Eucalyptus Globules Research Articles

PATHOGENIC DISEASE OCCURRENCES IN PLANTATION SITES OF BASTAR DISTRICT, CHHATTISGARH, INDIA

The investigation on “Pathogenic disease occurrence in plantation sites of Bastar district, CG, India” revealed that the several disease of Tectona grandish and Eucalyptus globules trees species in the plantation site maintained by Bastar forest division (C.G.) During the survey of plantation sites, many trees were infected by pathogens. The infected teak species showed leaf spot, leaf blight, leaf gull, leaf brown spot, stem canker, powdery mildew etc. and affecting the growth and form of teak. Whereas in Eucalyptus trees showed stem canker, collar rot, leaf spot, leaf rust, brown leaf spot, disease and affecting the growth and forms of Eucalyptus. The survey was conducted at two plantation sites namely Titrgaon and Bastar in the region and incidence of pathogenic disease commonly found and casual organism/ pathogen were identified prescribed disease management was recorded. Management of immediate removal of infected plants helps to prevent the disease spread. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out for knowing occurrence and abundance of pathogens associated with Teak and Eucalyptus trees plantation in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Potential of Eucalyptus Globulus Plant Extract In Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

Objective: Evaluation of Antidiabetic Potential of Eucalyptus globules Plant Extract in Alloxan- Induced Diabetic Rats.
 Method: Methanolic leaves extract of Eucalyptus globulus plant was prepared by Soxhlet extraction method and stored in refrigerator at 4℃ for two days before use. Male Albino Wistar rats were made diabetic at the dose of Alloxan (150mg/kg/day i.p.). Methanolic leaves extract of Eucalyptus globulus plant (200mg/kg, 400mg/kg & 600mg/kg/day p.o.) was screened for antidiabetic activity. Standard drug Glibenclamide (0.5mg/kg/day i.p.) was administered to the second group of animals for 14 days. Blood glucose level and body weight of rats were recorded on Initial & Final days of treatment. Further hypoglycemic & OGTT evaluation were done. At the end of treatment biochemical estimations & histopathological examination of pancreas were also carried out.
 Result: The statistical data indicated, 14 Days oral administration of Methanolic leaves extract of Eucalyptus globulus plant caused a significant (????< 0.05) reductions in blood glucose level, hypoglycemicpotential, significant oral glucose tolerance &gain in body weight as compared with toxic control group. Further showed improvement in altered biochemical parameters associated with diabetes. Concurrent histopathological examination of pancreas of these animals showed regeneration by Methanolic leaves extract which were earlier necrosed by Alloxan.
 Conclusion: Results obtained in this study substantiate the Antidiabetic potential of Methanolic leaves extract of Eucalyptus globulus plant the source of Ellagitannins a bioactive polyphenol and could be considered for further evaluation in clinical studies and drug development.

EMPIRICAL STUDY ON LEAFSPOT DISEASE IN MULBERRY PLANT USING BIO CHEMICAL METHODS

Sericulture in India is as old as the ancient Indian culture. In the global scenario, India has emerged as one of the important sericulture practicing countries. The healthy and robust growth of the silkworms depends upon the quality mulberry leaf. Diseases are the major limiting factor in Mulberry cultivation, in which Cercosporamoricola Cooke, the incitant of leaf spot is one among them causing a major damage to the leaf production besides affects the silkworm's health. Four plant extracts and three plant oils tested against the pathogen, Eucalyptus globules at 10% (72.59%) and Madhucaindica oil (3%) evidenced a highest inhibition. Among the different fungal biocontrol agents tested against the pathogen, Trichodermaviride (80.55%) signicantly recorded mycelial growth inhibition over control.

Phytochemical analysis using GC-FID, FPLC fingerprinting, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti- inflammatory activities analysis of traditionally used Eucalyptus globulus essential oil

