Ethnographic Tourism Research Articles

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECOLOGICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHIC TOURISM IN KAZAKHSTAN AS ONE OF THE DIRECTIONS OF CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL TOURISM

The value of modern society lies in the careful preservation and rational use of objects of material and spiritual culture of humanity in order to popularize tolerant thinking and promote traditional values among the international community. The basis for the development of modern tourism in the Republic of Kazakhstan should be the concept of promoting a national tourism brand based on its historical past, cultural development, natural diversity, objects of material and spiritual culture with an appropriate approach to the species diversity of tourist offers. This requires the implementation of an integrated approach, in which several types of tourism will be consolidated in order to effectively achieve the objectives set. The purpose of the article is to propose the introduction of ways to develop ecological and ethnographic tourism as effective tools for preserving the natural, historical, and cultural heritage of the country, which form a new direction of tourism, in particular “Ecological and ethnographic tourism".

Intangible cultural heritage of Ukraine: scientific and practical significance, structure, and development prospects


 
 
 Current objects of UNESCO’s intangible national and world cultural heritage (here-inafter – World Heritage) have been systematized and the list of nominees for the status of objects of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) of Ukraine has been expanded, which is considered as an option for partial compensation in the war and post-war period of resource and recreational losses countries; the fragmentary systematization of objects of ethnocultural tourism is reflected in the map-schematic and tabular elements of the presented material. The creation of a research center for the Azov National Park based on the University of Melitopol (Ukraine) and its joining with European universities studying the National Park of their countries is interpreted as one of the scientific and practical triggers for the protection, preservation, and development of the national network of National Park facilities. It is emphasized that the problem of protecting the World Heritage as a whole and ICH as its component is positioned as one of the key priorities of world, European, and national humanitarian development in the 21st century, and the constructive activities of the world community on the protection of ICH, the effective efforts of UNESCO in legal support of the outlined process are a significant factor in the actualization of state policy regarding the conservation and promotion of traditional crafts, folklore, art, and national cuisine. It is noted that the objects of ethnographic and ethnocultural tourism are a kind of benchmarks and beacons of the resource-recreational «fabric» of any country, which radiate the light of its spirit, national history, and culture. At the same time, in modern times of globalism and ultra-globalism, despite the positive dynamics of the number of identified ethnographic tourism locations, and the increase in the number of objects of intangible heritage, their chances of survival are steadily decreasing. Based on the analysis of the statistics of the recruitment of students for the «Tourism» specialty at the Higher Secondary Education in Kyiv (Ukraine) over the past 10 years, a trend of a constant decrease in demand for this specialty has been revealed.
 
 

The Khakass language in the context of a museum holiday based on the ritual traditions of the Khakass

The article deals with the issues of popularization and use of the Khakas language within the framework of museum events addressed to multinational and younger children (including those with inclusion) audiences of visitors. The author shares his experience in organizing a museum festival based on national rituals and clearly demonstrates how interesting it is to present folk traditions on a modern museum site. The problematic nature of such a concept is associated with the historical aspect of the formation and development of the Khakass language, which differ from similar processes of most Turkic languages. Nevertheless, the desire for self-identity inherent in the indigenous population of Khakassia dictates its own rules and conditions when presenting the national language, folk rituals and traditional ethical norms to a wide multinational audience of museum visitors. The Khakassian National Museum of Local Lore named after L. R. Kyzlasov much attention is paid to the national aspects of the work. At the same time, the language of the indigenous people and the development of ethnographic tourism complement each other, in which the author sees prospects for the development of the museum, as a republican institution of culture, and for the popularization of the Khakass language. Therefore, many museum projects are aimed at supporting and developing the Khakass language within the framework of diverse museum events. The article discusses in detail two such events — the festival “The Sun in the Sleeve” and the grant project “My Khakassia” — implemented by the Khakassian National Museum of Local Lore named after L. R. Kyzlasov in 2022. In the author’s opinion, these are the most successful developments that can popularize the topic of the Khakass language for a wide audience of residents and guests of Khakassia, regardless of their nationality.

