Ethnic Issues Research Articles

Ethnic Issues and Disparities in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: What Can We Learn from the Arab Population in Israel?

Inflammatory bowel diseases are increasing among different ethnic groups. We aimed to compare the clinical characteristics, complications, and outcomes among Arab and Jewish people sharing the same healthcare system. All patients older than 18 years with a diagnosis of Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) between the years 2000 and 2021 were included. Data regarding demographics, disease characteristics, extraintestinal manifestation, treatment, comorbidities, and mortality were retrieved. A total of 1263 (9.8%) Arab CD patients were compared with 11,625 Jewish CD patients, and 1461 (11.8%) Arab UC patients were compared to 10,920 Jewish patients. Arab CD patients were younger at diagnosis, 36.11 ± 16.7 compared to 39.98 ± 19.4 years, p < 0.001, 59.5% males compared to 48.7%, p < 0.001; in addition, Arab CD patients had a higher rate of anal fissure, perianal abscess, erythema nodosum, diabetes mellitus, obesity, liver cirrhosis, and male infertility. Arab CD patients were less frequently treated with azathioprine or mercaptopurine compared with Jewish patients. No significant difference was found in the rate of anti-TNF treatment, but a higher rate of steroids treatment was found. The all-cause mortality of CD patients was lower among Arab patients (8.4% vs. 10.2%, p = 0.039). Significant differences were found regarding disease characteristics, course, comorbidities, and treatment among Arab and Jewish patients with IBD.

RELIGIOUS PLURALISM ACCORDING TO THE THOUGHT OF NURCHOLISH MADJID IN THE INDONESIAN CONTEXT

Pluralism cannot be separated from the meaning of plurality, if plurality is a difference in religious, ethnic, cultural or other issues, while pluralism is a system of values, attitudes and processes that can translate religious reality into sustainable social cohesion. In other words, diversity is something empirical, while pluralism is an ideology or understanding that accepts diversity as a positive value accompanied by efforts to negotiate and adjust among them, without trying to weaken or even destroy one or part of that diversity. The existence of a difference in religion is a reality in society, and a pluralist attitude is an orientation that assumes acceptance and sincere relationship to that fact, rather than eliminating or destroying or melting the differences into one.This type of research is library research (Libary research) The results of this study collected that: According to Nurcholish Madjid, the noble values of Indonesianness are universal and cosmopolitan values of the Indonesian nation based on religion or culture as a result of a long dialogue with religion, these values have a strategic role as well as a central role in building the unity of the people to foster self-esteem as a nation. The issue of the relationship between religion, citizens and the nation is a matter of ijtihad that is closely related to the socio-political contacts understood by the people themselves.

Civilizational Myth and Class Politics

Abstract What is the connection between class and race? Socialist revolutionaries in early twentieth-century Russia engaged with this question in their political essays. The imperial partition of China and the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway made the China question one of the most topical issues in Russia. This article examines Lenin’s essays on China in which he criticizes racist ideas popular in Russia and Europe. By comparing his essays with other Russian political commentaries on China, this article argues that Lenin views racism as a matter of political economy and global class politics. On the one hand, the myth of racial rivalry and clash of civilizations veils class struggle. On the other, racial and ethnic issues complicate class politics. Lenin’s critique of racism elaborated in the discussion of wars and revolutions in China is not a dogmatic extension of Marx, but directly addresses the transnational migration, geopolitical tension, and intellectual network.

Young children’s negotiation of language policies and multilingual curriculum at an ethnic minority elementary school in rural China

Through interpreting the status of Hoche language and cultural practices from community voices, this ethnographic case study conducted in a minority language school centers on five Han and Hoche ethnic minority children’s positions toward multi-language learning. My research explores how these children negotiate the policies and multilingual curriculum that illuminates the multilayered tensions between local issues and global transformation. Findings indicate that policies situate Hoche as a romantic representation of the past, whereas the narratives I gathered from Hoche and Han children’s attitudes and ideologies about language show that younger generations are oriented toward future opportunities and influenced by globalization. This work contributes to scholarship on the education of minority children during a period of rapid industrialization by extending our understanding of ethnicity, diversity, and inclusivity issues via children’s perspectives. Shedding light onto the lives of Hoche and other ethnic minority children’s language practices, this paper is a call to urgently address power inequities in the ideologies and pedagogies enacted in service of Indigenous reclamation.

