Ether Extract Levels Research Articles

EFFECT OF AEROBIC FERMENTATION OF CASSAVA ON THE NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF ITS PRODUCT

Aerobic fermentation of cassava was carried out to determine the nutrient quality of the final product with a view to optimizing its use in poultry diets. Two varieties of cassava TMS 30572 and OTA were peeled, chipped and heaped for fermentation. Samples were taken at days 0, 3, 5 and 7 for determination of moisture, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract and cyanide levels. Fermentation was carried out in both dry and wet seasons. Results showed that major changes in composition were in the moisture content which increased with corresponding decreases in dry mater content with increasing period of fermentation for both seasons studied. Protein content increased up to a period of 3 days after which it declined. A similar trend was observed in both wet and dry seasons. However, it was noted that a higher moisture content with a correspondingly lower dry matter content was reported for all samples in the wet season when compared to their counterparts in the dry season. Cyanide content was reduced with an increasing period of fermentation in all samples irrespective of variety and season. Further studies are recommended to investigate the possibility of increasing protein content by fermentation.

Physically effective fiber changes nutrient levels of total mixed ration and fecal parameters in beef feedlots

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effects of the physically effective fiber (peNDF) content on nutrient composition of the total mixed ration (TMR), orts and fecal parameters in 15 commercial beef feedlots. The particle size distribution of TMR was measured adopting Penn State Particle Size Separator (PSPS). Samples were evaluated for dry matter (DM), ash, ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and starch content. Fecal samples were also evaluated for pH and score. The feedlots were categorized into peNDF<20% and peNDF ≥ 20%. Data were analyzed by a model that included fixed effects of treatment and covariates (sex and genetic groups). Levels of DM, CP, EE and starch were lower in TMR with peNDF ≥ 20% (P<0.05). Fecal dry matter was higher and morning fecal pH was lower for TMR with peNDF<20% (P<0.05). Physically effective fiber changed nutrient levels in TMR, orts, fecal pH and DM. So, using PSPS and fecal parameters are practical and indirect tools for measuring fecal starch and assessing the effectiveness of the diet supplied to ruminants.

Qualidade nutricional de rações secas de diferentes segmentos comerciais para cães

Objetivou-se determinar a composição bromatológica de rações secas para cães comparando os resultados analisados com as informações declaradas em seus respectivos rótulos. Foram adquiridas em casas de rações e pet shops da cidade de São João del- Rei 21 alimentos completos para cães a fim de se proceder a avaliação da composição nutricional, sendo 15 para cães adultos e seis para filhotes, fabricadas por 14 empresas diferentes. Realizaram-se análises bromatológicas para determinar os teores de proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), matéria mineral (MM), matéria seca (MS) e fibra bruta (FB). Os níveis de garantia de umidade máxima demonstraram estar 100% dentro dos padrões em todos os seguimentos comerciais. Todavia, os níveis de MM resultaram em 85,7%; 57,1% e 100% dentro dos padrões para os seguimentos Standard, Premium e Super premium respectivamente. Para PB os resultados foram 100% de conformidade, para Super premium e 71,4% de conformidade para Standard e Premium. Os resultados de EE comparados com os valores observados nos rótulos, foram Standard com 71,4%, Premium 54,1% e Super premium com apenas 28,5% de conformidade. Por fim, para FB, 85,7% das amostras Standard e também, o mesmo valor para Premium se mostraram dentro dos padrões de comparação rótulo/análises. Pode-se concluir que as rações secas para cães filhotes e adultos atendem a maioria dos limites máximo e mínimo exigidos pelo MAPA. Entretanto, há deficiência na rotulagem em relação às informações fornecidas dos níveis de garantia, podendo levar os consumidores ao erro no momento de escolha da ração.