Eucalyptus globules is an widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. It has been widely used as folk medicine, and folk cosmetic owing to its antioxidant values. Despite its importance, phytochemical and pharmacological studies remain infancy. This study was aimed at extraction of essential oil by steam-distillation and evaluation of bioactive components, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory activities along with analysis by UV-VIS, FT-IR and Fluorescent techniques. Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) was used to confirm the presence of polyphenols. Different antioxidant activities like DPPH., ABTS.+, .OH, superoxide, nitric oxide and reducing power of the essential oil. Essential oil was analyzed by UV-VIS, FT-IR and Fluorescent techniques. In vitro antimicrobial activity was also monitored. FT-IR fingerprint qualitative analysis was performed using commercial standards. Considerable amount of flavonoids were detected in essential oil. Oil exhibited considerable scavenging activities of ABTS.+, .OH, superoxide, nitric oxide and reducing power. UV-VIS, FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of polyphenolics in essential oil. Fluorescent spectroscopy revealed the presence of fluorophores in essential oil. FPLC and FT-IR fingerprint analysis revealed the presence of bioactive constituents like rutin, tannic acid, vanillic acid and ascorbic acid in the essential oil. A strong anti-inflammatory activity of oil was observed using fluorescent spectroscopy. An appreciable in vitro antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria like Acetobacter aceti and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected. The data provides the scientific support to the use of essential oil from Eucalyptus globules as a potent herbal source of bioactive compounds possessing natural antioxidant activities in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Effect of Eucalyptus Globules Woodlot Plantation on Selected Soil Physico-Chemical Properties and Wheat Yield in Wogera District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Currently, a Eucalyptus globule is a common smallholder plantation species in the Wogera district. The species is significantly expanding on marginal and fertile farmlands. The objective is to analyze the effects of Eucalyptus globules woodlots plantation and their directions on selected soil physicochemical properties and yield of wheat crop. Three woodlots with similar site conditions were selected for this particular study. Soil samples were taken at a soil depth of 20 cm in RCBD design with three replications.

Assessment of Seasonal Variability in Soil Nutrients and Its Impact on Soil Quality under Different Land Use Systems of Lower Shiwalik Foothills of Himalaya, India

The present study was conducted to investigate the seasonal effects of five land use systems (LUSs), i.e., wheat–rice (Triticum aestivum—Oryza sativa) system, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), orange (Citrus sinensis) orchard, safeda (Eucalyptus globules) forest, and grassland, on soil quality and nutrient status in the lower Satluj basin of the Shiwalik foothills Himalaya, India. Samples were analyzed for assessment of physico-chemical properties at four soil depths, viz., 0–15, 15–30, 30–45, and 45–60 cm. A total of 120 soil samples were collected in both the seasons. Soil texture was found to be sandy loam and slightly alkaline in nature. The relative trend of soil organic carbon (SOC), macro- and micro-nutrient content for the five LUSs was forest > orchard > grassland > wheat–rice > sugarcane, in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. SOC was highly correlated with macronutrients and micronutrients, whereas SOC was negatively correlated with soil pH (r = −0.818). The surface soil layer (0–15 cm) had a significantly higher content of SOC, and macro- and micro-nutrients compared to the sub-surface soil layers, due to the presence of more organic content in the soil surface layer. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was applied to assess significant difference (p < 0.05) among the five LUSs at four soil depths in both the seasons. Principle component analysis (PCA) identified that SOC and electrical conductivity (EC) were the most contributing soil indicators among the different land use systems, and that the post-monsoon season had better soil quality compared to the pre-monsoon season. These indicators helped in the assessment of soil health and fertility, and to monitor degraded agroecosystems for future soil conservation.

Effect of Eucalyptus Globulus Woodlot Plantation on Selected Soil Physico-Chemical Properties, Wheat Yield in Wogera District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Currently, a Eucalyptus globule is a common smallholder plantation species in the Wogera district. The species is significantly expanding on marginal and fertile farmlands. The objective is to analyze the effects of Eucalyptus globules woodlots plantation and their directions on selected soil physicochemical properties and yield of wheat crop. Three woodlots with similar site conditions were selected for this particular study. Soil samples were taken at a soil depth of 20 cm in RCBD design with three replications. Soil samples were taken at four directions (East, West, South, and North) of woodlots plantation at five different horizontal distances from the woodlots; the center of the woodlot, 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, and 40 m. For the wheat yield study: quadrates of 1m2 area at each distance within directions were laid for wheat grain yield measurement. The finding indicated that electric conductivity, available phosphorus, cation exchange capacity, soil texture, and exchangeable cations were not significantly different across the different directions and distances, whereas soil bulk density, pH, total nitrogen, organic matter were significantly different. This could be attributed to the high organic matter addition via litter-fall, root biomass, uptake, and return of nutrients from deeper soil profiles under the tree canopies. The biomass and grain yield of wheat were significantly different across distance and direction from the sampled woodlot in increasing trend in all directions, this study recommends Eucalyptus should planting on marginal lands with appropriate distance from croplands about 20m to minimize its effect on crop yields.

