furthermore, study results indicate that the female gender is associated with an increased risk of inadequate emergency care. In terms of vaccine provision, women are less likely than men to utilize or gain access to vaccination services, and there are gender-sensitive differences in vaccine efficacy and safety. Sensitization in teaching, research and care is needed to mitigate gender-specific health inequalities.

Demonstration of a Transportable Fabry-Pérot Refractometer by a Ring-Type Comparison of Dead-Weight Pressure Balances at Four European National Metrology Institutes.

Fabry-Pérot-based refractometry has demonstrated the ability to assess gas pressure with high accuracy and has been prophesized to be able to realize the SI unit for pressure, the pascal, based on quantum calculations of the molar polarizabilities of gases. So far, the technology has mostly been limited to well-controlled laboratories. However, recently, an easy-to-use transportable refractometer has been constructed. Although its performance has previously been assessed under well-controlled laboratory conditions, to assess its ability to serve as an actually transportable system, a ring-type comparison addressing various well-characterized pressure balances in the 10-90 kPa range at several European national metrology institutes is presented in this work. It was found that the transportable refractometer is capable of being transported and swiftly set up to be operational with retained performance in a variety of environments. The system could also verify that the pressure balances used within the ring-type comparison agree with each other. These results constitute an important step toward broadening the application areas of FP-based refractometry technology and bringing it within reach of various types of stakeholders, not least within industry.

The mediating role of corporate social responsibility in good corporate governance and firm value relationship: evidence from European financial institutions

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the direct and indirect links between good corporate governance (GCG) and firm value using corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a mediating variable.Design/methodology/approachThe data used in this research was collected from the Thomson Reuters Eikon ASSET4 database, involving 108 financial institutions belonging to 12 European countries listed on the stock exchange between 2007 and 2019. A multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted to test the hypotheses of this study.FindingsOur results show that GCG has a positive effect on the firm value and CSR practices. Interestingly, the results indicate that CSR positively influences firm value. The results also reveal that CSR partially mediates the relationship between GCG and firm value.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature by providing evidence on how GCG increases firm value with the mediation mechanism of CSR in the link between GCG and firm value. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first research work documenting that GCG leads to better CSR, which ultimately results in increasing firm value of companies from the financial sector by bridging the information gap for this critical industry in the context of a developed market like Europe.

Interview with Sara Sigismund – President of the Italian Association of Cell Biology and Differentiation

ABSTRACT Sara Sigismund is an Associate Professor at the Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology at the University of Milan, and a Researcher in the Department of Experimental Oncology at the European Institute of Oncology (IEO) in Milan, Italy. Her research aims to understand the role of endocytosis in the regulation of EGFR signalling, focusing on non-clathrin endocytosis and its role in health and disease. In addition to running a research group, Sara is the current President of the Italian Association of Cell Biology and Differentiation (Associazione di Biologia Cellulare e del Differenziamento; ABCD). We spoke to Sara about her career path, her advice for early career researchers and her role as President of the ABCD.

A Machine Learning Model to Predict Patients' Adherence Behavior and a Decision Support System for Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Adherence to oral anticancer treatments is critical in the disease trajectory of patients with breast cancer. Given the impact of nonadherence on clinical outcomes and the associated economic burden for the health care system, finding ways to increase treatment adherence is particularly relevant. The primary end point is to evaluate the effectiveness of a decision support system (DSS) and a machine learning web application in promoting adherence to oral anticancer treatments among patients with metastatic breast cancer. The secondary end point is to collect a set of new physical, psychological, social, behavioral, and quality of life predictive variables that could be used to refine the preliminary version of the machine learning model to predict patients' adherence behavior. This prospective, randomized controlled study is nested in a large-scale international project named "Enhancing therapy adherence among metastatic breast cancer patients" (Pfizer 65080791), aimed to develop a predictive model of nonadherence and associated DSS and guidelines to foster patients' engagement and therapy adherence. A web-based DSS named TREAT (treatment adherence support) was developed using a patient-driven approach, with 4 sections, that is, Section A: Metastatic Breast Cancer; Section B: Adherence to Cancer Therapies; Section C: Promoting Adherence; and Section D: My Adherence Diary. Moreover, a machine learning-based web application was developed to predict patients' risk factors of adherence to anticancer treatment, specifically pertaining to physical status and comorbid conditions, as well as short and long-term side effects. Overall, 100 patients consecutively admitted at the European Institute of Oncology (IEO) at the Division of Medical Senology will be enrolled; 50 patients with metastatic breast cancer will be exposed to the DSS and machine learning web application for 3 months (experimental group), and 50 patients will not be exposed to the intervention (control group). Each participant will fill a weekly medication diary and a set of standardized self-reports evaluating psychological and quality of life variables (Adherence Attitude Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Brief Pain Inventory, 13-item Sense of Coherence scale, Brief Italian version of Cancer Behavior Inventory, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life 23-item Breast Cancer-specific Questionnaire, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire, 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory forms I and II, Big Five Inventory, and visual analogue scales evaluating risk perception). The 3 assessment time points are T0 (baseline), T1 (1 month), T2 (2 months), and T3 (3 months). This study was approved by the IEO ethics committee (R1786/22-IEO 1907). The recruitment process started in May 2023 and is expected to conclude on December 2023. The contribution of machine learning techniques through risk-predictive models integrated into DSS will enable medication adherence by patients with cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06161181; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06161181. DERR1-10.2196/48852.