Stability of extruded diets for dogs

Controlling the factors that influence the conservation of extruded dog foods can increase shelf life and/or guarantee the quality of shelf life of diets for these animals. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the relationship among water activity (Aw), moisture (M), acidity, lipid peroxidation, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and kibble size of extruded dog foods stored in sealed and open packages for 60 days (Experiment I). We also evaluated the stability of the Aw for up to 6.5 hours after coating with palatant (Experiment II). We manufactured four extruded dry dog foods: high CP and EE (HPE); low CP and EE (LPE); small kibble (SK); and large kibble (LK). In experiment I, the foods were stored in sealed 1 kg packages and 10 kg open packages, for a period of 60 days. We measured Aw, M, acidity, peroxide, CP, and EE of foods and the relative humidity (RH). Data were subjected to Pearson correlation analysis. For experiment II, samples were collected immediately after coating with palatant. Sub samples were collected every half hour to measure Aw. In experiment I, positive correlations were observed (P0.05) among kibble size, M, and Aw; acidity, CP, EE, and M; and between Aw and RH, for open and sealed packages. There was also a positive correlation (P0.05) for open packages among time, Aw, and peroxide. In experiment II, LK and LPE food presented Aw stabilized in less time. Diets with higher kibble size and high CP and EE levels are more unstable if kept in open packages. Extruded dry food with higher protein and lipid and smaller kibble size needs more time to stabilize its Aw.

In Vitro and In Situ Evaluation of Broccoli Wastes as Potential Feed for Ruminants.

Simple SummaryPublic concern about food wastes has increased in recent years. According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), vegetable food losses happen mainly at cultivation and harvest, but losses at distribution and consumption are also important. The dry matter of some vegetable wastes is rich in protein and fiber and the wastes could be used in ruminant feeding, but information on their nutritive value is needed. Both broccoli florets and stems were studied, and the rumen degradability of diets including increasing amounts of dried broccoli was assessed. Both florets and stems had low dry matter content (<5%), but were rich in protein (>23%) and sugars (>19.9%). Both broccoli fractions were highly degradable in the rumen, with stems showing greater values than florets. In contrast, stems had lower in vitro intestinal digestibility than florets. According to in vitro results, dried broccoli could replace up to 24% of the cereals and high-protein ingredients in a high-cereal concentrate without affecting the rumen fermentation of the diet.The potential of broccoli wastes (florets and stems) as ruminant feed was analyzed using in vitro and in situ techniques. Both stems and florets had high moisture content (90.6 and 86.1%, respectively), but the stems contained (% dry matter) lower levels (p < 0.05) of crude protein (CP; 23.2 vs. 30.8%) and ether extract (2.91 vs. 6.15%) and tended to have greater sugars content (p = 0.071; 33.4 vs. 19.6%) than florets. Stems had greater in vitro dry matter rumen degradability (45.3%; 24 h incubation) and lower in vitro CP intestinal digestibility (82.7%) compared with florets (42.2 and 90.1%, respectively). Rumen degradability of protein was high (<85%) for both fractions. In a second experiment, diets including different proportions of broccoli were formulated and fermented in vitro. The replacement of 24% of conventional feeds (wheat, soybean meal and wheat bran) in a concentrate by dried broccoli increased the amount of organic matter fermented in vitro and the NH3-N concentrations of a mixed diet including 40% of the concentrate. Including dried broccoli in the diet produced only small modifications in the volatile fatty acid profile and did not affect CH4 emission.

Variação temporal na dieta, valor nutricional e produção do pólen coletado por Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) em área de caatinga