Roosting preference and relation of abiotic factors on population of Pteropus giganteus (Chiroptera: pteropodidae) in Ludhiana

A study was conducted for estimation of fruit bat, Pteropus giganteus population and its fluctuation with respect to seasonal changes at selected roosting site of village Katani Kalan, Ludhiana, during year 2018–19. Eucalyptus globules (87.3%) and mulberry (24.0%) were most preferred for roosting. Increasing trend of population from August-January and decreased trend from February-July were observed. Number of roosted bats was higher (944) during winter and lower (690) during summer months. Negative correlation of atmospheric temperature (r=-0.88) and positive correlation of relative humidity (r=+0.32) with bat population were observed. Atmospheric temperature (r=+0.89), sunshine hours (r=+0.38) and sunset hours (r=+0.99) showed positive correlation, whereas relative humidity showed negative correlation (r=-0.38) with time of emergence of fruit bats after sunset for foraging activity. Difference between sunset hours and time of emergence varied significantly during the whole year (21–35 minutes). Our study provides baseline information, which may be useful for policy makers for P. giganteus conservation program.

Radiosensitization of rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae using combined treatments of essential oils and ionizing radiation with gamma-ray and X-Ray at different dose rates

Insect pests of stored products such as the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae can be controlled in bulk and packaged grains by ionizing radiation (γ-radiation or X-ray radiation) and plant essential oils, used in combination or alone, as an alternative to standard chemical fumigantion. Irradiation source and dose rate may be factors influencing the efficacy of plant essential oils. We evaluated the effects of γ-radiation at three dose rates (10.445, 4.558, and 0.085 kGy/h) and X-ray irradiation at two dose rates (0.76 and 0.19 kGy/h) in combination with Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globules) or Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil (EO) on the short-term mortality of S. oryzae. Adult weevils on rice in sealed Petri dishes were fumigated with 10 μL EO applied to a sponge then irradiated with a dose of 100, 250, 500, or 750 Gy. The combined treatment of Eucalyptus or Tea tree EOs with γ-irradiation or X-ray irradiation increased the mortality by 3–6 times as compared to irradiation treatment alone. The LD90 (predicted dose killing 90% of individuals) values for Eucalyptus EO plus γ-irradiation treated samples were 250.6, 252.8, and 522.4 Gy at dose rates of 10.445, 4.558, and 0.085 kGy/h, respectively, whereas the LD90 values for Tea tree EO plus γ-irradiation were similar (250.1, 255.07, and 574.3 Gy) when treated at dose rate of 10.445, 4.558, and 0.085 kGy/h dose rates, respectively. The lowest dose rate of γ-irradiation had the lowest efficacy in the combined treatment for both EOs. For the combined treatment of Eucalyptus or Tea tree EO with X-ray irradiation, LD90 values were 746.02 and 737.1 Gy with Eucalyptus EO and 632.03 and 615.5 Gy with Tea tree EO, at dose rates of 0.76 and 0.19 kGy/h, respectively. Overall, combined treatment LD90 values were significantly higher (less effective treatment) for X-ray than for γ-irradiation. Unlike γ-irradiation, the dose rate of X-ray irradiation did not affect efficacy in the combined treatments. Gamma or X-ray irradiation and plant EOs such as Eucalyptus or Tea tree EOs applied alone or in combination, are effective insecticidal treatments. The synergistic effects of irradiation and EOs may be source and dose rate dependent. Our results showed that synergistic effects with EOs against S. oryzae in rice was more effective (lower LD90 values) using higher dose rates of high energy γ-irradiation than at lower dose rates with either high energy γ-irradiation or low energy X-ray irradiation.

Synergistic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles with Ethanolic Extract of Eucalyptus globules on Standard Pathogenic Bacteria in Vitro

Introduction: Nowadays, with the increase of resistance due to overuse of synthetic chemical antibiotics, it seems necessary to find alternative drugs. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of silver nanoparticles and Eucalyptus globules (eucalyptus) ethanolic extract on standard bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli.
 Material and Methods: In this experimental study, aerial parts of Eucalyptus plant were collected from Marand city and identified as Eucalyptus plant by botanists of Islamic Azad University, Ahar Branch. In this study, eucalyptus ethanolic extract was prepared by Soxhlet method and the antibacterial effects of eucalyptus extract at concentrations of 20, 30, 50 and 400 mg / ml and silver nanoparticles at concentrations of 10, 20, 40 and 80 μg / ml with agar well diffusion methods and tubular dilution were investigated.
 Results: The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Eucalyptus had more antibacterial properties compared to silver nanoparticles. Eucalyptus extract and silver nanoparticles had a greater effect on gram-positive bacteria. The effect of the combination of eucalyptus extract and silver nanoparticles was much greater than the effect of either.
 Conclusion: The results showed that silver nanoparticles in combination with eucalyptus extract have good antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, this extract along with silver nanoparticles can be a good option for future studies in vivo to prepare antibacterial drugs.

