Ethernet System Research Articles

Sustainable and lightweight domain-based intrusion detection system for in-vehicle network

Intelligent transportation systems are designed to enhance and optimize the traffic flow, safety of urban mobility, and improve energy efficiency. While advanced vehicles are equipped with new features, such as communication technologies for the exchange of safety messages, the communication interfaces of the vehicles increase the attack surfaces for attackers to exploit, even into the in-vehicle network (IVN). The automotive Ethernet and intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are promising solutions to the security problem inside the IVN. The automotive Ethernet has higher bandwidth capacity at an economical cost and flexibility for expansion than the current solution. The IDSs can protect the IVN from attackers compromising the vehicle. They can be implemented based on machine learning to learn from the normal IVN traffic behavior. However, numerous IDSs that utilize machine learning face hardware limitations when training within the in-vehicle network. Thus, the models have to be trained outside the IVN and then imported into it. Moreover, the IVN messages are unlabeled whether they are normal or under attack. We propose a lightweight unsupervised IDS that enables training in the IVN with limited computation resources. Our IDS models have an impressive parameter reduction of up to 94% compared to existing models. This leads to a remarkable reduction in memory usage of up to 86%, training time slashed by up to 69%, and a remarkable drop in energy consumption by up to 68%. Despite the size reduction, the proposed models remain only slightly less accurate than current solutions by up to 2%.

DA-DMPF: Delay-aware differential multi-path forwarding of industrial time-triggered flows in deterministic network

The time-sensitive network (TSN) utilizes gating technology to achieve mixed traffic transmission across the common network, replacing dedicated networks with time division multiplexing, simplifying the interconnection architecture. TSN fundamentally changes the uncertainty of traditional Ethernet through clock synchronization, traffic scheduling, and network configuration. TSN can meet the requirements of industrial communication for low delay, low jitter, and high-reliable data transmission. It is also fully compatible with the existing Ethernet system and is an important communication platform supporting the development of the industrial Internet. Time-triggered flow is the key flow responsible for transmitting real-time data in time-sensitive networks. Its transmission should strictly follow the gating schedule. Selecting different transmission paths will affect the success rate of scheduling. To solve the delay optimization problem of industrial time-triggered (TT) flow path selection, this paper proposes a novel forwarding mechanism for industrial TT flow, namely delay-aware differential multi-path forwarding (DA-DMPF). This mechanism first designs a multipath forwarding index based on sending delay and processing delay by analyzing the end-to-end delay, then converts the multipath forwarding problem into a 0-1 integer linear planning problem, and finally solves the forwarding path set of the stream through differential multipath forwarding algorithm to achieve low delay parallel transmission of the stream. The simulation results show that compared with load-balanced multi-path forwarding and Hop-Load forwarding mechanisms, this scheme reduces the end-to-end average delay of industrial TT flows by 22.55% and 17.32% respectively, meeting the low delay transmission requirements of TT flows.

Internet of Things on the Air Quality Monitoring System Using a Web Server

The increase in the amount of air pollution that causes global warming and the lack of attention to harmful gases, such as CO, PM 2.5, and NO2 can have a negative impact, on health and can even cause death, if it is ignored by people who breathe it. One of the popular information media today is the web, a tool that can monitor air quality levels and by utilizing advances in technology this monitoring system can be monitored via a Web Server. In this study, using an AVR microcontroller type ATmega 328p as a central control unit, and an ESP 8266-01 as a controller that handles communication between the microcontroller and the internet network. In addition, this system uses the C language as a configuration between the microcontroller and the ethernet system. The level of air pollution is measured by the MQ 07 sensor which functions to measure CO levels, MQ 135 to measure NO2 levels, and the Dust Sensor to measure PM 2.5. Test results Obtain PPM (parts per million) values ​​for CO levels of 0.25 ppm, NO2 of 0.83 ppm, PM 2.5 of 0.10 g/m3 and the temperature can be seen directly through the dashboard thingboard.