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a origem botânica, o efeito temporal na concentração de nutrientes, o potencial de produção e o valor nutricional do pólen apícola produzido na cidade de Serra Talhada-PE. O trabalho de campo foi realizado no período de abril de 2014 a março de 2015. A coleta do pólen apícola foi realizada quinzenalmente em quatro colmeias. Foram realizadas as análises de origem botânica e as análises nutricionais do pólen relativas à porcentagem de proteína bruta e extrato etéreo. Modelos lineares generalizados e correlação de Spearman entre as variáveis foram utilizadas. Foram encontrados 63 tipos polínicos, distribuídos em 21 famílias, 39 gêneros, 34 espécies e 11 tipos indeterminados. As famílias mais representadas em números de espécies foram Leguminosae e Malvaceae. A produção de pólen apícola foi maior no período chuvoso do que no período seco, estando negativamente relacionada com a temperatura e de maneira positiva com a umidade. O valor nutritivo do pólen coletado mudou ao longo dos meses amostrados. Não houve relação entre os teores de proteína bruta e extrato etéreo com o número de tipos polínicos e com a precipitação. Com base na análise polínica, pode-se inferir que a área de Caatinga estudada mantém uma grande diversidade de fontes de recursos para as abelhas, sendo Leguminosae, a família responsável pela maior oferta de alimento para a mesma. Este estudo mostra que a vegetação localizada em Serra Talhada-PE apresenta espécies de plantas com elevado teor nutritivo e grande potencial para a produção de pólen apícola.

Overload type and optimization of meadow carrying capacity in Maqin County in the Three-River Source Region, China

Alpine meadows, comprising the main ecosystem of the Three-River Source Region, play an important role in the economic development of western pastoral areas. To determine whether the grazing level was too intense or the nutrient-carrying capacity of the meadows was overloaded, and to offer solutions in Maqin County, Qinghai Province, China, the meadows carrying capacity was determined by combining grass-yield and nutrients data for different seasons across different meadows. The results showed that the levels of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, soluble sugars (SS), gas production, and energy value of forage in the summer–autumn grazing meadows were higher than those of the winter–spring meadows. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of forage in the summer–autumn grazing meadows were lower than those of the winter–spring meadows. We found that no pastures were overloaded with metabolizable energy (ME) for the whole year but digestible crude protein (DCP) was overloaded in winter–spring. And there were differences in the amount carrying capacity (forage yield) of seasonal grazing meadows for the different herds, the overload types were annual overloading (herd A), overloaded in summer–autumn (herd B), overloaded in winter–spring (herd C), and not overloaded (herd D). Compared with the previous grazing mode, theoretical carrying capacity, DCP carrying capacity, and ME carrying capacity of herd A increased by 20, 19, and 27 sheep units, respectively, after optimization; herd B: 36, 31, and 45 sheep units, respectively; herd C: 28, 23, and 44 sheep units, respectively; and herd D: 43, 40, and 61 sheep units, respectively. In the Three-River Source Region and similar alpine pastoral areas, the grassland-livestock structure should be optimized to improve grassland vegetation status and increase the theoretical carrying capacity.

Qualidade nutricional de feijão BRS Estilo submetido à diferentes temperaturas de secagem

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o efeito imediato de diferentes temperaturas de secagem sobre a qualidade nutricional do feijão cultivar BRS Estilo. A colheita e a trilhagem foram realizadas manualmente, após a seleção dos grãos determinou-se o teor de água de 20 ± 0,5% (base úmida). Os grãos foram submetidos ao processo de secagem, em um secador experimental de camada fixa horizontal com ventilação forçada nas temperaturas de 40, 50, 60 e 70 ºC, até atingir o teor de água final de 11 ± 0,3% (base úmida). Para realizar as análises nutricionais, os grãos de feijão foram triturados na forma de farinha e peneirados em peneira de malha 50 mesh. A qualidade nutricional foi avaliada por meio de sua composição nutricional, sendo considerado os teores de minerais (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg, K, P), proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, carboidratos, fibra bruta e cinzas, todos realizadas em triplicata, cada uma com duas repetições. Com base nos resultados, pôde-se concluir que: o teor dos minerais, assim como os teores de fibra total e cinzas não foram influenciados pela temperatura de secagem e maiores temperaturas de secagem propiciaram menores teores de proteínas e lipídios estatisticamente significativo.

