Abstract
Simple SummaryPublic concern about food wastes has increased in recent years. According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), vegetable food losses happen mainly at cultivation and harvest, but losses at distribution and consumption are also important. The dry matter of some vegetable wastes is rich in protein and fiber and the wastes could be used in ruminant feeding, but information on their nutritive value is needed. Both broccoli florets and stems were studied, and the rumen degradability of diets including increasing amounts of dried broccoli was assessed. Both florets and stems had low dry matter content (<5%), but were rich in protein (>23%) and sugars (>19.9%). Both broccoli fractions were highly degradable in the rumen, with stems showing greater values than florets. In contrast, stems had lower in vitro intestinal digestibility than florets. According to in vitro results, dried broccoli could replace up to 24% of the cereals and high-protein ingredients in a high-cereal concentrate without affecting the rumen fermentation of the diet.The potential of broccoli wastes (florets and stems) as ruminant feed was analyzed using in vitro and in situ techniques. Both stems and florets had high moisture content (90.6 and 86.1%, respectively), but the stems contained (% dry matter) lower levels (p < 0.05) of crude protein (CP; 23.2 vs. 30.8%) and ether extract (2.91 vs. 6.15%) and tended to have greater sugars content (p = 0.071; 33.4 vs. 19.6%) than florets. Stems had greater in vitro dry matter rumen degradability (45.3%; 24 h incubation) and lower in vitro CP intestinal digestibility (82.7%) compared with florets (42.2 and 90.1%, respectively). Rumen degradability of protein was high (<85%) for both fractions. In a second experiment, diets including different proportions of broccoli were formulated and fermented in vitro. The replacement of 24% of conventional feeds (wheat, soybean meal and wheat bran) in a concentrate by dried broccoli increased the amount of organic matter fermented in vitro and the NH3-N concentrations of a mixed diet including 40% of the concentrate. Including dried broccoli in the diet produced only small modifications in the volatile fatty acid profile and did not affect CH4 emission.
Highlights
IntroductionThe production of broccoli (BRO; Brassica oleracea var. italica) has increased by 32.1% in the last decade, and in 2018 reached 37.2 × 106 tons (production values combined with cauliflowers), with China and India being the main producers [1]
The production of broccoli (BRO; Brassica oleracea var. italica) has increased by 32.1% in the last decade, and in 2018 reached 37.2 × 106 tons, with China and India being the main producers [1]
BRO stems showed greater amounts of crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE), and lower amounts of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin than those previously reported for dried stems [34], BRO by-products [35] and BRO stems preserved as hay or silage [14,18]
Summary
The production of broccoli (BRO; Brassica oleracea var. italica) has increased by 32.1% in the last decade, and in 2018 reached 37.2 × 106 tons (production values combined with cauliflowers), with China and India being the main producers [1]. Italica) has increased by 32.1% in the last decade, and in 2018 reached 37.2 × 106 tons (production values combined with cauliflowers), with China and India being the main producers [1]. These two countries accounted for 81.1% of total worldwide. Values reported recently [4] indicate that in highly industrialized countries most vegetable losses happen at postharvest grading, which causes huge amounts of waste due to the high quality standards set by the retailers that can account for losses of about 45 to 50% of the BRO harvested [5]. The potential use of BRO wastes as a source of bioactive compounds has been widely investigated [2,6,7], but their potential as ruminant feed has received less attention
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