Ethanol Extract Of Seeds Research Articles

Histopatologi Hepar Tikus Dengan Induksi Pakan Tinggi Lemak Setelah Pemberian Biji Mahoni

High accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes can trigger an increase in the production of radical compounds, leading to fatty liver disease. This condition induces histological changes in the liver, especially in hepatocytes, and affects the surrounding structures. Mahogany seeds have the potential to act as a hypolipidemic agent in treating fatty liver. Mahogany seeds are known to contain phytochemical compounds which act as antioxidants. This study aimed to determine liver histopathology of rats by inducing high-fat diet after giving mahogany seeds ethanol extract which was observed through the percentage of steatosis, hepatocyte diameter, and hepatosomatic index. This study involved thirty male Sprague Dawley rats, divided into 6 groups: P0 (given commercial feed), P1 (given high-fat diet), P2 (given high-fat diet and simvastatin at a dose of 8 mg/200 g BW), P3, P4, and P5 (given high-fat diet and mahogany seeds ethanol extract at a dose of 14, 28, and 56 mg/200 g BW). The results showed that the hepatosomatic index among all treatment groups did not differ significantly; however, the percentage of steatosis and hepatocyte diameter in the groups given mahogany seeds ethanol extract significantly differed from the group given only high-fat feed. Based on these results, it can be concluded that mahogany seed ethanol extract can maintain the histological structure of the liver in male Sprague Dawley rats with fatty liver. Keywords: hepatocyte, hepatosomatic index, high-fat diet, mahogany seeds, steatosis

Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Molecular Mechanism Underlying the Massive Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Seeds.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a traditional medicinal plant for treating human diseases that is widely cultivated in many countries. However, the component and related metabolic pathways are still unclear. To understand the changes in expression of the component and related genes during seed development, this study employed metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses and integrative analysis to explore the metabolites and pathways involved in the growth of fenugreek. The antifungal activity of the fenugreek seeds was also analyzed. A total of 9499 metabolites were identified in the positive ion mode, and 8043 metabolites were identified in the negative ion mode. Among them, the main components were fatty acyls, prenol lipids, steroids, steroid derivatives, flavonoids, and isoflavonoids. Among these enriched pathways, the top 20 pathways were "flavone and flavonol biosynthesis", "isoflavonoid biosynthesis", and "flavonoid biosynthesis". 3,7-Di-O-methylquercetin, flavonoids, pseudobaptigenin, isoflavonoids, methylecgonine, alkaloids, and derivatives were the most significantly upregulated metabolites. There were 38,137 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified via transcriptomic analysis. According to the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, 147 DEGs were significantly enriched in "flavonoid biosynthesis". Ten DEGs of the six key enzymes were found to be involved in three pathways related to flavonoid and alkaloid synthesis in fenugreek. The antifungal activity test revealed the inhibitory effect of the ethanol extract of fenugreek seeds on Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze)Wiltshire and Magnaporthe oryzae. These findings further prove that the use of botanical pesticides in fenugreek fruit has research value.

Development and characterization of plant derived wastes Nano-formulation loaded in thermo-reversible gel for burn healing: An effort towards Sustainable Development