Grassland Ecological Protection Monitoring and Management Application Based on ZigBee Wireless Sensor Network

Grassland plays a key role in human production and life, especially in the protection and improvement of the natural environment, which cannot be replaced by other ecosystems, such as maintaining water and soil, preventing wind and sand fixation, maintaining carbon balance, affecting climate change, and producing biological products,.. More importantly, contemporary society attaches great importance to the development of agriculture and animal husbandry. Protecting and nurturing grassland plants and animals, maintaining biodiversity, rational grazing, and maintaining the sustainable development of the grassland ecological environment have become the top priorities. In view of the current serious grassland degradation and the decline of livestock carrying capacity, this paper proposes a grassland environmental monitoring system based on the ZigBee wireless sensor network. The system consists of a grassland wireless monitoring network and a remote PC, which realizes real-time and remote monitoring of environmental information, such as air temperature and humidity, light intensity, and rainfall that affect the growth of grassland pastures. Based on the requirements of the agricultural field data monitoring system, the overall framework of the system was designed and built. The system mainly includes two parts: the ZigBee wireless sensor network subsystem and the remote management software subsystem, and data communication is realized between the two through the Ethernet system data exchange protocol. Among them, the ZigBee wireless sensor network subsystem is deployed in the grassland area and mainly realizes the functions of real-time collection, processing, and wireless transmission of grassland data. The remote management software subsystem is mainly used for data reception, storage, and display and can maintain communication with the gateway node to support real-time monitoring of grassland data by remote browsers.

Explosionsschutz und Digitalisierung für die Automatisierung

he digitalisation trend is showing no signs of slowing. The process automation sector is also working on this topic across a number of levels. New abbreviations such as NOA (NAMUR Open Architecture), OPAF (Open Process Automation™ Forum) and MTP (Module Type Package) regularly appear in almost all the latest specialist publications. However, unlike industrial automation, this involves an additional hurdle to overcome – the hazardous areas that are present in many systems in chemical, pharmaceutical or oil and gas companies. In particular, IP communication down to the field level plays an important role in these sectors and in new concepts. NAMUR recommendation NE168 "Requirements for an Ethernet communication system for the field level" therefore also requires "suitable explosion protection" for "Ethernet in the field" solutions of this type. In the past, the "intrinsic safety" type of protection in accordance with DIN EN 60079-11 has been tried and tested to great success in these sectors and is well-established around the world. However, depending on the application and requirements, entirely different solutions may be practical options.

IP-TUNNELING OF KNX BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM AS AN IOT REABILITY STUDY

At the present time the smart technology enhanced to be utilized for the human life in many elds, especially in the houses. The building automation experienced a rapid growth in techniques and methods to provide an advanced management for operational advantages in buildings and develop the equipment in the houses to the consumption of energy and operation. When the KNX system has been developed to be the most important building automation, the ethernet system has evolved to be global communication system and use it as automation system. Among the various technological developments is IoT, which is the essential development the future achievement via the internet techniques, Meanwhile the different available communication mediums of KNX and the need of utilizing IP network in compiling extensive areas of KNX has led us to conduct this comparison.

5G URLLC: Evolution of High-Performance Wireless Networking for Industrial Automation

At the core of digital transformation of the manufacturing industry is the objective to unlock data at multiple points of the production system and produce insights to improve and optimize all aspects of the business operations. Tremendous advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning make it possible to analyze a vast volume of the field and production data and translate them into optimization decisions. Real-time access to the data complements efficient machine learning inference for timely and actionable insights. Flexible and re-configurable manufacturing also demands high-performance, pervasive, and low-la-tency communication links supporting mobility of workers, devices, and robots. Fifth Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) introduced basic support for Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communication (urLLC) in Release-15 through intrinsic design features. Release-16 extends real-time capabilities of 5G NR to different verticals, addressing use cases in factory automation, the transport industry, and electrical power distribution. Wireless technologies such as 5G urLLC should co-exist with incumbent and emerging industrial Ethernet systems such as Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) in a heterogenous networking architecture. Hence, specification of interworking with TSN is also part of 3GPP Release-16. In this article, we discuss low-latency and high-reliability features supporting industrial automation, focusing on Release-16 design specifications. The interworking aspects with TSN and time synchronization accuracy limits are also highlighted, followed by performance evaluation of control and data traffic channels of 5G NR with respect to urLLC requirements.