Ethnic Reconciliation from the Margins

Abstract The Kenyan post-election violence of 2007 deepened the ethnic differences that have been growing for the past decades after independence. While the August 2022 elections revealed political maturity, the October 2017 re-elections indicated that the hostility was not a settled issue. Kenyan churches in the post-democratic space have courted with political alliances along ethnic blocs. Additionally, some of the protestant churches in Kenya such as Presbyterian, Methodist and Friends, are largely monoethnic despite their long history. To what extent can these churches follow the biblical vision of a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic church? This topic has generated theological interest yet few have assessed the role of the youth in ethnic reconciliation. This article will 1) survey the issue of ethnicity and the church; 2) offer a biblical-theological reflection on ethnicity, and 3) suggest how an inclusive-congregational youth ministry model can revitalize ethnic reconciliation in the church and by extension, society.

Analysis of the First Positivists’ (A. Comte, H. Spencer) Views of Mankind’s Moral Development

The research subject in the present article is A. Comte’s and H. Spencer’s beliefs, who are considered the representatives of early positivism. The particular emphasis is made on the ethnicity issues. A. Comte distinguished three stages of the human consciousness elevating: theological or fictitious, metaphysic or abstract, positive or real. The scientist claimed the quality of a society as a whole is directly related to the level of the individual development. Moreover, moral ideas, which have to be free from theology and metaphysics and based on the new philosophy of positive thinking, have a powerful influence on the society development. As a result, moral principles have to be guided by social solidarity and be a society’s logical controller. However, the societal progress rejected the scientist’s notion. According to H. Spencer, social morality arises from natural one whereby altruism and social equity are built on the concern of the kind preservation. The higher the society is organized, the greater the level of the equity is. The researcher provides the example illustrating an ideal society in which a well-functioning organ evolves better than others which in turn means “social equity” principle is implemented. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by the first comparative analysis of A. Comte’s and H. Spencer’s moral-ethnical concepts as well as defining the most controversial theses in their theories. There has been found out that the key difference in the philosophers’ ideas is their seeing into the real nature of morality, having its ground either in the human mind (Comte) or natural environment (Spencer). The definition of the society as an entity with its characteristics resembling a biological organism is considered to be significantly similar in their views. Secondly discovered similarity is the definition of the human history as a progressive process in which individual human mind, morality and a society as an entity are evolving simultaneously. The present paper also puts forward the conclusion that the ideas about the history as a progressive process resulted at a “positive” stage turned out to be the most debatable issues.

Race, Ethnicity, and the Case for Intersectional Water Security

Abstract This Forum article reports on a meta-review of more than 19,000 published works on water security, of which less than 1 percent explicitly focus on race or ethnicity. This is deeply concerning, because it indicates that race and ethnicity—crucial factors that affect the provision of safe, reliable water—continue to be ignored in academic and policy literatures. In response to this finding the Forum calls for building intersectional water security frameworks that recognize how empirical drivers of social and environmental inequality vary both within and across groups. Intersectional frameworks of water security can retain policy focus on the key material concerns regarding access, safety, and the distribution of water-related risks. They can also explicitly incorporate issues of race and ethnicity alongside other vectors of inequality to address key, overlooked concerns of water security.

Ethnic and confessional culture of Mordovian students (based on the materials of the Internet survey)

Introduction. The article summarizes the results of a study of the ethnic and confessional culture of Mordovian students. The objectives of the study were to identify the degree of preservation of individual components of ethnic culture among Mordovian students; to analyze of the level of their religiosity and affiliation to the local church; to study the degree of influence other cultural systems on their worldview. Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the study was the Internet survey. The total of 100 Mordovian students took part in the survey: 63 people from the Republic of Mordovia (Mordovian State Pedagogical University) and 37 people from the Ulyanovsk region (Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University). Results and Discussion. The article describes the ideas of Mordovian students about sacred places and national heroes, the proficiency in the national language, the perception of the national language as a native language, the existence of a festive and ritual culture, religiosity and confessional affiliation, religious behavior and religious beliefs, etc. It reveals and interprets the influence of living in the multicultural region on a significant proportion of people who recognize non-Mordovian as their native language, and on the syncretization in the mass consciousness of respondents of holidays of different genesis: international, Russian national, Christian, national public, and Mordovian national holidays. Conclusion. An analysis of the materials of the Internet survey allows to conclude that, in general, Mordovian students are characterized by a positive attitude towards Mordovian culture. The interest of the respondents is especially noticeable when answering questions that refer to ethnic self-consciousness issues that have more symbolic than practical/everyday meaning. Although Mordovian students consider themselves Orthodox Christians, their religious culture is no less diverse, a significant part of which is integrated to varying degrees in the culture of Orthodoxy. At the same time, some Mordovian students are not without occult influence.