The duty of research is to suggest solutions to ailments affecting humans. Recently, there has been a demand that these solutions should be environmentally responsible, eco-friendly and coincide with sustainable development goals. From this perspective, the objective of this study was to develop thermo-reversible and healing promoting gel formulations. The gel base incorporated Natural Plant derived Wastes’ ethanolic extracts of either Kiwi peels (KE) or Yucca seeds (YE) (antioxidant, vitamins and anti-inflammatory natural agent) loaded chitosan nanoparticles for enhancement of burn healing performance. Comparative evaluation was done to all formulations to find the best competitor to conventional marketed drug formulations. Both extracts were standardized using HPLC. The lipoid content of YE was investigated using GC-MS, showing a content of 32.78 and 15.7 %of linoleic and pamiticmethyl esters, respectively. The nanoparticles characterization and the in-vitro physicochemical characteristics of the final dosage form formulations were assessed, revealing86.65 and 76.6 % entrapment efficiency, 311.4 and 198.1 nm particle size for KE and YE nanoformulations, respectively. The efficacy of the formulations was investigated in vivo against the commercial burn healing drug Mebo®, biochemical parameters and histopathology were statistically investigated. Reduction in wound area reached 69.12 and 72.01 % on day 12 for KE and YE nanoformulations, respectively. The YE encapsulated within chitosan nanoparticles loaded gel showed a promising and a significant healing effect comparable to the most commonly used marketed drug product (Mebo®) and possible mechanisms involved in the phases of healing were illustrated. Eco-friendly waste herbal extracts-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in thermo-reversible gel have been successfully developed from the two extracts: Kiwi peels and yucca seeds for burn and wound healing. This confirms the possible use of traditional medicines in advanced formulations to satisfy the future market of pharmaceuticals.

Tegumental surface change in Paramphistomum epiclitum caused by Bombax ceiba flowers and black pepper seed extract

Rumen flukes, parasites of the superfamily Paramphistomoidea, are found in cattle rumen. Heavy infections can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, weight loss, and poor body condition, resulting in a decrease in milk and meat production. This study compares the tegumental surface change of Paramphistomum epiclitum as a response to ethanolic extracts of Bombax ceiba flowers and black pepper seeds. Adult flukes were subjected to various concentrations of crude extracts, including 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL for 12, 18, and 24 h incubation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibited that the ethanolic extracts of both Bombax ceiba flowers and black pepper seeds caused tegumental surface changes in adult P. epiclitum. Based on the results, Bombax ceiba flower extract has anthelmintic activity, compared with black pepper seed extract, towards adult P. epiclitum due to the deformation of the tegument at lower concentrations than black pepper extract.

Protective Effect of Nigella sativa Seed Extract and its Bioactive Compound Thymoquinone on Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats.

The lack of a substantial breakthrough in the treatment of diabetes, a global issue, has led to an ongoing quest for herbs that contain bioactive elements with hypoglycemic properties. To investigate the potential protective effect of Nigella sativa seeds ethanol extract and its active ingredient, thymoquinone, on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. To induce diabetes, the male Wistar rats were administered an intraperitoneal injection of STZ at a dosage of 90mg/kg body weight in 0.9 percent normal saline after being fasted for 16 hours and made diabetic Group 1; 7 rats non-diabetic control (saline-treated), Group 2; 7 untreated diabetic rats, Group 3; 7 diabetic rats treated orally with N. sativa extract at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight, Group 4; 7 diabetic rats treated orally with thymoquinone at a dose of 10mg/kg body weight and Group 5; 7 diabetic rats treated orally with Metformin at a dose of 5mg/kg body weight. After the treatment of 28 days, all groups were examined for body weight and biochemical alterations. The results showed a significant decrease in blood glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, total protein, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein, while high-density lipoprotein was increased. Hepatic enzymes, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphate were also normalized and significantly increased body weight. These preliminary findings demonstrate that the ethanol extract of N. sativa seeds and its active ingredient, thymoquinone have a protective effect against streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The present study opens new vistas for the use of N. sativa and its bioactive compound, thymoquinone, regarding its clinical application as a new nontoxic antidiabetic agent for managing diabetes mellitus.

Chemical Characterization, Phenolic Compounds Quantification, and Assessment of Antioxidant and Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Activities of Byrsonima sericea DC fruits.

Byrsonima sericea is a species native to Brazil that is widely used in traditional medicine. The seed ethanol extract (SEE) had the highest content of total phenols (179.35 mg GAE g-1 extract) and flavonoids (10.42 mg QE g-1 extract) and was the most active in relation to antioxidant activity (DPPH: IC50 =4.25 μg mL-1 and ABTS: IC50 =4.82 μg mL-1 ). The peel/pulp ethanol extract (PEE) had the best anticholinesterase activity (IC50 =6.02 μg mL-1 ). Chromatographic investigation identified gallic acid, isoquercitrin, quercetin and amentoflavone in SEE, and gallic acid, isoquercitrin, quercetin and rutin in PEE. Six fatty acid methyl esters and seven triterpenes were identified, highlighting oleic acid in the seed hexane extract (61.85 %) and in the peel/pulp hexane extract (52.61 %), and betulin in the peel/pulp hexane extract (5.25 %). The substances and biological activities identified in B. sericea characterize this fruit as a functional food for future studies.

