Etymology Of Words Research Articles

“Ask” or “Inquire”: operationalizing speech formality in psychosis and its risk states using etymology

Many individuals with psychotic symptoms have less complex language than healthy individuals. Word etymology is a lexical feature that has not yet been studied in clinical populations, but among healthy individuals, words of Old French origin are chosen over Germanic-origin words to convey formality (e.g. “inquire” vs. “ask”). Differences in language complexity among individuals with psychotic symptoms may relate to differences in etymological content in speech. Here, we determined the proportion of Germanic-origin word use and Old-French-origin word use in a large cohort of individuals with recent-onset psychosis or at clinically high risk for psychosis, hypothesizing that individuals with recent onset psychosis would have increased use of Germanic-origin words and decreased use of Old-French-origin words. This hypothesis was borne out, even after adjusting for sex, age, recruitment site, education, racial identity, and for a subset, IQ. Etymology proportions were associated with role but not social functioning in individuals with psychotic symptoms, consistent with the premise that they reflect speech formality. Understanding speech differences in the psychosis spectrum through the lens of etymology may lead to new interventions to improve role functioning.

Etymological features of English words

The article deals with etymological features of English words. Since English is one of the most important and widely used languages among the world's languages, the study of the etymology of words included in its vocabulary from many languages at different times has always been one of the most relevant topics. From this point of view, researching the etymology of the words included in the vocabulary of the language is set as a goal.

ETYMOLOGY OF SOME TURKIC WORDS IN THE WORK SHEZHIRE-I TERAKIME

The study of monuments of historical writing in the linguistic aspect is of great importance for linguistics. The research article analyzes the etymology of the words qaryndas, elshi, eñbek and baila- verb found in the work «Shezhire-i terakime». The use of these words in ancient Turkic written monuments, medieval heritage and modern Turkic languages is described. The main goal of the study was to determine the etymology of Turkish words. Hypothetical opinions of Altaic and Turkic scientists are given during the research. The work of Abulgazy Bahadur Khan “Shezhire-i terakime” is a medieval work written in the Chagatai language. Its lexical layer consists of Turkic, Mongolian, Arabic, and Persian words. Also, the mixed use of Oghuz, Kipchak, Karluk-Uighur elements in the language of the work indicates that the Chagatai language was a common written language for the Turkic peoples. Therefore, the lexical-semantic study of the historical work, which we took as an object, and the determination of the etymology of Turkic words in it speaks of the relevance of the study. To differentiate theoretical conclusions, the article uses the method of analysis, the method of semantic analysis, the descriptive method, and the historical- comparative method.

Лексическо-семантические параллели в кыргызском и алтайском языках (этимология родства и тела человека)

The purpose of the article is to use the example of the etymology of words related to family relationships and the human body to show the general and special in the basic vocabulary of modern Kyrgyz and Altai languages. The author translated 113 words from Kyrgyz and Altai dictionaries. These words were clarified among speakers of the Kyrgyz and Altai languages. The work reveals for the first time different meanings of the basic vocabulary of these languages that were not previously recorded in the dictionary. Its analysis revealed a large number of completely or partially matching words with the same meanings. Some words have meanings specific to each of the languages being compared. Phonological differences were discovered (using some consonants, some vowels and long vowels), as well as slight differences in the use of some words. A hypothesis has been put forward that the features of the lexical fund of the Altai language were formed under the influence of the languages of other peoples of Siberia.

Geç Osmanlı Dönemi̇ ve Erken Cumhuri̇yet Dönemi̇ Arasında Yayımlanan Türkçe Gazeteleri̇n Di̇l Anali̇zi