Improved Test Platform and Evaluation Scheme for Train Vehicle Ethernet Systems

Ethernet networks have been widely studied for vehicle transportation applications. However, most vehicle Ethernet test schemes only use single PC software or distributed hardwares, without comprehensive evaluation for the system framework.This paper presents a novel test and evaluation scheme for vehicle Ethernet systems. Industrial cards are adopted to formulate the hardware platform, while multiple softwares are included to evaluate the system performance with network flow prediction. Thus, the novel scheme has superior potentialities for system design and engineering applications.

Adaptive maintain power signature scheme for power over ethernet system

Power over Ethernet (PoE) technology has been widely used in networking market for its space-saving, flexibility and low cost. As the PoE system needs to meet maintain power signature (MPS) requirements specified by the IEEE standard, it is important for powered device (PD) to draw a predetermined minimum current. If the PD current goes below the minimum current, the power sourcing equipment (PSE) assumes the PD has been disconnected and terminates operating voltage. If a fixed current is added to exceed the minimum current, a phenomenon of power wasting will be caused during standby or ultra-low power mode. This study proposes an adaptive MPS scheme to achieve power-saving and meet the MPS requirements. It consists of current comparator and MPS circuit to extract the periodic pulsed current for MPS requirements. The proposed scheme has been fabricated in 0.18 μm 100 V Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS process adding no extra pin and an area is 1.45 × 2.23 mm2. Test results show that the proposed interface sources a periodic pulsed current with a period of 318 ms and 25% duty cycle to tackle the issue of MPS absence in very low power condition.

Enhancement for Real-Time Ethernet Clock Synchronization by Internal Processing Delay Measurement

Propagation delay asymmetry is one of the biggest factors affecting the performance of clock synchronization. For an industrial Ethernet system that implements communication in pure hardware, almost all the asymmetries are caused by hardware factors. In this letter, we analyze the hardware factors for the asymmetry of 100Base-Tx real-time Ethernet system. Then, a low-cost method to mitigate the asymmetry is proposed. The effectiveness of the method will be evaluated by experiments on real-world devices.

A Compact Integrated Receiver Optical Sub-Assembly With High Sensitivity and Low Crosstalk for 100 Gb/s Ethernet Systems

A 25Gb/s guardring-free planar AlInAs avalanche photodiode (APD) and 100-Gb/s APD receiver optical sub-assembly (ROSA) employing a quasi-collimated beam for reducing the optical loss and optical demultiplexer (DEMUX) size are demonstrated for a 40-km optical link. The APD so fabricated achieves a very low dark current of 63 nA at a multiplication factor of 10, with a high gain-bandwidth product of 225 GHz due to the optimum multiplication layer and absorption layer. Additionally, the assembled APD ROSA exhibits a high receiver sensitivity of more than −23 dBm optical modulation amplitude (OMA) (BER = 5.0 × 10−5) at temperatures ranging from −5 to 80 °C for each lane. Investigating the transmission over fibers with dispersions of −119 and +40 ps/nm reveals that a sufficiently low penalty of less than 0.9 dB is obtained for all lanes. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the APD ROSA suffers little crosstalk penalty thanks to the isolation achieved by this design of optical DEMUX.

A CDMA-based high-speed multi-access VLC system with OOK modulation

An overall bit rate of 625 Mb/s real-time multi-access VLC system is presented in this paper. In order to decrease the effect of ambient light and deal with the non-linearity of LED, we propose a new algorithm to get orthogonal codes which is suitable for OOK modulation. By employing a single white LED and three photo diodes, three users are provided access to the VLC system individually at the same time. A data frame and CRC32 are adopted to realize a reliable and continuous data interaction between Ethernet and VLC system. All the numerical calculations are implemented by FPGAs so as to provide a practical high-speed transmission.