Supercritical fluid chromatography with fluorescence detection for tocochromanol profiling in oils and seed ethanol extracts: A comparative study with NPLC

This study focused on the development of a method designed to simultaneously separate four tocopherol (T), four tocotrienol (T3) homologues and plastochromanol-8 (PC-8) using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with fluorescence detection (FLD). We examined the selectivity and resolution behaviour of tocochromanols on eight different stationary phases and investigated the retention factor of PC-8 (kPC-8) as a function of mobile phase composition, as well as the injection volume’s impact on peak shape. The final SFC-FLD method developed involved a separation with two amino (NH2) columns connected in series (4.6 mm ID; 3 μm dp, 150 mm and 250 mm in length, respectively), at a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min, thermostated at 40 °C and a back-pressure regulator value of 10.0 MPa, injection volume of 10 μL and a gradient comprising of A:CO2 and B:MeOH. The sensitivity of SFC-DAD, SFC-FLD, NPLC-DAD and NPLC-FLD were compared and found to be 58.6–160.9, 5.9–51.9, 19.7–63.5 and 0.42–4.3 pmol, respectively. The SFC-FLD method developed was successfully applied to the analysis of seed ethanol extracts and plant oils and found to be suitable for the routine analysis. Furthermore, the SFC approach serves as a sustainable alternative compared to NPLC, due to the reduced human and environmental exposure and consumption of hazardous solvents.

Proximate and Phytochemical Constituents of Ethanolic Extract of Seeds of Cola Acuminata and Cola Nitida

This study evaluated the proximate and phytochemical constituents of ethanolic seeds extracts of Cola nitida and Cola acuminata. The seeds of C. acuminata and C. nitida were purchased and air-dried at room temperature. The dried seeds were pulverized to ground sample. The sample was weighed and used for the proximate and phytochemical analysis. The qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of secondary metabolites: alkaloid, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, Cardiac glycoside, terpenes (tri), steroids and saponins, but the absence of anthraquinones. The seed of C. nitida was higher in alkaloids, saponins, phenols, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and C-glycosides than the seed of C. acuminata, while the seed of C. acuminata was higher in flavonoids and carbohydrates than the seed of C. nitida. There was no statistical significant difference (p>0.05) between the levels of alkaloids, saponins, phenols and tannins in seed of C. nitida and seed of C. acuminata. The difference between the levels of flavonoids, carbohydrates, steroids, triterpenes and C-glycosides in seed of C. nitida and seed of C. acuminata was statistically significant (p<0.05). The seed of C. nitida was higher in moisture, ash, lipid and crude protein than the seed of C. acuminata, while the seed of C. acuminata was higher in crude fibre and carbohydrate than the seed of C. nitida. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the levels of moisture, ash, lipid, crude fibre and crude protein in seed of C. nitida and seed of C. acuminata. The difference between the level of carbohydrate in seed of C. nitida and seed of C. acuminata was statistically significant (p<0.05).
 The result shows that seeds of C. acuminata and C. nitida possess an appreciable level of phytochemicals. It could be a good raw material for the production of some medicinal drugs and can be used in folk medicine for the treatment of some diseases.

Pomegranate extract-loaded sphingosomes for the treatment of cancer: Phytochemical investigations, formulation, and antitumor activity evaluation.