The aim of this work is to investigate the evolution of the Turkish language through an analysis of the newspapers’ articles published between the Late Ottoman and the Early Turkish Republican Eras. To conduct this analysis, this work focuses on the etymology of words used in the newspapers’ articles. We decided to focus on newspapers for two main reasons. On the one hand, press emerged in the Turkish cultural context with the aim to inform people about subjects of public interest (e.g., politics, economy, culture). Consequently, newspapers needed to adopt a language register that could be understood by a wide audience. On the other hand, we decided to focus on the language of newspapers since the latter represent one of the most effective means through which language spreads among speakers. Concerning this matter, we analyzed articles from newspapers published in the Late Ottoman Era such as Tasvir-i Efkâr, İkdam and Tercüman-ı Hakikat, as well as others from the Early Republican Era such as Cumhuriyet, Akşam and Milliyet. Articles included in this analysis were published between 1864 and 1936. Through the analysis of these examples, the scope of this work is to find an answer to the question on whether there are common features in Turkish language between the Late Ottoman and the Early Republican Eras. Moreover, this paper aims to understand the impact of the language reform on the evolution of Turkish.

Слова гра́вер и гравёр как результат межъязыковых контактов

The relevance of the work lies in the fact that although the words гра́вер and гравёр have been actively used in the Russian language for three hundred years, today ortho-epic and explanatory dictionaries contain mutually exclusive evaluations of these words. That is, for three centuries their functioning has not been unambiguously established. There is every reason to believe that the cause for this is the specificity of interlingual contacts (German, English, Russian and French), which set different directions for the functionality and semantics of words. This study is aimed at clarifying the etymology of words, their semantic content and the nature of their use in speech. It is gradually revealed how the use of words is connected with the linguistic and cultural context, how it reflects interlingual contacts and captures the extralinguistic reality associated with the specifics of professional activity, with the predominant influence of one or another language on Russian and with the perception of one or another type of activity by the language community. From the analysis of the etymological, pragmatic and orthoepic characteristics of the units, it was concluded that гра́вер and гравёр are not variants of one word, but different words, approximately at the same time borrowed into Russian from different languages. Initially, these words were in a relationship of free variation, but gradually their meanings and uses were differentiated so much that now we can already talk about the establishment of a spontaneous speech norm. The word гравёр denotes a creative occupation, and the word гра́вер denotes a working profession.

Concept Analysis of the Sacred in Nursing Practice

The purpose of this concept analysis was to clarify the meaning of the sacred in nursing practice by applying Chinn and Kramer’s (2015) framework. Online word etymology published works of scholars and nurse theorists were the foundational sources for this concept analysis. Additionally, an extensive review of published nursing literature retrieved 42 records between the years 1987 and 2019. Three themes and seven subthemes were identified, which help to make meaning of this nursing concept. Major themes include encountering the sacred at the major life transitions, honoring the sacred during patient care, and acknowledging the sacred nature of the nursing practice.

VERBALIZATION OF THE CONCEPT “FAITH” IN RUSSIAN, KYRGYZ AND ENGLISH

This work is devoted to the description of the concept of belief in the languages and cultures of the Russian, Kyrgyz and English peoples. The problem of faith is a deep and serious topic, which is the subject of many works in theology and philosophy. We will focus only on those points that are important for the purposes of this study. The concept of faith is studied in linguistic and linguocultural aspects. The analysis of lexical, syntactic, and rhetorical means of describing faith in everyday and religious discourses is carried out. The etymology of words with the semantics of faith is described, a linguistic commentary is given, connection of faith with other mental and spiritual concepts and categories is traced. The article presents a comparison of the meanings of the lexemes “faith”, “ishenim”, “faith” and “belief” in these three cultures, which can serve as a preparatory stage for further conceptual analysis.

REPRESENTATION OF SLAVIC CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES IN THE FOLKLORE THEME “MAIDEN SEDUCTION”