ETHNIC TOURISM AS A PROSPECTIVE DIRECTION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY OF THE LVIV REGION UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL RISKS

The prospects for the development of ethnic tourism in Lviv region in the conditions of quarantine and armed resistance to russian aggression are revealed. At the same time, ethnic tourism is considered as the use of cultural resources of ethnic minorities of Ukraine in tourist activities, including visits by tourists to places of concentration of monuments of traditional culture and life of ethnographic groups of the Ukrainian people, i.e. ethnographic tourism. It is concluded that the motivations of ethnic tourism in general and ethnographic tourism in particular are both the desire for tourists to visit places of their historical residence, and the desire to learn about the cultural characteristics of various peoples and ethnographic groups.
 Considering the modern mainly monoethnic character of Lviv region, ethnographic tourism has every reason to become the basis of ethnic tourism in the region. The informational prerequisite for the organization of ethnographic tourism is ethnographic zoning, taking into account the peculiarities of Ukrainian traditional construction and local dialects, which made it possible to distinguish five ethnographic districts: Boyko`s, Pidighiria`s, Nadsyannia`s, Roztotchia-Opillia`s, Pobuzia-Styrs`s. Within each of these districts, important objects for the development of ethnographic tourism have been identified. Thus, wooden churches, bell towers, museums, and artistic woodwork are of the greatest importance in the Boyko`s ethnographic district. The peculiarity of the Pidigiria ethnographic district is the wide spread of folk arts and crafts (shoemaking, ceramics, embroidery), traditional production, in particular, salt. A characteristic feature of Nadsiania is the noticeable Polish influence on the traditional culture of the Ukrainian people, which is due to both the geographical location and the placement of individual Polish settlements, which gives Ukrainian traditional culture (embroidery, carpet making, traditional sacred construction) a special flavor. The Roztotchia-Opillia ethnographic district occupies a central geographical position in the region and concentrates significant resources for the development of ethnographic tourism, among which the Museum of Folk Architecture and Life in Lviv is of leading importance. Within the boundaries of this district there are notable ancient settlements that already attract large groups of tourists , and centers of weaving and carpet making, ceramics, as well as unique temples. The Pobuzia-Stirs`s ethnographic district is located in the central-northern plain part of the region and has many common features with ethnographic Volyn. Landmarks of traditional sacral construction have been preserved within this district, which are of great touristic attractiveness.
 Various cultural objects of defensive, residential and sacred purpose, connected with the residence of representatives of ethnic minorities (Poles, Jews, Armenians, Germans) in the region in the past, have every reason to be the objects of interest of foreign and Ukrainian tourists in Lviv region. On the basis of the interconnected use of ethno-cultural resources of the region, it is already possible to plan tourist routes of various lengths, taking into account the possibility of combining different types of tourism, as well as the basic importance of such nodal tourist and recreational centers as Lviv, Truskavets, Morshyn.
 Keywords: ethnic tourism, ethnographic tourism, cultural and tourist resources, ethnographic regions of Lviv region, cultural sights of ethnic minorities in Lviv region.

SPECIFICS OF ETHNOGRAPHIC TOURISM AND ETHNIC TOURISM IN UZBEKISTAN

The article presents different definition of "ethnographic tourism", in greatest detail the features of the organization of this kind of tourism. Social functions are allocated ethnotourism. The characteristics of the main components of animation programs in the ethnographic tourism.

Approach to formation of enogastronomic tourism based on the geographical indication system


 
 
 Changes in the tourism sector are the reasons for the development and implementation of adequate approaches to formation of unique enogastronomic tourist routes, related to the use of geographical indication system as a means of individualizing subjects of tourism. Currently, there are counterfeit tourism products labeled with well-known names of geographical regional objects. The significance of the geographical indications in enogastronomic tourism becomes increasingly apparent in terms of intense competition between the regions in the country and on the international tourism market. The objective of the research was to develop theoretical and methodological foundations, scientific and practical recommendations for creating a formation approach to enogastronomic tourist routes based on the geographical indication system. In the research, we used the comprehensive method- ological approach, based on the application of the following research methods: generalization and systematization (to determine the essentials of geographical indications); calculation and analytical (to analyze the conditions of geographical indications registration); process approach (for development of new enogastronomic tourist routes); program-targeted approach (for the algorithm of formation of enogastronomic tourist routes); tabular methods (for presentation of the material). We analyzed the definition of «ethnographic tourism», identified the key problems of registration of geographical indications in Ukraine, proposing a formation approach to enogas- tronomic tourist routes based on the system of geographical indications. In our study, we considered using the European experience in the effective implementation of geographical indications in the Ukrainian regions. The formation approach to enogastronomic tourist routes based on the geographical indications system is proposed, which allows combining national history and culture, traditions of preparing local dishes and drinks, presenting them as a complex tourist product of a certain region.
 