Exploiting Parallelism With Random Linear Network Coding in High-Speed Ethernet Systems

Parallelism has become one of the key architectural features in 40-/100-/400-Gb Ethernet multi lane distribution (MLD) standards. The MLD packetizes and distributes traffic adaptively over parallel lanes and maps them to parallel network interfaces for wide area transmission, typically over optical networks. As such, the MLD creates not only new network topology abstractions but also enables modular implementations of various new features to improve the system performance. In this paper, we study the performance of the parallelized Ethernet in combination with erasure coding and more specifically random linear network coding (RLNC). We present a novel theoretical modeling framework, including the derivation of upper and lower bounds of differential delay and the resulting receiver queue size—a critical performance measure in the high-speed Ethernet. The results show benefits of a combined usage of parallelism and RLNC: with a proper set of design parameters, the differential delay and the receiver buffer size can be reduced significantly, while cross-layer design and path computation greatly simplified.

지터 보상 및 우선순위 조합 기능이 있는 효율적인 차량용 시간 민감형 이더넷 시스템의 성능 분석

지터 보상 및 우선순위 조합 기능이 있는 효율적인 차량용 시간 민감형 이더넷 시스템의 성능 분석

Solutions for 100/400-Gb/s Ethernet Systems Based on Multimode Photonic Technologies

In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate the transmission of 112 Gb/s four-level pulse amplitude modulation over 100-m OM4 multimode fiber employing a multimode 850-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) at the transmitter side and equalization techniques at the receiver's digital signal processing (DSP). The penalties imposed by the strong bandwidth limitations due to the optical components as well as the low modal bandwidth of the fiber are compensated by three variant DSP schemes at the receiver, i.e., 1) a finite-impulse response (FIR) filter, 2) a maximum likelihood sequence estimation equalizer (MLSE), and 3) an FIR filter followed by an MLSE equalizer (FIR/MLSE) in a cascaded form. We evaluate all three aforementioned equalization schemes under two different transmitter implementations, i.e., employing a 30-GHz arbitrary waveform generator and a lower bandwidth 15-GHz commercially available digital-to-analog converter and we infer about the applicability of each DSP scheme under these implementations. We show that the hybrid implementation of an FIR followed by a 16-state MLSE can enable the 100-m transmission below the 7% hard decision (HD) forward error correction (FEC) threshold limit and outperforms its other two counterparts for the back-to-back case as well as after 100-m transmission for the high-bandwidth transmitter implementation. On the other hand, lower bandwidth DAC implementations, i.e., 15 GHz, require an increased state MLSE without the need for a preceding FIR filter to bring the bit error rate (BER) below the HD-FEC limit after 100-m OM4 fiber transmission. DSP complexity versus BER performance is assessed for all the aforementioned scenarios evaluating the impact of the transmitter's bandwidth on the overall system's performance. Our proposed solutions show that 112 Gb/s 100-m OM4 multimode links based on VCSELs and standard OM4 fiber can enable next generation 100 and 400 Gb/s wavelength division multiplexed optical interconnects.

System-Level Modeling Methodology of ESD Cable Discharge to Ethernet Transceiver Through Magnetics

When a charged cable is plugged into an Ethernet connector, a cable discharge event (CDE) will occur. Ethernet transceiver pins are often affected by CDE as they are usually unshielded. The discharge current couples via the transformer and common mode chokes to the physical layer-integrated circuit and may damage it. This paper describes a methodology for CDE system-level modeling in SPICE taking the cable geometry into account via full-wave modeling and cross-sectional analysis. A charged cable model, a nonlinear magnetics model, an Ethernet transceiver pin model, and the traces in the system are combined to create a complete model. An Ethernet system suffering cable discharge was selected to illustrate the methodology. The simulation is compared to measurements.