The study relevance is determined by the need to identify the Ukrainian people worldview formation basis based on the folklore analysis. It is still possible because traditional formulas contained in songs have not changed, therefore a systematic analysis allows us to understand their original meaning. The spring, wedding, initiatory, Kupala motifs presence within the folklore plot “maiden seduction” were analyzed. An archaic ritual reconstruction variant is presented on the conducted analysis basis. Following plot archaic components were considered: characters’ actions correspondence to “heavenly events”, the solar dramaturgy of the “burning” or “drowning” girl description, the Sanskrit etymology of words “ve-sna”, “so-sna” (spring, pine), pine using in the “World Tree” role. An analogy is shown between gods actions Thunderer and Cloud with World Tree ignition in the folklore. Plot solar elements are singled out: the similarity of first dawn rays touching the pine top with the ignition process, the Cossacks movement from the Don or to the Danube coincides with the sun movement, the Kasunya-Zorya image can be understood as the sun reflection in the “Danube” (“great water”). The pine is used in rituals because it is similar to the World Tree: under sun rays, the bark turns golden. And the girl's braid looks like a snake-cloud, so the fellow with sun first rays must cut it off. According to Sanskrit, “so-sna” can mean an illuminated by the sun tree in marriage ceremonies (as a ritual sacrifice), which “burns” and gives drops, “ve-sna” – enveloping nature by the solar wind with life initiation. The bride white veil in the marriage ritual makes her an analogue of Kasunya-Zorya. The plot general meaning is formulated as a world creation description with the cloud-snake breaking near the World Tree, the sun and water marriage, staged at an archaic wedding during the Kupala holiday

Humble pie and cold turkey: English expressions and their origins (a review)

Idioms can be a curse for foreign language learners. First, it’s not obvious what they mean. Secondly, we don’t know where the expression comes from and thirdly, even if we have a similar concept expressed by an idiom in our own language it uses completely different language to do so. A common example in German is dienst is dienst und schnaps ist schnaps, which translates literally as work is work and schnapps is schnapps (an alcoholic drink). However, the comparable expression in English is Don’t mix business and pleasure. Not obvious to a speaker of German learning English and definitely not to an English speaker learning German. This is why appreciating the etymology of words and phrases to understand how they came to mean what they mean today is an important linguistic skill, as illustrated in Caroline Taggart’s book about the origins of many common expressions used in everyday English.

THE UNIVERSAL LEXICAL SYSTEM: ALGORITHMS OF FORMATION

The relevance of the article lies in the necessity of studying the Ukrainian language in the modern linguistic and historical space. The article is devoted to the concept of the universal lexical-semantic system (ULS) as a tool for learning languages, including Ukrainian. The object of study is the universal lexical-semantic system as a field of manifestation of linguistic universals. The subject of the research is the algorithm (technology) of formation of the universal lexical-semantic system of the Ukrainian language. The purpose of the article is to acquaint with the algorithm of formation of a universal lexical-semantic system on the example of the Ukrainian language. A universal algorithm of the lexical skills formation based on the relatively simultaneous operation of seven universal laws is presented. The manifestation of these laws in the language is described. The law of the unity and struggle of opposites is manifested through antonyms, based on the fact that our brain is arranged so that we better understand the essence of any concept, if we know its opposite. The law of the negation of the negation is manifested in the etymology of words, and is closely related to the susceptibility of our thinking to rely on the accumulated experience contained in memory. The law of causality is manifested through phraseology, based on the subconscious relationship of native speaker between letters, words and phrases. The law of the passage of quantitative changes into qualitative changes is a continuous alternation of active and passive phases, manifested in the language through the image or translation of a word. The law of freedom of choice in the study of the language is manifested through the determination of synonymous words. The main part of the article is devoted to the theoretical substantiation of ULS in the Ukrainian language. The article presents a model of systemic conditionality of ULS. Specific examples are given. The fundamental difference of the presented method of lexical skills formation from the others existing in didactics is substantiated. The scope and target audience of the presented methodology are determined.

Evolutionary processes of common Turkic lexemes

Language is a historical category, so it is constantly evolving and undergoing changes. A word and its meaning as the main part of the language expand, narrow, the meaning undergoes changes or completely goes out of use of the language along with the development of society. This is a linguistic pattern, so change in the meaning of a word is one of the most actual problems of linguistics, which requires a constant study. Studying the meaning of a word, we get information from the language, the history, culture, life of people who speak this language. The article analyzes and comprehensively studies changes in the meanings of wordscommon to the Turkic languages. Linguistic analysis of word meanings is performed by etymological, historical and comparative methods. Giving specific language data from the Turkic languages, it was told about the similarities in the meanings of common words and features which appeared over time. In addition, information about the culture, history, knowledge and existence of people of Turkic origin is used to reveal the meanings of words. The research analyzes the opinions of domestic and foreign scientists on this issue. The authors share their conclusions, which do not always coincide with existing judgments about the meaning of individual words. Currently words which have unclear meaning, disconnected from the basic meaning, and even lost their meaning are analyzed using data from oral folk art, works related to medieval language monuments. The information presented in the article can be widely used in research related to the history of the Kazakh literary language, etymology of words.