 

Теоретичні підходи до визначення поняття та сутності етнографічного туризму

Today, it is acute the issue of preserving ethno-cultural heritage and the diversity of peoples, ethnic groups and tribal communities. In addition to the processes of globalization, scientific and technical development and the growth of information loads, the Covid-19 pandemic, the military invasion of the territory of Ukraine, natural and anthropogenic cataclysms had no less impact on the tourism industry and on preserving the unique peoples’ culture. As a result, among consumers of tourist services, there are increased attention to their safety during travel and interest in their own roots, culture and traditions, as well as in the cultures and identity of other peoples. This, in turn, caused for popularity growth of tours with ethnographic elements. Nevertheless, ethnographic tourism is still an understudied part of the modern tourism industry. That is why in the paper provides a monographic analysis of the essence and approaches to defining the concept of «ethnographic tourism». Also, there are revealed the peculiarities of ethnographic tourism. There have been highlighted differences of ethnographic tourism among such types of tourism as ethnocultural, ethnic, nostalgic, ethno-educational, ecological-ethnographic and anthropological. It was determined that the concept of ethnographic tourism is broader, unlike the above-mentioned concepts, and includes certain features of each of this types of tourism. The author proposed his own interpretation of ethnographic tourism concept, according to which ethnographic tourism is a type of tourism that has adjacent features with cultural-cognitive, ethnic, ethno-cultural, nostalgic, ethno-cognitive, ecological-ethnographic and anthropological types of tourism, the objects of which often overlap, and the main purpose of which is to learn about the ethno-cultural heritage of the visited area.

Особенности этнотуризма в Дагестане как фактор достижения мира и согласия

A comparative analysis of the concept of “ethnotourism” is carried out. An attempt was made to provide a comprehensive, systematic, logical and epistemological analysis of this concept in the context of the cultural code of the Republic of Dagestan. The specificity, features of the organization of this type of tourism for the multinational and multi-confessional region of Russia, which is Dagestan, is of particular importance. The features of the organization of ethnographic tourism in Dagestan are considered in detail, the social functions of this type of tourism are highlighted. The functions and components of animation programs of ethnographic tourism are considered. It is noted that the development of tourism in the republic will be facilitated by the development of tourist activity among students, strengthening in connection with this interuniversity, interpersonal and even interethnic relations of the country’s youth.

Сталий розвиток етнографічного туризму як засіб збереження та повоєнного відновлення етнокультурної спадщини України

Based on the analysis of the main trends in the development of the tourism market in the context of global digitalization, intensified in the field of tourism and hospitality, the article substantiates structural changes in the market of tourism services in Ukraine. The subject of the research is the prospects for sustainable development of ethnographic tourism as a means of preserving and post-war recovery of the ethnocultural heritage of Ukraine. The aim of the article is to develop a conception of sustainable development of ethnographic tourism for the post-war recovery of the ethnocultural heritage of Ukraine. The achievement of the declared aim necessitated the solution of the following tasks: to study the essence of the conception of ethnographic tourism as a form of presentation of ethnocultural heritage; to define the directions of ensuring the sustainable development of ethnographic tourism; to develop a conception of sustainable development of ethnographic tourism as a means of preserving and post-war recovery of the ethnocultural heritage of Ukraine. As a methodological basis, an integrated approach to the problems under study was adopted. In the process of research, general scientific techniques and methods of logical and comparative analysis, as well as methods of generalization and processing of information using the techniques of economic and statistical analysis were used. The article proposes the formation of the conception of ethnographic tourism in the regions of Ukraine on the basis of the use of the sharing model as a factor in increasing the sustainability of the economy. The use of the sharing model to unite and promote the services of entrepreneurs in the field of tourism and ethno-tourism resources will attract a large number of consumers of tourist services to the region, interest the youth audience, and reduce the cost of forming tour packages.