Comparison of problem-based and team-based learning strategies: a multi-institutional investigation

ObjectivesOver time, pedagogical practices in higher education have evolved significantly, which has led to the development of collaborative learning strategies. The study aims to compare the two most prominent ones – problem-based learning (PBL) and team-based learning (TBL). The comparison, integrated with Virtual Scenarios (VSs), involves student cohorts from various European institutions, specifically focusing on both PBL and TBL methods. The study is distinctive in its use of a consistent PBL/TBL methodology, ensured via joint staff training, and explores the perspectives of students and educators on these learning techniques. The overarching aim is to examine how PBL and TBL, coupled with VSs, influence problem-solving skills, independent learning, and student engagement.MethodsThe examination was made using feedback from 399 students and 11 tutors collected in four trials held in three institutions based in Czechia, the United Kingdom and Romania. The data gathered from surveys and a focus group discussion contained qualitative as well as quantitative data, such as Likert scale questions. To analyse the overall trends in learners’ satisfaction with PBL and TBL sessions, the mean score calculated from the transformed Likert scale questions was compared between sessions and among institutions using multivariate ANOVA.ResultsThe students’ satisfaction and learning experience are heavily influenced by specific conditions, primarily their prior experience, room and technical set-up, group composition and especially the personality of a tutor. Overall, both strategies were found to be well-received by students used to traditional teaching methods. Students accustomed to PBL did not find TBL more engaging or useful. The identified advantages of TBL over PBL were the presence of a content expert, readiness tests, acquiring the same knowledge ensured through the collective presence of all students in one session and unified pre-class materials. However, TBL is more demanding on room set-up and teaching staff coordination.ConclusionBoth strategies have been found to have pros and cons and neither showed clear superiority over the other one. An institution newly implementing PBL or TBL needs to focus on different aspects than an institution planning to switch from PBL to TBL.

GROUND MOVEMENT ANALYSIS IN POST-MINING CITY USING MTINSAR WITH HELP OF EUROPEAN GROUND MOTION SERVICE

Abstract. Ground movement is a critical concern for urban safety, and understanding its causes and consequences is essential. Mining of hard coal in the Ruhr area of Germany has caused long-term subsidence, leading to building damage and sinkholes in affected cities. The multi-temporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (MTInSAR) technique has been widely adopted for estimating ground movement at millimetre-level accuracy using spaceborne SAR data. Although many European government institutes have implemented this technique for monitoring purposes, the European Ground Motion Service (EGMS) provides up-to-date ground movement products (until the end of 2020) across 31 countries. However, these products may not always meet the requirements for local use due to being untimely or missing important features. This paper demonstrates how we estimated ground movement in Ahlen, around the Ruhr area of Germany, using EGMS data as a priori and reference source. We implemented MTInSAR using Sentinel-1 data from 2018 to 2021 and compared our results with those of EGMS. Our results reveal the movement one year ahead, contain more measurement points, and cover natural areas such as cropland and bare soil. We interpreted several movement scenarios in detail, and our work highlights the benefits of EGMS as an open-source overview for local monitoring applications. We also explored the influence of soil conditions on ground movement. Our findings suggest that the overall uplift trend observed during the post-mining phase has been mitigated or even reversed, likely due to soil shrinkage resulting from drought conditions, particularly in areas with high organic soil content.

Remote Caring Guidelines: An innovative protocol for dementia caregivers

AbstractVarious technological innovations have emerged which allow for remote caring of people with dementia by their informal caregivers. Lack of access and social isolation have negatively impacted people with dementia and caregivers experience intensification of stress and burden. Currently, there is no widely accepted dementia protocol on remote care for caregivers. A partnership of five European institutions which specialise in mental health and dementia is preparing a protocol based on non‐formal education (NFE) which aims at training caregivers to provide better support and enhanced care even when physical presence is not possible. The NFE is designed to educate the caregivers on five major topics; recognising the symptoms of dementia, dementia prevention, potential activities for early and advanced dementia aimed at improving social interaction and the mental/physical wellbeing of people with dementia and on how to create support groups. Three piloting activities involving a minimum of 75 participants, caregivers of people with dementia, and ten case studies of successful support groups will be conducted in order to assess and refine the NFE. It is expected that; the social interaction between people suffering from dementia and their caregivers will be improved by using innovative devices and will allow for enhanced caring and assistance conditions for caregivers and the stigma which surrounds people will be diminished through the creation of support groups and the extensive use of new technologies. These findings will have a strong impact on the provision of everyday dementia care from informal caregivers and may lead to a more future‐proof dementia care. Moreover, upon the successful implementation of the protocol in dementia caregivers, the protocol could be adapted to serve as a protocol for mental and physical health caregiving.