Formulation of Pomegranate Extracts (PE)-loaded sphingosomes as an antitumor therapy for the intravenous and passive targeted delivery to various tumor types, especially that of the breast, colon, and uterus; to increase the therapeutic activity and decrease the adverse effects profile. The pericarp and seeds' juice of Punica granatum were each extracted using D.W. and ethanol. Phytochemical investigation of all extracts was carried out including total phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins contents, the antioxidant activity, as well as HPLC analysis of phenolics and flavonoids. The antitumor potential of all extracts was also tested utilizing three cell lines: MCF-7, HeLa, and HCT116. The candidate extract was chosen for the formulation phase and was entrapped into the sphingosomes using the thin-film hydration method and employing three different PE: lipids weight ratios. The synthesized formulations were characterized for their size, morphological features, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release and kinetics modeling studies. The optimized formula was further analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The antitumor activity of F2 was also investigated using the same cancer cell lines compared to the plant extract. The highest phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins contents were observed in the ethanolic pericarps extract (EPE), followed by the ethanolic seeds extract (ESE). Consequently, EPE showed a higher antitumor activity hence it was selected for the formulation phase. PE-loaded sphingosomes formula (F2) was selected for having the highest EE% (71.64%), and a sustained release profile with the highest in vitro release (42.5±9.44%). By employing the DDSolver, the Weibull model was found the most suitable to describe the PE release kinetics compared to other models. The release mechanism was found to follow Fickian diffusion. Simulated pharmacokinetic parameters have portrayed F2 as the candidate formula, with the highest AUC (536.095) and slowest MDT (0.642 h). In addition, F2 exhibited a significant (p>0.05) stronger and prolonged anticancer effect against MCF-7, HeLa, and HCT116 cell lines at all concentrations tested compared to the free extract. The results proved that sphingosomes are an effective delivery system, improving pharmacological efficacy and reducing serious side effects of anticancer medications and natural products.

PERBANDINGAN TOTAL SENYAWA FLAVONOID EKSTRAK ETANOL KULIT DAN BIJI BUAH OKRA HIJAU (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

Green okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is a plant belonging to the Malvaceae family. Green okra fruit contains many secondary metabolites, one of which is flavonoids, which have potential as antioxidants to stabilize free radicals. This study aims to determine and compare the total flavonoid content of seeds and skin, so that it can be ascertained which part of the fruit has the highest total flavonoid content. The okra fruit extraction process was carried out by maceration with 70% ethanol solvent. Phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography tests were performed on green okra seeds and skin extracts. The total flavonoid content was determined using the colorimetric-aluminum chloride method with UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that the ethanol extract of green okra fruit peels contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids, while the ethanol extract of green okra fruit seeds contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The results of the thin layer chromatography test showed that the ethanol extract of green okra fruit skin and seeds contained a flavonoid compound as quercetin. The results of the total flavonoid content of the ethanol extract of green okra fruit skin : okra fruit seeds were 6.4589 mg QE/g extract ± 0.86 : 27.7583 mg QE/g extract ± 0.36. Based on statistical results with an Independent T test using SPSS, the significance value (2-tailed) of both samples was < 0.05, which means that there is a real difference between the total flavonoid compounds of skin ethanol extract and ethanol extract of green okra fruit seeds.

Effect of Swietenia macrophylla king and Eriobotrya japonica lindl on clinic biochemistry of hyperglycemic Vistar rats

The anti-hyperglycemic activity in ethanolic extracts of mahogany seeds (Swietenia macrophylla king) and medlar leaves (Eriobotrya japonica lindl) have shown to be promising candidates for use in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus due to their high hypoglycemic capacity. In this study, the nutritional composition of the plant material used and a comparison of the effect of ethanolic extracts of mahogany seeds (Swietenia), medlar leaves (Eriobotrya), and metformin on biochemical parameters of hyperglycemic Wistar rats were evaluated. Regarding the nutritional composition, it was found that loquat leaves have a high content of dietary fiber (35 g/100 g bs); while mahogany seed has a good amount of protein (19 %) and lipids (71 %). Swietenia was effective in controlling biochemical parameters of hyperglycemic rats, but at a lower level than metformin. In contrast, Eriobotrya reduced the glucose content, to values without significant differences from the control group in healthy rats. However, the content of cholesterol, triglycerides, and urea; as well as alanine aminotransferase activity, was lower in rats treated with Eriobotrya. In conclusion, both plants are an alternative to control biochemical parameters at normal levels in hyperglycemic individuals.