The relevance of modern forms of preservation of the socio-cultural heritage of the village: the experience of the museum and cultural center “House of Traditions” (Parakino village, Bolshebereznikovsky district of the Republic of Mordovia)

Introduction. The article is based on the results of a survey conducted during the implementation of the project “MY VILLAGE: from cultural traditions to civic initiatives”. The project is a scaling up of the successful municipal practice of the museum and cultural center “House of Traditions” of the village of Parakino of the Bolshebereznikovsky district of the Republic of Mordovia to the district level. The relevance of the project is due to the dynamics and specifics of the sociocultural request of society, namely “search for oneself” through the growing interest in ancestry, culture and traditions, national cuisine, the demand for ecological, recreational and ethnographic tourism, which brings a person to “his village”, to the parental home, hearth, which is strategically important for the preservation of the village, Russian culture, identity and sovereignty. Materials and Methods. The material was the data of a questionnaire survey conducted to assess the relevance of civic initiatives as a factor in the development of cultural traditions in rural areas and ways to actualize them in modern society. The research methodology includes a combination of humanitarian (synergetic, axiological, structural-functional, anthropological, hermeneutic, historical, communicative institutional, systemic) approaches, as well as methods of statistical processing and qualitative analysis of the results obtained. Results and Discussion. The articles considers the opinion of potential and current participants of the project on the implementation of the practices of “House of Traditions” in their municipal area; the results achieved, prospects and priorities that need to be addressed when replicating the experience of “House of Traditions” in specific villages and problems that may hinder the success of such a project. Conclusion. The results and social effects of the practical activities of the “House of Traditions” are empirically substantiated. The main provisions and conclusions of the work can be used in the further study of the problem of solving the social problems of the modern Russian village and the role of civic initiatives in the preservation of cultural traditions.

АНАЛИЗ ТУРИСТСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ РЕГИОНОВ ЮЖНОЙ СИБИРИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ РАЗВИТИЯ ЭТНОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО ТУРИЗМА

The article presents a comparative analysis of adjacent territories located in the regions of Southern Siberia (Tashtagolsky district of the Kemerovo region, Turochaksky district of the Altai Republic, and Krasnogorsky district of Altai Krai). Currently, these territories are considered tourist destinations where ethnographic tourism can be developed. The study aims to compare the competitive advantages and disadvantages of the tourist territories of Southern Siberia in the context of the development of ethnographic tourism. The information base of the research comprised scientific articles by Russian scholars, information materials published on the Internet, and materials of the authors' own research based on field expeditions and scientific business trips. The main scientific methods employed were descriptive, comparative geographical, cartographic ones, and SWOT analysis. The study has identified the strengths and weaknesses, possible advantages and threats to the development of ethnographic tourism in areas of compact residence of indigenous peoples in the Kemerovo region, Altai Republic, and Altai Krai. The results of the study can be used for the development and modernization of regional tourism development programs in the territories examined.

The cultural symbolism of the Ulytau landscape

The article considers the trends in the revival of the cultural landscape of Ulytau. Documents on historical objects are analyzed at the level of political decision-making and conceptual tasks to restore the significance of Ulytau, one of the most “hidden” regions of the Soviet period. It is considered how the symbolic content of historical objects located in the Ulytau region is being updated, and how these objects are being reconstructed into the large complexes of tourism content. From the first years of independence, the revitalization process of the region began with the First Kurultay that united Kazakhs all over the world in 1992 and continued until the celebration of the 750th anniversary of the Golden Horde. An inventory place of the historical and cultural significance of Ulytau was carried out within the framework of strategic programs conducted by the state including the special project “The Sacred Geography of Kazakhstan” within the framework of “Rukhani Zhangyru”. On the one hand, Ulytau is considered the shanyrak of the Kazakh Khanate, a symbol of statehood, identity, and unity; on the other hand, it is a region with a high concentration of sacred objects and a high potential for ethnographic tourism. The author examines the symbolism of the Ulytau landscape by means of three different semantic positions: the first, Ulytau is the beginning of statehood, a symbol of identity; the second, it is considered as an open-air museum; the third, as a tourist center and analyses its cultural potential. The article has been developed on available information published in open Internet sources, archival documents, and scientific works published as a part of the special project “The Sacred Geography of Kazakhstan”, and empirical data taken on the bases of expert in-depth interviews.