Rapid green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from blue gum augment growth and performance of maize, fenugreek, and onion by modulating plants cellular antioxidant machinery and genes expression

Nanotechnology applications are increasingly utilized to improve crops. Besides their use as antifungal and antimicrobial agents, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are currently exploited to improve seed germination, plant development, and photosynthetic efficiency. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of biosynthesized AgNPs in the seedlings of Zea mays L., Trigonella foenum-graecum L., and Allium cepa L. AgNPs were biosynthesized in the blue gum (Eucalyptus globules) leaves and characterized by UV–Visible spectra, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopic analyses. The biosafety of the AgNPs was tested by cytotoxicity assay, antibacterial activity, and determination of MIC and MBC. The effects of biogenic AgNPs application at different concentrations (25, 50, 75 < and 100 mg L−1) on seed germination, seedling growth, oxidative stress status, and antioxidant enzyme activities were studied. Applications of AgNPs significantly improved seed germination and growth of Z. mays L., T. foenum-graecum L., and A. cepa L. (p < 0.05). Notably, growth was stimulated by an increase in the concentration of AgNPs. Applications of AgNPs also enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase as well as glutathione and ascorbate contents, whereas the malondialdehyde content was reduced by increasing the concentration of AgNPs. The expression levels of antioxidant enzymes were upregulated in AgNP-treated seedlings compared with those of the control. Our study demonstrated that the application of silver nanoparticles significantly enhanced seed germination and antioxidant machinery and improved the early growth characteristics in both monocot and dicot crops.

Screening of anti-nematode potential through inhibition of egg hatching in plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne javanica

Plant-parasitic nematodes have emerged as nature’s most successful among all parasites known till today. These animals have been reported from all terrains of all ecosystems. Their capability to survive on a wide diversity of the host plants, circumvent host plant defence is a few of several of their secrets making them most successful of all known parasites. Among various groups of plant-parasitic nematodes, endo-parasitic nematodes are the most damaging one and also difficult to control. Meloidogyne sps. are commonly known as root-knot nematodes. Our inability to control them is primarily due to our poor understanding of the biology of these plant parasites. Due to the availability of the complete genome sequence of few Meloidogyne species, biotechnological interventions are used to unravel the secrets of their success. Chemical controls of these nematodes are extensively reported in the literature. Due to the environmental toxicity associated with these chemicals, and restrictions on the use of chemicals against nematodes led to screening and development of eco-friendly management strategies. The present study was conducted to screen nematotoxic properties of Neem (Azadirachta indica), Jatropha (Jatropha curcas), Kachnar (Bauhinia variegate), Bel (Aegle marmelos) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaf extracts against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica in vitro. The aqueous extracts were used against the hatching of the nematode eggs, movement of second stage juveniles (J2) and the viability of the J2 in increasing concentration of the bioactive compound. The eggs were treated with various concentrations of the selected extracts for different time periods ranging from 24h to 6 days. A significant inhibition of egg hatching and increase in the mortality of the nematode juvenile in few of the aqueous extracts were recorded. Reduced egg hatching and increased mortality of the nematode juveniles could be maybe the indicators of the presence of anti-nematode potential in the selected plant leaves. The results from the study can pave the way for the development of eco-friendly management strategies for plant-parasitic nematodes.

Evaluation of Repellent Effectiveness of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Eucalyptus globules Nanofibrous Membranes against Forcipomyia taiwana.

This study aims to develop nanofibrous membranes where Eucalyptus globules oil (EGO) is wrapped in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The EGO-based nanofibrous membranes are then evaluated for the protection against Forcipomyia taiwana (F. taiwana). In the first stage, the PVA solutions are formulated with different concentrations and are measured for viscosity and electrical conductivity. In the next stage, PVA solution and EGO are blended at different ratios and electrospun into PVA/EGO nanofibrous membranes (i.e., EGO-based repellent). In this study, a PVA concentration of 14 wt% has a positive influence on fiber formation. Furthermore, the finest nanofibers of 291 nm are presented when the voltage is 15 kV. The repellent efficacy can reach 80% in a 60-min release when the repellent is composed of a PVA/oil ratio of 90/10. To sum up, the nanofibrous membranes of essential oil exhibit good repellent efficacy against F. taiwana and significant slow-release effect, instead of adversely affecting the cell viability.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Eucalyptus globules and Their Fungicidal Ability Against Pathogenic Fungi of Apple Orchards.