Perbandingan Flavonoid Total pada Ekstrak Biji Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) Varietas Bangkok dan California

Barely used by the community, papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.) astonishingly contain flavonoid compounds that can be turned into antioxidants to counter free radicals. However, the amount of flavonoids in papaya depends on where it grows. Types of papaya (Carica papaya L.) that are often grown and consumed by the Gorontalo community are Bangkok and California varieties. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the levels of flavonoid compounds in papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.) of Bangkok and California varieties grown in Gorontalo province using UV-Vis spectrophotometry instruments. Qualitative analysis in this study is conducted through phytochemical screening methods. Meanwhile, the quantitavie analysis uses the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method at 419 nm wavelength with quercetin’s standard comparison solution. The result discloses that highest average flavonoid compound of papaya seed extract (Carica papaya L.) is in Bangkok variety with 10,197% w/v, followed by the California variety with 3,475% w/v. Bangkok and California papaya seed extracts have met validation standards with correlation coefficient values of 0,9991, regression function coefficient values (Vx0) 0f 2,1%, %retrieval values of Bangkok papaya seed extract is 100,05% and California is 101, 29%, RSD% values for Bangkok papaya seed ethanol extract is 1,775% and California is 1,348%.

Insecticidal activities of the ethanolic extract of citrus fruit seeds for the control of Culex mosquitoes

Mosquitoes are among the significant vectors of public health concern. Culex mosquitoes have been implicated in spreading disease pathogens that inflicted both animal and man. The Hazards caused by using synthetic insecticide in controlling this vector cannot be overlooked. Thus, there is need to find alternative control method that is harmless and environment friendly. This research aimed to study the insecticidal activities of extract from four Citrus species seeds in the control of larval and adult stages of Culex mosquitoes. Different concentrations (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0%) of the extract was prepared using extraction solvent (ethanol) The highest percentage mortality of Culex larval was observed from application of 3.0% concentration of C. paradisi seeds extract within the period of exposure, 35.00%, 58.33%, 80.00%, and 100.00% larval mortality was recorded respectively. There is a significant difference (p < 0.05) comparing control and all the concentrations of Citrus seeds extract. Larvicidal potency of 3.0% seed extract concentration of C.sinensis, C.aurantium, C.aurantifolia, and C.paradisi are not statistically different (p > 0.05). The adulticidal potency of the seed oil varies with Citrus species. Citrussinesis seed oil gave higher percentage of adult Culex mortality in all the period of exposure. Statistically, the adulticidal potency of 2.5% concentration of all the Citrus seed oil are not different significantly (p > 0.05), expect the potency of C.aurantium seed extract. The lethal concentration requires for 50% (LC50) and 90% (LC90) of Citrus seeds oil extract varies with respect to period of exposure. Extract from Citrus seeds should be adopted for the control and management of insect vectors and it should be incorporated to integrated vector management (IVM) program.

Effectiveness Evaluation of Fenugreek Seeds Ethanol Extract (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Against Bacterial Growth Streptococcus sanguinis: In Vitro Study

Introduction: Streptococcus sanguinis is a pioneer bacteria in the formation of dental plaque that causes caries. Fenugreek (Trigonella-foenum-graecum L.) is a medicinal plant that has antibacterial properties because it contains alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, and terpenoids. The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of fenugreek seed extract with concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% on bacterial growth of S. sanguinis.&#x0D; Methods: This study is the post-test-only control group. The research sample is a pure culture of Streptococcus sanguinis bacteria ATCC 10556. Antibacterial testing uses the disc diffusion method by sight diameter bacterial inhibition zone. Data was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test.&#x0D; Results: The test results showed that the ethanol extract of fenugreek seeds with concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% had an inhibitory zone against the growth of Streptococcus sanguinis bacteria with the average diameter of the inhibitory zone for each concentration being 7.77 ± 6.13 mm. 9.90 ± 8.09, 12.22 ± 5.05, and 14.75 ± 4.83 mm, but the antibacterial effectiveness did not have a significant difference with a value of p = 0.12.&#x0D; Conclusion: The ethanol extract of fenugreek seeds has antibacterial activity against the Streptococcus sanguinis bacteria but is not significant.