Assessment of local communities capacities on developing ethnographic tourism of Kampung Naga, West Java, Indonesia

This study aims to examine the capacity of local communities in the administration of tourism. Ethnographic tourism is one of the popular products built in Tasikmalaya Regency. It is known as the capital of Kabarataan of Galunggung which has a Sundanese culture style that is rich with local customs. This is an opportunity to promote Sundanese arts and culture as well as concerns of disruption caused by open access to outside communities. Kampung Naga offers physical and non-physical potential which gives a unique experience for tourists. The improvement of local community and their capability in managing tourism have a significant role on developing ethnographic tourism. The research method used is in the form of descriptive qualitative through several stages; an interview to a stakeholder of tourism organizers in Kampung Naga, an act of compiling community capacity data using radar diagrams, and an interpretation of community capacity in zoning the village area. Based on the analysis, the development of tourism activities in Kampung Naga actually provides economic benefits for local people and education of human and natural harmony for visitors. Local people also have a good capacity in maintaining the socio-cultural identity and the use of the environment in developing sustainable tourism.

Ethnographic tourism as one of the factors of economic development of Lviv

Purpose. The aim of the article is the research of ethnographic tourism as one of the factors of economic development of Lviv in modern conditions. Methodology of research. The following methods are used in the study: analysis and comparison – in the study of economic indicators of tourism development in Lviv; logical assessment – in substantiating the recommendations for the development of ethnographic tourism at the regional level; generalization – in the process of formulating conclusions based on the results of the analysis. Findings. It is established that under the influence of the negative effects of coronavirus disease in Ukraine and around the world, it is necessary not only to register and preserve the past, but also to use it widely to attract tourists online. Under the current conditions of a number of restrictive measures, it is difficult for tourism market participants to provide economic benefits for enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to solve this problem. It is proved that in the conditions of a pandemic the museums of Lviv occupy a special place among all available historical and cultural objects of ethnographic tourism and perform an important function for preservation of museum exhibits and their popularization in the market of tourist services. The following recommendations are proposed to improve the economic performance of Lviv tourism market participants: building an updated strategy for communication of tourism market participants with media, updating marketing programs for tourism market participants, development of special ethnographic tours, printing brochures of excursion routes in Lviv and Lviv region. Scientific novelty. Recommendations for the development of ethnographic tourism as one of the factors that will provide higher economic performance to participants in the tourism market at the regional level. Practical value. The practical implementation of the proposed measures will partially solve the economic problems of tourism enterprises and ensure a higher level of economic development of Lviv. Key words: ethnographic tourism, tourist market, tourists, historical and cultural objects, museums, visitors, Lviv, economic development, innovative approaches.

Systematization of ethnoeconomic vectors within the context of regional development of the Krasnodar Territory

The research aims to study the role of ethnoeconomy in the regional development of a polyethnic region and the structure of its vectors, which allows considering ethnoeconomy as a structure-forming factor for territories. Methodology: the research was conducted among ethnic entrepreneurs of the Krasnodar Territory. The authors studied the Strategy for Socio-Economic Development of the Krasnodar Territory until 2030 and surveyed 40 ethnic entrepreneurs engaged in ethnic tourism and crafts. Conclusions: according to the authors, the basic ethnoeconomic vectors include ethnic and ethnographic tourism, traditional agriculture and traditional nature management. The ethnic entrepreneurs surveyed indicated several problems in the selected ethnoeconomic vectors, for instance: limited availability of state and municipal programmes that would mobilize additional resources; weak infrastructure of the ethnoeconomic segment of the region, which makes the ethnoeconomic environment less competitive; and low financial resource capacity of the segments of the ethnoeconomic environment. Practical significance: the authors compiled a matrix table presenting the application of methods for regulating the ethnoeconomic vectors of the regional development of the Krasnodar Territory, which allows the authorities of the region to distinguish between the methods of regional ethnoeconomic development in order to control the management situation, adapt instruments and guidelines, and provide tangible support to ethnic entrepreneurs in line with the identified vectors of ethnoeconomic development of the region.