The comparative method in Adam Mickiewicz’s etymological ideas

In the fi rst half of the nineteenth century in his Paris lectures, Adam Mickiewicz defi ned the comparative method on three different levels: 1. cultural (the comparison of civilizations), 2. literary (the comparison of literatures) and 3. linguistic (the comparison of languages). However, it was language that became the principium comparationis, serving as the poet’s point of departure in all his major comparisons. Mickiewicz studied linguistics much more thoroughly than was necessary for the preparation of the lectures at the Collège de France. In the early 1840s, he became interested in the etymology of words. He expected this to enable him to discover the secrets of Slavic history and culture. As Mickiewicz claimed, it would be impossible to achieve on the basis of Slavic architecture and art, as they hardly existed, with the exception of oral poetry: fables, hymns, and legends. As with previous Slavic enthusiasts, Mickiewicz failed in his attempts at creating a mythos of this people’s former greatness and historic destiny based on its system of beliefs, for this very system could not be reconstructed. Accordingly, he tried to derive myth from language. Mickiewicz treated linguistics as the main means of comparing the roles that Slavs and other peoples played, or were supposed to play, in their history.

Концепты „левый” и „правый” в русской и испанской лексике, фразеологии и паремиологии

This article is devoted to the study of the concepts of “left” and “right” based on the material of Russian and Spanish vocabulary (including slang), phraseology and paremiology. For the first time, a comprehensive semantic comparative study of this opposition was carried out, reflecting the peculiarities of the perception of linguistic pictures of Spanish and Russian. The author analyses the etymology of words, methods of presentation in lexicographic practice, the causes of the occurrence of secondary evaluation values of language units. The conclusions of the article can be used for various kinds of comparative work.

Semantic Prosody of Research Verbs: A Corpus-Informed Study

Background. Synonymous words behave differently, and language users should be aware of the fact that though near-synonyms share similar denotational meanings, they require different collocates. Further, with specific collocates, they provoke a special affective meaning called semantic prosody. To give an example of this problematic area, researchers use a lot of reporting verbs that merely describe an opinion such as argue, claim, believe, etc. or state facts such as find, confirm, cite, etc. Such verbs cannot be used interchangeably as some novice researchers usually do when they discuss their findings or compare their results with others'.
 Purpose. This study aimed at examining the semantic prosody of 24 research verbs commonly used by researchers. For this purpose, collocational behavior of nearly synonymous verbs was examined. Compared to previous studies, this study considered only adverbs co-occurring with such research verbs. 
 Methods. The researcher used the Directory Open Access Journals (DOAJ), which is of 2.6 billion words and 659,132 texts, and focused on predicational adverbs that end in –ly. For the purpose of the study, adverbs with positive semantic prosody are those proving a stronger attitude towards the proposition, improving the quality, quantity, manner of a piece of information or its the relation to the topic or those suggesting a higher level of certainty.
 Results. Investigating 24 research verbs related to hypothesizing, reporting, and summarizing, the researcher found that such verbs have different sets of collocates and thus distinct semantic prosodies. Results showed that 12 of the research verbs were positive (i.e., quantify, argue, claim, suggest, state, mention, indicate, outline, summarize, encapsulate, recapitulate, and reveal), whereas 12 verbs (i.e., hypothesize, review, conclude, presume, posit, assume, theorize, speculate, note, report, find, and postulate) were neutral.
 Implications. The study has its own implications for writing instructors and researchers. Novice researchers should not use some research verbs interchangeably as they require different collocates of adverbs. Further, future research should address the relationship between word's etymology and semantic prosody as the present study showed that verbs derived from Latin (e.g., conclude, hypothesize, postulate, etc.) are neutral compared to those that are originally French.