Evaluation of palygorskite on pellet quality, growth, antioxidant status and mineral contents of Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis)

This study evaluated the palygorskite inclusion effects on the pellet quality, growth, antioxidant status and mineral contents of Chinese mitten crabs. Crabs (n = 640; initial average weight, 1.36 ± 0.02 g) were allocated into four groups with eight replicates of twenty crabs. A basal diet supplemented with 0, 10, 20 and 40 g/kg palygorskite was fed to crabs for 8 weeks respectively. Results exhibited that dietary addition of palygorskite enhanced the pellet process electrical energy consumption, improved the hardness and durability (p < .05), reduced percentage of fines and dissolved weight loss of pellets (30, 60, 120, 240, 480 min; p < .05) in the water. Crabs had no differences on the weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, abdominal meat ratio and edible viscera index among the groups (p > .05). Palygorskite inclusion decreased the MDA contents of edible viscera and abdominal meat (p < .05) of Chinese mitten crabs. The ether extract contents of edible viscera in palygorskite inclusion groups were lower than that of the control group (p < .05) in Chinese mitten crabs. Furthermore, palygorskite addition linearly increased the Fe level in the edible viscera and reduced tissue Pb and Cr (p < .05) accumulations of Chinese mitten crabs. In conclusion, palygorskite inclusion could improve pellet quality, enhance the antioxidant capacity and Fe content of edible viscera, decrease the edible viscera ether extract level and tissue Pb and Cr accumulations without impairing the growth performance of Chinese mitten crabs, but increased the electrical energy consumption of pelleting.

Dried whole cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) nuts as an alternative energy feedstuff for beef cattle grazing tropical pasture

Context Cupuassu is frequently cultivated in Brazil as well as in the warm lowlands of other tropical American countries. Cupuassu nut contains high levels of theobromine and ether extra ct, which could negatively affect the intake and digestibility of nutrients, when included in livestock diets. Aims The present study was undertaken to evaluate how replacing maize with cupuassu nut affects feed intake, efficiency of microbial synthesis and nitrogen (N) balance in Nellore bulls at pasture. Methods Five Nellore bulls with an initial bodyweight of 336.7 ± 12.8 kg (mean ± s.d.) were kept in individual paddocks of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. Concentrate supplements containing equal amounts of N and different concentrations of dried whole cupuassu nut (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% replacement of maize) were fed to bulls in a 5 × 5 latin square design, with each animal allocated to each diet for a period of 20 days, including a 14-day period of adaptation. Key results Intake of all dietary components and total digestible nutrients, except ether extract, theobromine and neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein, decreased linearly with the addition of cupuassu. Theobromine intake varied from 13.86 (25% cupuassu nut) to 36.67 (100% cupuassu nut) mg/kg bodyweight. The inclusion of cupuassu in the supplement led to a linear decrease in ruminal ammonia-N concentration, N balance, and efficiency of microbial synthesis. Conclusion Replacing maize with dried whole cupuassu nut in concentrate supplements reduces the intake of DM from both supplement and pasture, the efficiency of microbial synthesis, and the N balance in grazing beef cattle. Implications The replacement of maize by dried whole nut of cupuassu in concentrate supplements for grazing cattle is not recommended because it reduces supplement intake and nitrogen retention, and it is likely to decrease liveweight gain.

Characteristics and composition of emulsion‐based functional low‐fat chicken meat balls fortified with dietary fiber sources