РЕКРЕАЦИОННЫЕ АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И ЭТНОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ РЕСУРСЫ БОЛЬШЕРЕЧЕНСКОГО РАЙОНА ОМСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Recreation is the most important part of modern life. However, in Russia, there is still underdeveloped an internal and, especially rural (ethnographic) and archaeological tourism. The paper analyzes the possibility of organization of educational recreation for people in the territory of the Bolshechensky district - one of the most touristic regions in the Middle Irtysh. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that there are several areas which are the most suitable for the specified activity: this is a chain of old Russian villages, the area of compact residence of Tatars - descendants of immigrants from Central Asia, unique places of archaeological heritage sites (the Batakakovo and Inberen meander core, Chigar meander core etc.). For these places, several types of routes are offered (linear radial, radial-ring, etc.). Being of various archaeological and ethnographic themes they make it possible to show the tourists the traditional routine of the rural population, archaeological sites of different types and archaeological excavations. Keywords: western Siberia, northern forest-steppe, left bank of Middle Irtysh, archaeological, rural (ethnographic) tourism, recreation

Оценка туристско-рекреационного потенциала Подмосковья в целях развития этнографического туризма

the article aims to assess the tourist and recreational potential of the Moscow region, identify the prerequisites and analyze the factors that limit the development of ethnographic tourism in the Moscow region. When working on the article, reference materials were used, due to the recreational development of the Moscow region; statistical data of state organizations and the results of expert assessments of the development of ethnographic tourism. Research methods: systematization and generalization of information; content analysis; logical analysis. Monitoring of the tourist and recreational potential of the Moscow region, analysis of the resource base allowed us to assess the existing problems and suggest possible solutions. The prerequisites for the development of ethnographic tourism in the region are determined, the place and specifics of ethnographic tourism in tourist flows are revealed; the place and role of the Moscow region in the development of ethnographic tourism in the Russian Federation is justified. As a result of the study, the trends in the development of ethnographic tourism were identified and the areas of its most promising development in the Moscow region were identified. The results obtained contribute to the development of museum and exhibition business and folk crafts in the region, the popularization of ethnographic tourism in the Internet space, which ultimately provides an increase in the tourist flow in the Moscow region, and also allows you to create additional jobs in the tourism sector.

ПРИНЦИПЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ОБЪЕКТОВ ЭТНОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО ТУРИЗМА С УЧЕТОМ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ НА ПРИМЕРЕ БЕЛГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The problems of planning the organization of territories and objects of ethnographic tourism, taking into account the landscape features of the regions of the Russian Federation, in particular the Belgorod region, are relevant. The study developed regional principles for planning ethno-tourist spaces on the example of the Belgorod region. The object of research is the territories favorable for the development of ethnographic tourism objects within the Belgorod region, the subject of research is the influence of regional historical and cultural features on the formation of ethnographic tourism territories.
 As a result of the study, based on the analysis of world and national experience in the design of ethnographic tourism objects, their typological and historical-cultural analysis, the principles of organizing ethnographic tourism objects were developed. These principles take into account such regional features of the cultural landscapes of the Belgorod region, as the principle of preservation of the cultural landscape, the principle of authenticity of the recreated environment, the principle of symbolic exposure, the principle of stylistic unity and the multi-level principle. The use of the developed principles will allow us to preserve the identity and originality of the environment, reduce anthropogenic pressures on valuable landscape areas, increase information content and determine the gradual immersion in the concept of a tourist site.