Who Cares?: Ethics and Practices of Care and Making Change in Contemporary Queer Performance Production

Queer performance has historically illuminated an imbalance of care for minoritarian concerns and fostered community connections for collective survival and resistance.1 1. José Esteban Muñoz, Disidentifications: Queers of color and the performance of politics (Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1999). This article interweaves theorisations by Leah Lakshmi Piepzna-Samarasinha and collaborators in the book Care Work: Dreaming Disability Justice 2 2. Leah Lakshmi Piepzna-Samarasinha, Care Work: Dreaming Disability Justice (Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press, 2018). and draws upon interviews with key queer cultural producers, practitioners, scholars, and artists currently working in the UK to identify and theorise contemporary ethics and practices of care in their work. It reveals how queer performance practice attempts to address issues of ethnicity, race, class, disability, gender, and gender identity, tokenism and racial representation, access, class, (dis)ability, and trans-inclusivity in generative ways.3 3. Adam Carver, Queering the Sector: Meaningful Change, Meaningful Care, Conference programme, SHOUT! Festival of Queer Arts and Culture, Birmingham Hippodrome, November 8, 2019. Considering the urgent need for material reconfigurations and diversification of the UK arts sector – both in response to and preceding the global COVID-19 pandemic – I argue that an ethics of care and orientation toward action can address ongoing issues around who and what is ‘made to matter’ in queer arts production. Contemporary queer performance praxis in the UK reaches further toward the margins to find new solutions to embed radical care in production practices. As philosopher Rosi Braidotti suggests, such work ‘is enhanced by the rejection of self-centred individualism … [producing] a new way of combining self-interests with the well-being of an enlarged community’.4 4. Rosi Braidotti, The Posthuman (Cambridge: Polity, 2013), 48. Through foregrounding collectivity, community, care, and social justice the queer performance sector is well positioned to be at the forefront of wider cultural production trends, creating, and amplifying change throughout the sector and beyond.

Trump’s Muslim ban: A critical discourse analysis of AlJazeera English, the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal

One of the major campaign promises of the former US president Donald Trump during the 2016 presidential campaign was to bar Muslims from entering the United States. Donald Trump kept his promise by issuing an executive order on assumption of office. The executive order banned Muslims from seven countries from entering the United States until a judge in Washington halted the executive order. The story received wide coverage in the media. This article will study the news coverage of the executive order in three leading international media organizations, AlJazeera English (AJE), the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal. These three media organizations were selected because they provide different perspectives to news and have global audiences that consume the news on daily basis. Using critical discourse analysis (CDA), the article seeks to compare how the three media organizations pitched the story. CDA is interested in identifying the relationship between power, ideology and social inequality. The article explores the issues related to power, ideology and social inequality in relation to the Trump’s executive order as reported in the three news media organizations. What are the ethnic, political and cultural issues that dominated the discourse of Trump’s ban on Muslims in the three newspapers? The results from the study found ideological differences in the coverage, with AlJazeera and the New York Times being slightly more critical of Donald Trump and his policies in their approach, while the Wall Street Journal was supportive of the executive order. Nevertheless, all three news organizations were similar in promoting discourse, which promotes the interest of power elites. This approach in news discourse further contributes to creating a divided society that is unequal in nature. The article concludes by recommending the practice of a more contextual journalism that promotes a peaceful and harmonious society.

MP49-01 DEVELOPING A ‘LOCAL’ GLOBAL HEALTH CURRICULUM FOR MEDICAL TRAINEES: GROUNDWORK, LOGISTICS, AND PATIENT/PROVIDER EVALUATION DATA FROM A 3-YEAR IMPLEMENTATION