AbstractThis study was conducted with the objective of fortifying emulsion‐based low‐fat chicken meat balls with dietary fiber sources and studying their characteristics and composition. Three experiments were conducted in which chicken meat balls were performed with the addition of pearl millet flour (PMF) and wheat flour (WF) combination in Experiment 1, with grape pomace powder (GPP) and pomegranate pomace powder (PPP) combination in Experiment 2, and with carrot pomace powder (CPP) and beetroot pomace powder (BPP) combination in Experiment 3 along with a control in each experiment and assessed for physicochemical and sensory characteristics. One best treatment from each experiment was selected based on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics, and the proximate composition of those treatments was assessed. Ether extract level was significantly (p ≤ .01) lower in the CPP–BPP treatment. Total ash was significantly (p ≤ .01) higher in the PMF–WF treatment. Insoluble fiber level was significantly (p ≤ .01) higher in GPP–PPP and CPP–BPP treatments. Inclusion of the fruit and vegetable sources had improved the fiber level, and inclusion of millets had enhanced the total ash content of the chicken meat balls.Practical applicationsMeat is protein‐rich food with high biological value containing various vitamins, minerals, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Since meat is devoid of dietary fiber, which is considered as its major disadvantage, adding dietary fiber sources to meat products would enhance the nutritional value of meat. At present, chicken meat is mostly preferred by the consumers due to its leanness and low cost, and hence developing a functional chicken meat product would be an apt choice. Utilization of the common sources that are used in the regular cuisine/diet would satisfy the consumers to accept the product without any hesitation. In this study, common food ingredients such as pearl millet, wheat, grape, pomegranate, carrot, and beetroot had been used as functional components to fortify the chicken meat balls.

Fermentative characteristics and nutritional value of sugarcane silage added with two types of urea

Background: Dry matter (DM) loss is high in sugarcane silage due to its high content of soluble carbohydrates which favors yeast growth and ethanol production, thus reducing the nutritional value of the preserved forage. Objective: To determine the effect of adding two types of urea at two concentration levels to sugarcane silage on the nutritional value and fermentative characteristics of the silage. Methods: A completely randomized 2×2+1 factorial design was used, based on two types of urea (conventional and protected), two urea concentration (0.5 and 1.0% of the natural matter), and a control (sugarcane silage with no additives). Six replicates were used. The mixture was placed in PVC silos and opened after 60 days. Results: There was no difference in DM content or effluent losses by the addition of urea. In regards to neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin, decreased levels were observed compared to the control, regardless of urea type. Urea type and concentration had an effect on ammoniacal nitrogen content, with higher values for conventional urea, but not affecting the pH. The addition of urea to sugarcane silage reduced gas losses and raised the levels of crude protein, ether extract, and effective degradability. Conclusion: Adding protected or conventional urea at 1% of natural matter at the time of sugarcane ensiling reduces gas losses and improves nutritional composition of the silage.

Carcass traits and meat quality of steers on pasture submitted to different dietary supplementation

This study aimed at evaluating carcass traits and meat quality of Nellore steers on pasture submitted to different dietary supplementation strategies. The 32 Nellore animals tested (8 ± 0.6 months) were raised under rotational grazing on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã (syn. Urochloa brizantha cv. Piatã) pasture and distributed in four treatments: supply of mineral salt ad libitum in the growth and finishing phases (MSGF); concentrate supplementation only during the growth phase (CG); concentrate supplementation only during the finishing phase (CF) and concentrate supplementation the growth and finishing phases (CGF). The concentrated supplement was supplied at 0.5% of body weight and mineral ad libitum. The steers were slaughtered when more than 50% of the lot of each treatment reached 450 kg body weight. The mean the hot and cold carcass weight and subcutaneous fat thickness did not differ between treatments (P &gt; 0.05). The calves the treatment CF and CGF showed a larger rib-eye area and higher ether extract levels in the Longissimus dorsi muscle than in MSGF and CG (P &lt; 0.05). Mean shearing force was similar between treatments (P &gt; 0.05). The use of feeding strategies on pasture with concentrate supplementation in the growth and finishing phases of Nellore cattle anticipates slaughter in 92 days and produces carcasses and meat with satisfactory traits.