On control plane algorithms for Carrier Ethernet networks: Unicast, multicast provisioning and control traffic reduction

Carrier Ethernet systems are actively replacing SONET/SDH networks for transport of provider data. After much standardization in both the IEEE and the IETF, Carrier Ethernet has evolved as a rich carrier-class technology. The standards do not focus on specific implementation aspects of providing guaranteed service-oriented features that are intrinsic towards successful replacement of SONET/SDH by Carrier Ethernet solutions. In this paper, we consider the engineering aspects of the Carrier Ethernet software defined control plane for provisioning, managing and maintaining services. Specifically, we propose methods for provisioning guaranteed unicast services considering the underlying network state. The problem is difficult due to the complex nature of admission control coalesced with subjective user requirement that is not easy to rationalize across a network. We also investigate the problem of sub-50ms protection of multicast connections and propose a unique, tractable algorithm within the control plane for enabling carrier-class multicast services. Finally, we focus on overall control traffic reduction schemes. An intuitive merging algorithm is proposed that minimizes control traffic in Carrier Ethernet domains. A simulations study extensively evaluates the proposed techniques.

Two-Mode Converters at 1.3 μm Based on Multimode Interference Couplers on InP Substrates**Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No 2014CB340102, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 61474111 and 61274046.

Two-mode converters at 1.3 μm, aiming at applications in mode-division multiplexing in Ethernet systems, are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Based on multimode interference couplers, the two-mode converters with 50% and 66% mode conversion efficiencies are designed and fabricated on InP substrates. Mode conversion from the fundamental mode (TE0) to the first order mode (TE1) is successfully demonstrated within the wavelength range of 1280–1320 nm. The 1.3-μm mode converters should be important devices in mode-division multiplexing systems in Ethernet systems.

Griffin: Programmable Optical DataCenter With SDN Enabled Function Planning and Virtualisation

Optical networking technologies are very attractive for intra-DataCenter (DC) interconnectivity due to their intrinsic high-bandwidth and low-latency characteristics. As the bandwidth demand grows, quantity and size of IT and network infrastructure grows, which puts pressure on power, cost, and space consumption. Therefore, programmable optical networking solutions, which are highly controllable and provide granularity and scalability in services, can greatly enhance operations and resource efficiency for DC interconnects. This paper proposes and reports on a novel function-programmable and application-aware intra-DC technology. The hardware platform uses FPGA implementation of top-of-rack (ToR) switch which supports two main software-defined network functions of a) Ethernet over WDM and b) Ethernet over TDM sub-WDM. Each switch can be programmed to virtually operate as an optical Ethernet or subwavelength transport system. The TDM function further supports a range of additional programmable features in time-slice and frames. The system can be controlled to switch between the functions on-demand and on a hitless manner. This platform with unique flexibility in functions and features is configured to operate with various processing times, throughput, and delays, enables on-demand quality of service (QoS) definition to match diverse cloud application requirements. Optical fast switches enable all-optical transport between the ToRs, further supporting low-latency and resource efficiency. A multistage software-defined controller is built which at the first stage uses application requirements to virtually create function programmable subnetworks by repurposing the data plane functions as well as control plane (algorithms) features. In the second stage, it allows dynamic allocation of resources of the subnetwork for the duration of the application. This platform is characterised to operate with different QoS metrics and evaluated for DC use cases.

Semiconductor optical amplifiers and Raman amplification for 1310-nm dense wavelength division multiplexed transmission

We investigate the utilization of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) and quantum-dot laser-based Raman amplifiers in high-capacity dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) 1310-nm transmission systems. Performed simulations showed that in a 10×40 Gbit/s system, the utilization of a single Raman amplifier in a back-propagation scheme can extend the maximum error-free (bit error rate <10−9) transmission distance by approximately 25 km in comparison with the same system utilizing only an SOA used as a preamplifier. We successfully applied a Raman amplifier in an 8×2×40 Gbit/s 1310-nm polarization multiplexed (PolMux) DWDM transmission over 25 km. Conducted experiments showed that the utilization of a Raman amplifier in this system leads to 4-dB improvement of the average channel sensitivity in comparison to the same system utilizing SOAs. This sensitivity improvement can be translated into a higher power budget. Moreover, lower input optical power in a system utilizing a Raman amplifier reduces the four-wave mixing interactions. The obtained results prove that Raman amplification can be successfully applied in 1310-nm high-capacity transmission systems, e.g., to extend the reach of 400G and 1T Ethernet systems.