European experience of healthy eating: strategies and practices

The expediency of studying the European experience in solving modern problems of healthy nutrition is substantiated. Healthy nutrition strategies in various European countries: Finland, Switzerland, Spain, and Germany were analyzed. It was determined that each of the countries has principles and special experiences, formed by certain historical, traditional, and other characteristics. The graphic form was chosen to demonstrate healthy eating recommendations for all segments of the population. Nutrition monitoring of the population of European countries identified individual characteristics typical for European countries, which in turn formed special food pyramids. The basic elements of the World Health Organization's three-level food pyramid are provided and recommendations for reducing the consumption of fats and free sugars contained in the diet are applied. One of the main focuses of the study was the analysis of the peculiarities of the formation of food pyramids in the leading European countries, the unique characteristics of each of these pyramids were described. The key differences in the qualitative filling of the pyramids levels of different countries are listed and construed, in particular, in the context of the World Health Organisation recommendations on healthy nutrition. The experience of European restaurants, which position themselves in the healthy food segment according to developed general and special criteria, is analyzed. The developed author's criteria allow a systematic and unified comparative analysis of the key healthy eating aspects and trends for the modern population through the prism of researching the specific features of European healthy eating restaurants. It has been established that vegetarianism and veganism are mostly understood by European institutions as healthy food. The conducted analysis of restaurant establishments made it possible to create a list of components of healthy nutrition for the European population.

Cybersecurity in European Financial Institutions: New Grounds for Corporate Governance Reform

Cybersecurity, digital resistance to incidents, errors and cyberattacks attracted the attention of the European Union legislator, initially, from a public policy perspective. Today, cybersecurity concerns are dealt with as a part of EU Internal Market strategies, including those more closely linked to the financial sector. These pages focus on the new EU legislation to achieve Digital Resilience in the financial sector as well as on their impact upon the Corporate Governance of financial institutions. Compliance with corporate duties of cyber-governance, management of cyber risks, testing, continuous improvement, as well as reporting, communication, and transparency shape the new corporate governance landscape of the financial institutions in the European Union. Within and beyond what is already being legislated and proposed, Corporate Governance is called to play a fundamental role in facing the challenges of digital security. Cyber security, digital operational resilience, cyber risk management, financial sector, large ict supported infrastructures, critical ict providers, corporate governance reform, digital corporate governance, board duties, board commissions

Shortest Path Routing Performance Evaluation over SDN Environment

Static routing has a manual configuration setup system, and the scope of static routing in an SDN network is just for small networks. The solution to this problem rises up with the new technology defined as software-defined networking (SDN) based on shortest path first dynamic routing. SDN has the facility of a centralized controller that smooth the controls and routes computation over a data packet. The performance analysis of SDN networks that have SDN switches connected to the network based on the shortest path first protocol are simulated on Mininet. The POX controller with Mininet programming feature for creating smart topologies was chosen. In this research, the SDN network using Dijkstra’s algorithm, Bellman-Ford algorithm, extended Dijkstra’s algorithm and Floyd Warshall Algorithm were implemented. The quality factors of SDN created by using four algorithms are measured in terms of delay, jitter, latency, packet loss, transmit, received, throughput, and bandwidth based on experimental results and European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) data. The performance parameters of SDN network topology created using Dijkstra’s, bellman ford, extended Dijkstra’s, and Floyd Warshall algorithms were compared and the experimental results showed that Bellman-Ford algorithm is better in terms of performance parameters than the other three algorithms.

ENLIGHT: A consensus checklist for reporting laboratory-based studies on the non-visual effects of light in humans

There is no consensus on reporting light characteristics in studies investigating non-visual responses to light. This project aimed to develop a reporting checklist for laboratory-based investigations on the impact of light on non-visual physiology. A four-step modified Delphi process (three questionnaire-based feedback rounds and one face-to-face group discussion) involving international experts was conducted to reach consensus on the items to be included in the checklist. Following the consensus process, the resulting checklist was tested in a pilot phase with independent experts. An initial list of 61 items related to reporting light-based interventions was condensed to a final checklist containing 25 items, based upon consensus among experts (final n=60). Nine items were deemed necessary to report regardless of research question or context. A description of each item is provided in the accompanying Explanation and Elaboration (E&E) document. The independent pilot testing phase led to minor textual clarifications in the checklist and E&E document. The ENLIGHT Checklist is the first consensus-based checklist for documenting and reporting ocular light-based interventions for human studies. The implementation of the checklist will enhance the impact of light-based research by ensuring comprehensive documentation, enhancing reproducibility, and enabling data aggregation across studies. Network of European Institutes for Advanced Study (NETIAS) Constructive Advanced Thinking (CAT) programme; Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral Fellowship (Wellcome Trust, 204686/Z/16/Z); Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development VENI fellowship (2020-09150161910128); U.S. Department of Defense Grant (W81XWH-16-1-0223); National University of Singapore (NUHSRO/2022/038/Startup/08); and National Research Foundation Singapore (NRF2022-THE004-0002).