Impact of point-of-care blood gas analysis on critical results in the nephrology service of a third-level hospital

Reindeer diets are highly influenced by seasonal availability of forage plants and their nutritive value. This study investigated the use and chemical composition of winter and spring forage plants consumed by semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) grazing on natural pastures in Northern Finland. Reindeer diet composition was determined by microhistological analysis of faeces collected during winter and spring. Terrestrial lichen species (mainly Cladonia sp.) dominated the winter and spring diet of reindeer, as well as various dwarf shrub species. A seasonal shift occurred in the diet, with proportion of lichen which corresponded with an increase in graminoids as spring progressed, reflecting reindeer adaptations to seasonal fluctuations of forage quality and availability. Chemical composition of forage plants showed that terrestrial lichen had high levels of hemicellulose, while arboreal lichen had relatively high nitrogen levels. In contrast, new growth of birch leaf, graminoids and dwarf shrub had high levels of crude protein, ether extract and minerals. The observed diet composition and its chemical content reflect high seasonal variability in the availability and intake of nutrients to which reindeer have adapted.

Effects of feeding unprocessed oilseeds on methane emission, nitrogen utilization efficiency and milk fatty acid profile of lactating dairy cows

Lipid supplementation can decrease enteric methane emission and affect nutrient utilization in dairy cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of unprocessed oilseeds on methane emissions, nitrogen (N) utilization efficiency, and milk fatty acid (FA) profile of dairy cows. Eight multiparous Holstein Friesian cows (75.4 ± 15.9 days in milk) were randomly allocated to treatments in a double 4 × 4 Latin square with 4 periods (22 d for adaptation and 6 d for measurements in digestion units). Treatments formulated on an isonitrogenous and equal ether extract content were: 1) Prilled fat consisting of a mixture of FA from fractionated palm oil (PFA; 3.5% of diet DM), 2) Rapeseed (RPS; 6.9% of diet DM), 3) Cottonseed (CTS; 18.4% of diet DM), and 4) Linseed (LNS; 7.5% of diet DM). Oilseeds were fed without processing. Diets contained varying amounts of corn silage (26 to 27% of diet DM), grass silage (23 to 37% of diet DM), and concentrate (37 to 50% of diet DM), plus the allocated lipid source treatment. Diets were formulated to provide an ether extract level of 6% of diet DM. Methane emissions were measured using the SF6 technique. The RPS diet increased dry matter intake (DMI) compared to the other treatments. The CTS diet decreased methane production (g/d) and yield (g/kg of DMI) compared to RPS and LNS, and decreased methane intensity (g/kg of energy-corrected milk) compared to RPS, but not LNS or PFA. Also, the CTS diet increased N excretion in urine. Dietary inclusion of LNS and RPS decreased milk fat content, and the CTS diet tended to increase milk protein, and increased milk lactose contents compared to the PFA diet. However, milk yield and milk components yield were not affected by treatments. Unprocessed oilseeds improved milk FA profile by increasing mono- and poly-unsaturated FA concentration in milk fat. In conclusion, unprocessed oilseeds differed in their effects on the response variables studied, and many of these effects were independent of the degree of FA unsaturation. The most important implication of these results is the need to evaluate methane mitigation strategies in conjunction other environmental, production and consumer health aspects.

Crossbreeding locally adapted hair sheep to improve productivity and meat quality

The use of lambs from crossing of local with specialized sheep breeds for meat production may lead to higher meat deposition and a smaller fat amount in the carcass, with a more adequate nutritional profile for human consumption. This study investigated the performance, carcass and meat characteristics of lambs from the Morada Nova and Santa Ines locally adapted hair breeds and crosses between Dorper × Morada Nova and Dorper × Santa Ines slaughtered at approximately 35 kg. Morada Nova lambs showed lower (p < 0.05) performance compared to the other genetic groups resulting in a higher age at slaughter (p < 0.05). Crossbred Dorper × Santa Ines and Dorper × Morada Nova lambs showed better characteristics for meat production with better (p < 0.05) conformation as well as leg and carcass compacteness index. Dorper × Santa Ines have a fatty acid profile that is more suitable for human consumption than Dorper × Morada Nova lambs do (p < 0.05); however, both had lower (p < 0.05) intramuscular lipid content (as measured by ether extract levels from Longissimus lumborum) compared with purebred lambs. Therefore, when the objective is to obtain lean meat, with improved nutritional profile to reduce risks of cardiovascular disease, the use of breeds and crosses that reduce animal slaughter age, such as the ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Ines crossbred, is an interesting alternative.