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP49-01 DEVELOPING A ‘LOCAL’ GLOBAL HEALTH CURRICULUM FOR MEDICAL TRAINEES: GROUNDWORK, LOGISTICS, AND PATIENT/PROVIDER EVALUATION DATA FROM A 3-YEAR IMPLEMENTATION Tasha Posid, Aliza Khuhro, Alicia Scimeca, Dairon Denis-Diaz, Chase Arnold, Zahra Khuhro, Hafsa Asif, Dinah Diab, Michael Sourial, David Sharp, Courtenay Moore, Frank Begun, and Cheryl Lee Tasha PosidTasha Posid More articles by this author , Aliza KhuhroAliza Khuhro More articles by this author , Alicia ScimecaAlicia Scimeca More articles by this author , Dairon Denis-DiazDairon Denis-Diaz More articles by this author , Chase ArnoldChase Arnold More articles by this author , Zahra KhuhroZahra Khuhro More articles by this author , Hafsa AsifHafsa Asif More articles by this author , Dinah DiabDinah Diab More articles by this author , Michael SourialMichael Sourial More articles by this author , David SharpDavid Sharp More articles by this author , Courtenay MooreCourtenay Moore More articles by this author , Frank BegunFrank Begun More articles by this author , and Cheryl LeeCheryl Lee More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003297.01AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Many medical trainees have expressed a growing interest in global health training as our patient population diversifies. Little clinical time is allotted during training to address this, yet cross-cultural training has been shown to improve the quality of medical care and eliminate racial, ethnic, and cultural issues. Our objective was to evaluate a ‘local’ global health curriculum for urology trainees. METHODS: Groundwork/administrative considerations appear in Figure 1. The curriculum itself consists of a faculty attending and 1-2 medical trainees staffing a pro-bono community free clinic 1x/month (community immersion). Survey evaluations using standardized assessments were given to trainees (n=24) pre- and post-experience. Patients (n=46) also filled out an evaluation following their single visit with a urology trainee. Patients were 76.1% male, 47.8% unemployed, 43.5% Caucasian, 43.2% Hispanic/Latino, 30.4% non-English speakers (first language). RESULTS: Trainees reported significant gains in skillfulness (p<0.001) and knowledge (p<0.001) in delivering cross-cultural care following participation in the community clinic, with improvements evident after a single clinic, but increasing as residents staffed more clinics (n=4 residents, p<0.05). Critically, residents did not reach ‘ceiling-level’ in their cross-cultural confidence, indicating room for continued growth and improvement over additional immersive experiences. Patient evaluations were strong (Figure 2). CONCLUSIONS: Cross-cultural training via a community clinic immersion intervention increased trainees’ perceived skillfulness, preparedness, and knowledge in delivering diverse patient care to underserved populations. This model requires legwork to get started (education, research), but day-to-day implementation is quite feasible and cost-efficient. Source of Funding: OSU Undergraduate Research Apprenticeship Program, OSUCOM Educational Research Stimulus Grant, AERA Research Service Projects Program, Arnold P. Gold Foundation © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e678 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Tasha Posid More articles by this author Aliza Khuhro More articles by this author Alicia Scimeca More articles by this author Dairon Denis-Diaz More articles by this author Chase Arnold More articles by this author Zahra Khuhro More articles by this author Hafsa Asif More articles by this author Dinah Diab More articles by this author Michael Sourial More articles by this author David Sharp More articles by this author Courtenay Moore More articles by this author Frank Begun More articles by this author Cheryl Lee More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Voices of the Indigenous Marginalized Community in Bina Thing’s Yambunera

The article studies the voices of the indigenous marginalized community in Bina Thing’s Yambunera from a Subaltern perspective. Yambunera has included thirteen stories and this article tries to explore the voice of the indigenous marginalized people and their representations only in six stories. Bina Thing attempts to bring into the mainstream literature the cultural dissimilarities prevalent in Nepali society. Characters portrayed in Yambunera are marginalized and silenced because of dominant culture, cultural dominance, poverty and illiteracy. The article intends to argue the ethnic identity issues, marginalization, discriminatory social practices and subordination to the rulers in the selected text. Thus, the study critiques the text from the critical perspectives of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak and J. Maggio. Basically, Subaltern Studies explores the voices of the marginal groups in society and examines how the literary discourse represents these voices. Spivak argues that class consciousness is self-alienating the social groups from the others within a domain of exploitation and domination. The article tries to examine issues such as injustice, prejudice, protest, and resistance in the text and intends to shed light on the voices of the indigenous women. Yambunera focuses on the plights of the Tamangs living in Yambu who are perceived as being uncultured, savage and uneducated and, above all, they are silenced. The findings of the discussion indicate injustice, prejudice, protest and resistance in the case of the fictionalized characters in Yambunera. Furthermore, the study reflects the search for cultural identity and the marginalized people’s efforts to stand up for the voices. The present article encourages a good understanding of the marginalized voices in Nepali literature.