Eucalyptus globules belonging to the Myrtaceae family was explored for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and for biological applications. The aqueous extract of the synthesized zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) was characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometer, FTIR, SEM and TEM. The aqueous broth was observed to be an efficient reducing agent, leading to the rapid formation of ZnNPs of varied shapes with sizes ranging between 52–70 nm. In addition, antifungal activity of the biosynthesized ZnNPs was evaluated against major phytopathogens of apple orchards. At 100 ppm of ZnNPs, the fungal growth inhibition rate was found to be 76.7% for Alternaria mali, followed by 65.4 and 55.2% inhibition rate for Botryosphaeria dothidea and Diplodia seriata, respectively. The microscopic observations of the treated fungal plates revealed that ZnNPs damages the topography of the fungal hyphal layers leading to a reduced contraction of hyphae. This considerable fungicidal property of ZnNPs against phytopathogenic fungi can have a tremendous impact on exploitation of ZnNPs for fungal pest management and ensure protection in fruit crops.

Characterization of Biochar Produced from Different Feed Stocks

Imprudently disposed and burning of organic wastes have been causing environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emission. The objective of this study was to characterize the biochar produced from different agricultural wastes to explore its potential use as organic soil amendments. The feedstock derived from each of Eucalyptus globules (EG), Acacia decarance (AD), farm yard manure (FYM) and rice straw (RS) were collected and biochar was produced by slow pyrolysis at 300oC in the furnace. The determination of pH, carbon, phosphorus, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity and exchangeable basic cations of individual biochar was performed and statistical analyses carried out to compare the means values obtained. Higher carbon content was observed in biochar produced from AD (65.00%) compared with that of biochar produced from other feedstock types included in this study. pH value of Bbiochar produced from EG and RS were moderately acidic (pH 5.94) and neutral (pH 6.6), respectively, whereas biochar produced from AD (pH 8.07 and FYM (pH 8.17) revealed moderately alkaline pH level. High and low EC values were recorded in biochar produced from FYM (4.70 DS m-1) and the low value from EG (0.68 DS m-1), respectively. The maximum concentration of exchangeable magnesium (20.95%), potassium (16.40%) and sodium (1.77%), EC and phosphorous (2288.75 ppm) were testimony in biochar produced from FYM is potential to prove phosphorus fertilizer requirement of a crop but calcium (39.50%) was from biochar produced from AD. Higher CEC (129.75 cmolc kg-1) was detected in biochar produced from EG followed by biochar produced from RS (127.5 cmolc kg-1), AD (117 cmolc kg-1) and FYM (87.25 cmolc kg-1). Generally, the current finding revealed that biochar from different feedstock’s had different chemical properties, so this difference could contribute for soil fertility improvement as the result agricultural wastes is managed without pollution. But, the current work was limited to the characterization of biochar. So, more detailed investigation on the rate and reclaiming the power of the biochar and other issues should be investigated.

Review on Interaction among Boundary Planted Eucalyptus Globules with Soil and Crop

In recent year single rows of E. globules tree planted along field boards have become a dominant feature of central highlands of Ethiopia. Different journals showed that different extracts of E. globulus leaf had varying degrees of inhibition on germination and seedling growth of S. nigrum weed and more inhibition was seen with higher concentrations. In present study, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts had the strongest inhibitory effects. Therefore, it is possible to use these two extracts as a component for production of bio-herbicides. Eucalyptus species caused drawbacks rather than improving the performance of the undergrowth vegetation unlike the mentioned multipurpose trees. Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) offer plants chemical defences against herbivores and are known to influence intake and diet choice in both insect and mammalian herbivores. That is why eucalyptus leaf palatability to sheep and goat is reduced.