Digital-Reskilling at Universities by introducing smart catalogues

The "Digital-Reskilling at Universities (D-Reskill@U)" project, coordinated by Sorbonne University and of which the Budapest University of Technology and Economics is a partner member, is presented as a response to the changes, digitalisation and challenges that European training institutions are facing, specifically in the field of higher educational, digitalisation rapid AI development and employment crisis on the job market.

Review: International Memorial Course Marko Petrak “Roman Legal Tradition and Contemporary Legal Systems”, Dubrovnik, 16-18 October 2023

The first issue of the International Memorial Course Marko Petrak – Roman Legal Tradition and Contemporary Legal Systems, organised by the Faculty of Law in Zagreb, was held at the Inter-University Centre in Dubrovnik from the 16th to 18th of October 2023. The course was organised in honour and memory of eminent professor and scholar, the late lamented Marko Petrak. The course was planned by the co-directors from different European universities (University of Zagreb; University of Trento; University of Warsaw; Jagiellonian University, Kraków; Autonomous University of Barcelona; University of Sarajevo), while the main organisers from the Faculty of Law in Zagreb were Professor Tomislav Karlović and Associate Professor Henrik-Riko Held. The course was attended by forty participants: students from various European countries (Slovenia, Poland, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy, etc.) and eminent professors and scholars from various distinguished European universities and institutions (e.g. Trento, Torino, Ferrara, Macerata, Frankfurt am Main, Kraków, Warsaw, Ljubljana, etc.). The organizers and the participants were also joined by Marko Petrak’s mother, Professor Jelka Petrak (Faculty of Medicine, University of Zagreb). During the course various topics were covered in three thematic blocks: Roman Legal Tradition, Methodology and Teaching of Roman Law in Contemporary World (first day), Roman Legal Issues (first and second day) and Medieval and Canon Law Contributions to the Roman Legal Tradition and vice versa (third day).

EMBL's European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) in 2023.

The European Molecular Biology Laboratory's European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) is one of the world's leading sources of public biomolecular data. Based at the Wellcome Genome Campus in Hinxton, UK, EMBL-EBI is one of six sites of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Europe's only intergovernmental life sciences organisation. This overview summarises the latest developments in the services provided by EMBL-EBI data resources to scientific communities globally. These developments aim to ensure EMBL-EBI resources meet the current and future needs of these scientific communities, accelerating the impact of open biological data for all.

Trustworthy AI: AI made in Germany and Europe?

AbstractAs the capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) continue to expand, concerns are also growing about the ethical and social consequences of unregulated development and, above all, use of AI systems in a wide range of social areas. It is therefore indisputable that the application of AI requires social standardization and regulation. For years, innovation policy measures and the most diverse activities of European and German institutions have been directed toward this goal. Under the label “Trustworthy AI” (TAI), a promise is formulated, according to which AI can meet criteria of transparency, legality, privacy, non-discrimination, and reliability. In this article, we ask what significance and scope the politically initiated concepts of TAI occupy in the current process of AI dynamics and to what extent they can stand for an independent, unique European or German development path of this technology.

FACTORS AND DIRECTIONS OF CHANGES ON THE GRAIN MARKET IN POLAND DURING THE WAR IN UKRAINE

The study addresses the problem of identifying the impact of the conflict in Ukraine on the situation on the grain market in Poland. The analysis covered price changes, the volume and structure of exports and imports. The effects of the crisis in the field of trade policy were assessed. The source of materials for the analyzes was the literature on the subject and empirical research conducted by various institutions dealing in trade in agricultural products. The information used in the work came from the European Agricultural Products Exchange (MATIF), the World Bank, market reports of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the European Commission. The most up-to-date reports from the United Nations, Reuters and European institutions were also used. It was found that the situation on the cereal market is extremely dynamic. Russia’s aggression against Ukraine has caused many problems on EU agricultural markets, including grain markets. There was a significant increase in the prices of wheat and corn. There were no significant changes in foreign trade directions. In the structure of Polish grain exports and imports, corn and wheat are still the most important, and in 2022, the dominant place for wheat and corn purchases was Ukraine. However, the dominant direction of grain exports was Germany.