Exploration of Cultivating a Sense of Community for the Chinese Nation in "Data Structures" Course Teaching

This article aims to research the correlation between the sense of community for the Chinese nation and the "tree" in data structures, exploring the application of tree structures in strengthening the sense of community for the Chinese nation and solving ethnic issues. The second part introduces the concept, connotation, and characteristics of the sense of community for the Chinese nation; the third part mainly discusses the "tree" in data structures and its application; the fourth part explores the correlation between the sense of community for the Chinese nation and the "tree" from the perspectives of their commonalities, the role of tree structures in the sense of community for the Chinese nation, and their application in solving ethnic issues. The fifth part discusses how to effectively teach this content in the classroom from the aspects of teaching objectives and content, teaching methods and tools, and teaching process and evaluation. By conducting an in-depth study on the correlation between the sense of community for the Chinese nation and the "tree," this paper aims to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for strengthening the construction of the sense of community for the Chinese nation, as well as new ideas and entry points for the field of data structures research.

Ethnic Issues and National Integration in Pakistan: A Review

A sense of ethnicity is logic of cultural group identity within a particular community. A complex interaction of ethnic, cultural, and historical features helps people set themselves apart from the other groups. There are no states on the earth that are racially diverse. Pakistan is not an exception in this regard. Pakistan is unrivaled in its ethnic, linguistic, and geographic diversity. Conflicts develop when ethnic identity runs afoul of socioeconomic injustice. Ethnic conflicts significantly impact national integration, the bond, and solidarity among people of all castes, creeds, religions, and genders. It is a sense of brotherhood, solidarity, and social coherence within the nation's society and communities. The current study focuses on the idea of ethnicity in Pakistan, and some of the factors include religion, language, caste, territory, and national integration. Unfortunately, ethnic conflict exists in every region of Pakistan. According to the report, to reduce interethnic tensions, each ethnic community should receive a fair share of political power and economic resources.

Treatment-related side effects among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white long-term breast cancer survivors by tamoxifen use and duration.

To determine the associations between ethnicity, age at diagnosis, obesity, multimorbidity, and odds of experiencing breast cancer (BC) treatment-related side effects among long-term Hispanic and non-Hispanic white (NHW) survivors from New Mexico and explore differences by tamoxifen use. Lifestyle and clinical information including self-reported tamoxifen use and presence of treatment- related side effects were collected at follow-up interviews (12-15years) for 194 BC survivors. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine associations between predictors and odds of experiencing side effects overall and by tamoxifen use. Women ranged in age at diagnosis (30-74, M = 49.3, SD = 9.37), most were NHW (65.4%) and had in-situ or localized BC (63.4%). Less than half reportedly used tamoxifen (44.3%), of which 59.3% reported using > 5years. Overall, survivors who were overweight/obese at follow-up were 5.42 times more likely to experience treatment-related pain (95% CI 1.40-21.0) compared to normal weight survivors. Survivors with multimorbidity, compared to survivors without, were more likely to report treatment-related sexual health issues (aOR 6.90, 95% CI 1.43-33.2) and poorer mental health (aOR 4.51, 95% CI 1.06-19.1). The statistical interactions between ethnicity and overweight/obese with tamoxifen use were significant (p-interaction < 0.05) for treatment-related sexual health issues. Our results demonstrate that survivors with overweightness/obesity or multimorbidity may be more likely to experience BC treatment-related side effects. Tamoxifen use modifies associations between ethnicity, being overweight/obese, and sexual health issues following treatment. The likelihood of experiencing treatment-related side effects were more favorable for those on tamoxifen or those who had used tamoxifen for longer durations. These findings highlight the importance of fostering side effect awareness and applying appropriate interventions to assist with disease management throughout BC survivorship care.

Peer ethnic/racial socialization in adolescence: Current knowledge and future directions

AbstractPeer groups are a central socialization setting in adolescence, and an emerging body of research has started to investigate the influence of peers on how adolescents understand, think about, and act on issues of ethnicity and race. This commentary summarizes the existing research that has investigated peer ethnic/racial socialization (ERS) and its associations with adolescent outcomes, highlighting the need to better understand: (1) what peers are doing related to issues of ethnicity/race; (2) who these peers are; (3) in what contexts peer ERS occurs; and (4) how peer ERS changes over time in adolescence. We hope the commentary, along with recent theoretical work seeking to unpack the complexity of ethnic/racial messages that young people receive across various developmental settings, will help generate more research to better understand the content, sources, and context of ERS, as well as its developmental changes over time.Highlights Peer groups are a central socialization setting in adolescence, and an emerging body of research hasstarted to examine the influence of peers on how adolescents understand, think about, and act on issues of ethnicity and race. This commentary summarizes the existing research that has investigated peer ethnic/racial socialization (ERS) and its associations with adolescent outcomes. The commentary highlights the need to betterunderstand 1) what peers are doing related to issues of ethnicity/race, 2)who these peers are, 3) in what contexts peer ERS occurs, and 4) how peerERS changes over time in adolescence. The commentary seeks to generate more researchto better unpack the complexity of ERS across various developmental settings.