Botanical and medicinal profile of aromatic and medicinal plants: Case of the Gharb region, Morocco

Context: Medicinal plants remain a source of medical care in developing countries in the absence of an effective medical system. Aims: To establish the list and ethnobotanical characteristics of the most used plants in the Gharb region. Methods: A survey was conducted on more than 704 subjects from the region of which 52.5% were women. The average age of these informants was 41.57 ± 0.51 years and 82.95% were married. Results: The results of this study made it possible to draw up a catalog composed of 187 plant species, divided into 156 genera and grouped into 71 families. Otherwise, 47.44% of respondents confirmed having confidence in traditional medicine. The calculation of the use value showed that the latter varies between 1 and 9 possible uses. However, the Relative Frequency of Citation showed that some species display significant values reaching 9.49% for the species Eucalyptus globules Labill. In addition, the consensual factor of the survey showed a strong association between the most used species like Eucalyptus globules Labill.; Origanum compactum Benth.; Mentha pulegium L; Lavandula dentata L; Chenopodium ambrosioide L.; Marrubium vulgare L., Allium sativum L. and diseases treated by these plants, namely digestive and respiratory diseases. Conclusions: Phytotherapy is undoubtedly the main adopted medicine by the local population of the Gharb region, especially for the treatment of digestive diseases. Myrtaceae, Lamiaceae and Zingiberaceae, represent the most family’s plants mentioned by the respondents.

Efficacy of selected botanicals in cultivation of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus florida) on Wheat straw

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of leaves of botanicals in combination with wheat straw on the inhibition of microbial contaminants, growth and yield parameters as well as the nutritional parameters of Pleurotus florida. Five botanicals were used in this study namely Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus globules, Phyllanthus emblica, Morus alba, Lantana camara and control-wheat straw and each treatment was replicated six times. Minimum time taken for complete mycelia run and minimum time for fruiting bodies formation were recorded in T1 (Neem + wheat straw) 13.67 days, 17.16 days and 20.50 days. While maximum number of fruiting bodies, yield (g/2 kg wet substrates) and biological efficiency (%) were recorded in T1 (Neem + wheat straw) 186.83, 992.32g, 175.22%, respectively. Maximum protein content (%) was recorded in T1 (Neem + wheat straw) 28.2% and maximum carbohydrate content (%) was recorded in T0 (Wheat straw) 40.9%.

Biopesticidal effect of plant essential oils on subterranean termites, Odontotermes wallonensis

The biopesticidal potential of essential oils derived from Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globules), Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), Clove (Syzygium aromaticum), Basil (Occimum basilicum) at 0.1% were evaluated against O. wallonensis. Basil, eucalyptus and lemongrass oil registered the mortality of 89.00, 88.66 and 81.33% respectively. Clove oil (0.32 g), lemongrass oil (0.43 g), eucalyptus oil (0.52 g), citronella oil (0.56 g) and basil oil (0.67 g) were found to have antifeedant activity.

Review of Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Traditional Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia

The aim of this review is to identify which types of selected medicinal plants for phytochemical characteristics were analyzed and which one is not analyzed as Ethiopian levels. In this review, the most traditional medicinal plant species found and used in Ethiopia are chosen. The state of the phytochemical characteristics of selected medicinal plants was stated under the literature. The qualitative phytochemical characteristics, some of which are the most important phytochemicals such as Tannins, Alkaloids, Saponins, Cardiac Glycosides, Steroids, Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Phlobatannins, Anthraquinones, and Reducing Sugars are studied by researcher. Most studies reviled that some phytochemical properties present in some medicinal plants while some of phytochemical properties are absent in some medicinal plants as well as the phytochemical properties of some species were studied like Opuntia ficusindica (L.) Miller (Yebereha Kulkual), Eucalyptus globules Labill (Nech Bahir Zaf), Cordia Africana Lam. (Wanza), Foeniculum vulgare. (Ensilal). However, some most important phytochemical properties of medicinal plants like Barleria eranthemoides R. Br. Ex C. B. Cl. (Yesetaf), Premna schimperi Engl. (Chocho), Capparis tomentosa L. (Gumero), Tragia pungens (Forssk.) Mull. Arg. (Ablalit) and Cymbopogonsp. (Serdo), Tribulus terrestris L. (Kurinchit) are not studied in Ethiopia. This review has shown that traditional medicinal plants those phytochemical properties are not studied have various medicinal purpose like treating mastitis, preventing boils, Haemorrhoids, congestion, headache, hepatitis, liver, vertigo, stomatitis, kidneys, liver, and vision for treating anemia, hemorrhoid coughs, fluxes, and stomatitis in most animals and human beings. So that identifying the plants based on the investigation and analysis of phytochemical properties of such plant species are more important as Ethiopian levels.