Effect of phenological stage on nutrient composition, in vitro fermentation and gas production kinetics of Plantago lanceolata herbage

This study was aimed at determining the nutrient composition and in vitro ruminal digestion values of Plantago lanceolata herbage in different phenological stages. The plant samples were gathered in the vegetative, flowering and early seed stages of the plant. The crude protein, diethyl ether extract, ash, non-fibre carbohydrates, and proanthocyanidins levels of the vegetative and flowering stages were higher than those of the early seed stage (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Structural carbohydrate levels (P &amp;lt; 0.05) were determined to have a higher value in the early seed stage. Glucose, fructose, Ca, K, Mg, P, Fe and Cu concentrations decreased as the plant matured (P &amp;lt; 0.001), but Na, Zn, and Mn concentrations increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The asymptote gas production, gas production rate (P &amp;lt; 0.001), total gas production at 24 h (P = 0.002), metabolic energy, net energy lactation and organic matter digestibility values and the number of Entodinium (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and total bacteria count (P = 0.026) of the flowering and vegetative stages were higher than those of the early seed stage. Methane produced by 0.2 g dry matter was similar in the three phenological stages (P = 0.078). The bound condensed tannins and saponin contents of plants and ammoniacal-N, number of total protozoa and pH value of rumen fluid were similar in the three different phenological stages (P &amp;gt; 0.05). The present study indicates that P. lanceolata in the vegetative and flowering stages has, owing to its chemical composition, energy content and digestibility, the potential to be used as a forage source for ruminants in areas affected by drought.

Effect of replacing calcium salts of palm oil with camelina seed at 2 dietary ether extract levels on digestion, ruminal fermentation, and nutrient flow in a dual-flow continuous culture system

Camelina is a drought- and salt-tolerant oil seed, which in total ether extract (EE) contains up to 74% polyunsaturated fatty acids. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of replacing calcium salts of palm oil (Megalac, Church & Dwight Co. Inc., Princeton, NJ) with camelina seed (CS) on ruminal fermentation, digestion, and flows of fatty acids (FA) and AA in a dual-flow continuous culture system when supplemented at 5 or 8% dietary EE. Diets were randomly assigned to 8 fermentors in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, with four 10-d experimental periods consisting of 7 d for diet adaptation and 3 d for sample collection. Treatments were (1) calcium salts of palm oil supplementation at 5% EE (MEG5); (2) calcium salts of palm oil supplementation at 8% EE (MEG8); (3) 7.7% CS supplementation at 5% EE (CS5); and (4) 17.7% CS supplementation at 8% EE (CS8). Diets contained 55% orchardgrass hay, and fermentors were fed 72 g of dry matter/d. On d 8, 9, and 10 of each period, digesta effluent samples were taken for ruminal NH3, volatile fatty acids, nitrogen metabolism analysis, and long-chain FA and AA flows. Statistical analysis was performed using the MIXED procedure (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). We detected an interaction between FA source and dietary EE level for acetate, where MEG8 had the greatest molar proportion of acetate. Molar proportions of propionate were greater and total volatile fatty acids were lower on CS diets. Supplementation of CS decreased overall ruminal nutrient true digestibility, but dietary EE level did not affect it. Diets containing CS had greater biohydrogenation of 18:2 and 18:3; however, biohydrogenation of 18:1 was greater in MEG diets. Additionally, CS diets had greater ruminal concentrations of trans-10/11 18:1 and cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid. Dietary EE level at 8% negatively affected flows of NH3-N (g/d), nonammonia N, and bacterial N as well as the overall AA outflow. However, treatments had minor effects on individual ruminal AA digestibility. The shift from acetate to propionate observed on diets containing CS may be advantageous from an energetic standpoint. Moreover, CS diets had greater ruminal outflow of trans-10/11 18:1 and cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid than MEG diets, suggesting a better FA profile available for postruminal absorption. However, dietary EE at 8% was deleterious to overall N metabolism and AA outflow, indicating that CS can be fed at 5% EE without compromising N metabolism.