Minor Literature and Minor Form: The Case of The Chinese Detective

“Minor forms” of literature (in this case the detective story) are far from unimportant to literary history. Gilles DeLeuze and Félix Guattari show us in their treatment of Franz Kafka as a writer with a complex relationship to literature both major and minor that writers who conceive of themselves as minority voices take on an echo chamber of obligations that complicate their work. When the work they intend to produce is also perceived to be “minor” (e.g. the detective novel), echoes multiply. Two entwined cases are explored here: Earl Derr Biggers’s series of Charlie Chan detective novels of the late 1920s and early 1930s, and Henry Chang’s five-novel series of Jack Yu novels of the early twenty-first century. Issues of ethnicity, cultural expropriation, exilic melancholy enrich and transform their works in a “minor form.”

Lack of Critical Approach in the Hate Speech Research as Ideological Practice in Indonesia

Hate speech is a global phenomenon that surge in almost all countries in the last few years. This, for one thing, is triggered by the presence of social media, so people tend to express their feelings directly without thinking much. The high political tension also makes it easy for hate speech to be expressed and become viral. In Indonesia itself, it is not uncommon for ethnicity, religion, race, and inter-group relations issues to color the phenomenon of hate speech. So far, this article is a systematic review of hate speech research in Indonesia as it aims to map research trends on hate speech, starting from the main topics discussed, to several methodological issues. Data were analyzed using the CALL (computerassisted language learning) approach, by utilizing the NVivo 12 application combined with Lancs Box 6.0. The article data was taken from all DOAJ and Google Scholar-indexed articles in Indonesian. There are at least 44 articles related to hate speech in Indonesia that have been researched by previous researchers from various scientific disciplines, ranging from communication sciences, education, languages, computers, law, and religion. From all the articles reviewed systematically, it can be seen that the phenomenon of hate speech in Indonesia has a close relationship with a variety of social life which is quite complex. However, among the existing studies, the application of a critical approach is still very limited in the context of the hate speech phenomenon. This fact is due to the fact that the understanding of hate speech in Indonesia has so far been seen as personal whereas hate speech itself is very ideological.

Cuidados à criança indígena Tembé no acompanhamento do crescimento e desenvolvimento: um estudo de reflexão

Abstract Objective to reflect on health care for the indigenous child of the Tembé ethnicity, to monitor their growth and development. Method theoretical-reflexive study, based on the authors’ experiences and anchored in the literature on Tembé culture and health care for indigenous peoples. Results studies about ethnicity and culture are starting points to produce notes about technical care in relation to the child, based on those already performed by Tembé women. The care based on ethnic issues signals cultural dynamics and is placed, in health policies and in their processes, as primordial to direct instruments, technologies and actions of multidisciplinary teams, with the pertinent participation of indigenous people and/or indigenous health professionals in their development. Conclusions and Implications for Practice Equity in health care for the Tembé indigenous child requires the development of specific procedures and devices that consider their particularities, well-being, and cosmology. There is a need for approaching, deepening, and respecting the specificity of this ethnic group. By reflecting on the health care of Tembé children, it becomes possible to understand divergences and convergences with the content of the Ministry of Health manuals.

Nationality issues on Polish maps prepared for the Paris Peace Conference 1919–1920

Abstract The military and political outcome of World War I, and the deliberations of the Paris Peace Conference, offered a real chance for the rebirth of Polish statehood. A key issue was the justification of Poland’s future territorial shape, in which ethnic issues played a significant role alongside historical, economic and strategic criteria. The aim of this paper is to show and discuss selected archival nationality maps, often of an expert nature, produced by Polish scholars for the purpose of negotiating the territorial extent of Poland during the Paris Peace Conference. To what extent were they an attempt at an objective representation of the national reality of the Polish territory, and to what a subjective perception and experience of space by the authors of the maps? What were the aims and ideas of their creators, what did they want to achieve? To what extent did the political reality of the time determine their behaviour?