Ethnic tourism: revisiting conceptual terminology and its significance in the context of interethnic relations in conditions of globalization of the society

The article deals with the analysis of foreign and national researchers’ approaches to definition of the concept of ethnic tourism. The majority of existing studies devoted to ethnic tourism in America and Europe concentrate on describing it as trips to exotic and often isolated ethnic groups (Smith V., McIntosh R., Goeldner C., Van den Berghe P., Harron S., Weiler B.). Some scientists regard that ethnic tourism includes trips to forefathers’ homelands with the purpose of learning the own ethnic belonging – nostalgic tourism (King B.). Along with the term of ethnic tourism, the concepts of aboriginal tourism (Getz D., Jamieson W.) and native tourism (Butler R., Hinch T.) are widely used, though the same phenomenon is meant. Russian researchers use the concepts of ethnic tourism, ethnographic tourism and nostalgic tourism. No unanimous opinion as to definition of ethnic tourism is found with Ukrainian scientists (Kyryliuk L., Parkhomenko T., Kyfiak V., Bochan I., Kulakovska I., Orlova M, Chubrey O., etc). We understand the concept of ethnic tourism to be a type of tourist activity that satisfies the consumers’ interests in cognition of material and spiritual culture of certain ethnos (ethnic group, ethnographic group) that inhabits (or previously inhabited) a certain territory. While on excursions, tourists get acquainted with architecture, clothes, folklore, rituals, folk traditions, handicrafts, everyday life, ethnic cuisine, historic events, known persons, and monuments of certain ethnos or its part (sub-ethnos or ethnic group). The author discloses functions of the present-day ethnic tourism (cultural-cognitive, social, communicative, worldview, integrative) in the context of interethnic relations in conditions of globalization processes, those functions that are essentially important for the development of individuality, broadening of knowledge of the surrounding world, people, trends and regularities in the development of society with regard to the formation of value and worldview orientations.

Перспективи використання туристично-рекреаційних ресурсів для розвиту зеленого (сільського) та екологічного туризму в Івано-Франківській області

Досліджено туристично-рекреаційні ресурси Івано-Франківщини та визначено перспективи їх використання для розвиту зеленого (сільського) та екологічного туризму в області. Виявлено, що сільський зелений туризм має сприятливі передумови для розвитку, адже в області є пам'ятки історії та культури світового рівня, унікальні природні ландшафти. Найпопулярнішими осередками відпочинку серед туристів є Яремчанський, Верховинський та Косівський райони, зокрема, їх гірські частини, де є розвинена мережа агроосель (загалом в області – близько 800 осель) із різними ціновими пропозиціями. Встановлено, що природні умови та наявність великої кількості об'єктів природно-заповідного фонду в Івано-Франківській області (482 території та об'єкти, площа яких становить 218,9 тис. га, або 15,7 % від площі області) сприяють розвитку широкого спектра форм екологічного туризму. Виокремлено найперспективніші осередки, які мають високий потенціал для розвитку цього виду туризму в області, зокрема: Косівський, Долинський, Надвірнянський, Городенківський і Верховинський райони та територія Яремчанської міської ради. З'ясовано, що Івано-Франківську область формують різноманітні етнографічні райони – Покуття, Гуцульщини, Бойківщини та Опілля. Корінне населення цих районів досі зберігає багату матеріально-духовну спадщину, особливий давньоукраїнський колорит, який наповнений самобутніми обрядами, одягом, побутом, ремеслами, архітектурою, що, безумовно, є атрактивним для великої кількості туристів, що сприяє розвитку в регіоні також етнографічного туризм. Отже, доцільно розвивати в області такі напрями туристичної діяльності, як інтерактивні скансени, агроготелярство, контактні зоопарки, іпотерапія та апітерапія, а також відвідування історичних сільських місцевостей та участь в етнофестивалях і різноманітних майстер-класах з виготовлення народних ремесел. Все це зумовить розвиток "безпечного" туризму в області, такого, що буде сприяти збереженню навколишнього середовища та раціональному використанню туристично-рекреаційних ресурсів Івано-Франківщини та забезпечить роботою місцевих мешканців, що, відповідно, зумовить економічне зростання регіону загалом.