Macronutrient and amino acids composition of milk replacers for dairy calves

SUMMARY Other than crude protein (CP), crude energy (CE) and crude fiber (CF) content, the adequate supply of essential amino acids (EAA) is an important factor in milk replacer evaluation. The aim of this study was to analyze milk replacer samples as regard to nutrients, especially EAA, composition and simulate the attainability of calves' requirements in different feeding systems. Forty-one milk replacer samples were collected from 14 brands and analyzed for nutrient composition. The near infrared spectroscopy technique was used for AA content estimation. Samples presented adequate levels of CP (21.2±2.90%) and ether extract (14.5±3.41%) for calves fed according to the conventional (4L/d), but not for intensive milk feeding system (&gt;6L/d). High values of CF were observed in the samples (1.6±0.86%). The EAA composition of milk replacer samples was lower than expected for a liquid feed supposed to replace whole milk. None of the analyzed samples presented adequate lysine (5.72±1.09% CP) or methionine (1.65±0.38% CP) to meet calves' daily requirements, regardless of feeding system. Higher crude protein milk replacers are needed. Alternatively, supplementation of milk replacers with EAA is recommended.

Effect of dietary supplementation of sea buckthorn and giloe leaf meal on the body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, biochemical attributes, and meat composition of turkey poults.

Aim:In the recent past, few studies have been carried out about sea buckthorn (SBT) and giloe in chicken as a part of the quest for suitable alternatives to antibiotics. However, studies in turkeys are lacking. Hence, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of SBT and giloe leaf meal by dietary feed supplementation in turkey poults.Materials and Methods:A total of 1-day-old turkey poults (n=84) of small white variety were distributed into four dietary treatments having three replicates each with seven birds. The study was conducted in turkey poults during 0-8 weeks of age. During the experiment, the poults were fed basal ration (28% crude protein [CP], 2800 Kcal/kg ME) T1, T2-basal ration was supplemented with SBT leaf meal powder at 0.5%, T3-basal ration was supplemented with giloe leaf meal powder at 0.5%, and T4-basal ration was fed along with supplementation of both SBT at 0.5% and giloe leaf meal powder at 0.5%.Results:T2 turkey poults had a significantly higher (p<0.01) body weight gain than T3 and T4 at 7th week of age. Weekly body weight gain was significantly higher (p<0.05) in T2 than T3 during 5th-8th week and 0-8th week of the growth phase. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly better (p<0.01) in T2 than other treatment groups during 4th-8th week phase of growth (2.09 vs. 2.36, 2.29 and 2.31). Further, FCR was significantly better (p<0.01) in T2 group as compared to other treatment groups during 0-8th week of growth phase (1.95 vs. 2.21, 2.21 and 2.12). Plasma uric acid was found significantly increased (p<0.05) in T1 than T3 and T4, and alkaline phosphatase value was significantly higher (p<0.05) in T1 and T3 than T2. Zinc content of breast (pectoralis major) muscles was significantly higher (p<0.05) in T2 and T4 as compared to T1, while ether extract (EE) in thigh (ilio tibialis) muscles was significantly higher (p<0.05) in T2 as compared to the other treatment groups.Conclusion:It may be concluded that supplementation of SBT leaf meal at 0.5% may improve production performance of turkey poults. Supplementation of 0.5% SBT leaf meal may result in higher levels of zinc and EE in the breast and thigh cuts of turkey poults.