Etymological Studies of Common Turkic Etymons «bad», «kob»

Many lexical units of the language and their meanings need etymological analysis in relation to the origin and history of certain words. Etymology as a branch of lexicology explores the theoretical foundations and methodological improvement of the analysis. In order to find out the purpose of determining the origin and history of a certain word or words, it is necessary to find out: the primary meaning of some words, and in other words secondary, i.e. derived meanings, in third lexemes, the meaning of lexical phraseological phrases, in winged expressions, sayings and proverbs, as a result of collecting and analyzing materials and draw certain conclusions. The setting of such goals and objectives has existed since the formation of the science of language. Because the origin and history of words and their meanings interested the population for practical purposes, and scientists for scientific purposes. The main object of the research is the history of the semantics of words, so the article uses such techniques and methods as diachrony-synchrony, analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction, component and complex analysis of the retrospective method. The article takes into account all lexical, stylistic and grammatical meanings, grammatical forms in the form of root and derived morphemes, as well as semantics in the composition of lexical and stable word combinations of the common Turkic root words «hob», «bad». The analyses werecarried out and covered the linguistic materials of the Turkic written monuments and modern Turkic languages. Etymological analyses of the etymons «hob», «bad» are theoretically based on the 5 principles of etymological theory developed by us: word semantics – semantic derivation – derivational process – types of reconstruction and semantic reconstruction – comparative bases of word etymology. Etymological analysis of the words «hob», «bad» is carried out at the phonemic, morphemic, lexemic and syntagmatic levels, i.e. it is subjected to a comprehensive analysis. As a result of comprehensive consideration of the Turkic etymon «ot» in aspects of the semantics of root words, derived words semantics and the semantics of the complex words we can conclude that archiseme of the etymon «hob» – value is «hollow, convex», that archisemes of the etymon «bad»: in the Turkic languages «face», in Arabic «desert, thirst», in persian «bad».

Prosthetic Symbiosis

Prosthetic Symbiosis

VOCABULARY ACQUISITION THROUGH BILINGUAL BIBLICAL MATCH

This article presents a revolutionary method of learning vocabulary, based on multilingual mutual match in biblical etymology. Using languages of China and English as model languages, I present not only linguistic evidence on biblical etymology of words but also words as examples for this novel approach, enhancing learners’ interest in efficiently understanding both native and foreign words.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0946/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Op pad na 'n omvattende aanlyn woordeboek -met spesifieke verwysing na die Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse taal

Soos verskeie ander tale se omvattende woordeboeke is die Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal as gedrukte woordeboek beplan en saamgestel. Die hele woordeboek is intussen in elektroniese formaat beskikbaar en die laaste dele sal glad nie in gedrukte formaat verskyn nie. Na voltooiing van die werk in 2028 het die Redaksie die geleentheid om die hele woordeboek te herbewerk en ook om dit as 'n volwaardige aanlyn woordeboek beskikbaar te stel. So 'n herbewerking vereis die formulering van 'n nuwe woordeboekkonseptualiseringsplan wat erkenning gee aan werk wat in die leksikografiepraktyk asook in die metaleksikografie gedoen is. Hierdie bydrae wys op 'n aantal aspekte waaraan die Redaksie kan aandag gee in hulle benutting van die moontlikhede van die aanlyn omgewing. Die fokus is op die aard van 'n omvattende woordeboek, die nuwe dataverspreidingstruktuur, 'n nuwe artikeluitleg, 'n veranderde mikrostruktuur wat ook aanpassings in die aard en omvang van die aanduiders insluit, asook 'n besinning oor die tersaaklike leksikografiese funksies.

The Semantic Development of Some “QAP” Basic Units which Have Made a Russen Language and throught for Foreign Language

The semantic evolution of units from ancient Turkic to Russian is examined in this article. In ancient Turkic dictionaries, the origin, basis, construction, and semantic development of kap-based lexemes were explored. The definitions supplied in the annotated and computerized dictionaries in Uzbek, Russian, and English are compared. Linguists have attempted to establish that these are most likely Turkish terms. On the basis of linguists' opinions on the word's etymology, new results have been made. There is a brief explanation of how ancient Turkic got its name from Russian and other acquired nouns.