Exploration of neuroprotective effect from Coriandrum sativum L. ethanolic seeds extracts on brain of obese rats

In this study, the potential neuroprotective ability of coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum L.) ethanolic extract (CSES) as a neuroprotectant agent in the brains of high-fat diet-induced obese rats was analyzed. The study investigated how CSES impacts oxidative stress markers (i.e., malondialdehyde/MDA, glutathione/GSH and catalase), inflammation marker (i.e., Interleukin-6/IL-6), cellular senescence markers (i.e., senescence-associated β-galactoside/SA-β-Gal activity and p16), brain damage marker (i.e., Neuron-specific Enolase/NSE), and neurogenesis markers (i.e., mature Brain-derived Neurotropic Factor/BDNF, pro-BDNF, and mature/pro-BDNF ratio). Male adult Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet and given CSES once daily, at 100 mg/kg body weight, for 12 weeks. CSES significantly reduced MDA concentration (p = < 0.001), SA-β-Gal activity (p = 0.010), and increased GSH concentration (p = 0.047) in the brain of obese rats; however, the decrease of IL-6, NSE, and p16 as well as the increase of catalase specific activity and BDNF expression were not significant. Moreover, the mature/pro-BDNF ratio was significantly higher in the brains of non-obese rats, both given the control diet and the high-fat diet compared to the control. Our results suggest that obese rats benefited from consuming CSES, showing improved oxidative stress levels, reduced cellular senescence and increased endogenous antioxidants, making CSES a potential neuroprotective agent.

Melinjo Seeds (Gnetum gnemon L.) Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxic Effects on MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells: A Study Based on Tracing of Resveratrol Compound.

Breast cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. One of the polyphenols, namely, resveratrol, has been proven to have anticancer activity. Melinjo seeds which contain resveratrol need to be tested for their potential as an anti-breast cancer agent. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect of melinjo seeds based on solvent variations and resveratrol tracing. Extraction of melinjo seeds was performed using the soxhletation method. Antioxidant test was performed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil method. The in vitro cytotoxic test was carried out using the microtetrazolium method. Cytotoxic test was carried out on MCF-7 breast cancer cells using a concentration range of melinjo seeds between 31,25 and 1000 μg/mL. Antioxidant and anticancer potentials are expressed in inhibitory concentration (IC)50 values. Resveratrol was traced using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC). Melinjo seed ethanol extract provided the largest total phenolics (126,154 ± 0,865 mg GAE/g sample) and total flavonoids (44,576 ± 0,611 mg QE/g sample) among all solvent fractions. The antioxidant activity of melinjo seeds from ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and ethanol fraction was 263,307 ppm, 317,595 ppm, 160,878 ppm, and 181,159 ppm, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction of melinjo seeds showed the strongest cytotoxic effect (94.6 μg/mL) among all extracts and solvent fractions. Prep-HPLC showed that the ethanol extract of melinjo seeds contained resveratrol, while the ethanol and ethyl acetate fractions of melinjo seeds were thought to contain resveratrol derivatives. The antioxidant activity of melinjo seeds showed a cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells, which varied based on solvent polarity and total phenolic and total flavonoid. The ethyl acetate fraction which is thought to contain resveratrol derivatives provides the most potent antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect. These results indicate that melinjo seeds containing resveratrol and its derivatives have the potential for anticancer of the breast. Further studies are still needed in determining the structure of resveratrol compounds and their derivatives to ensure their biological activity and mechanism of action.

Evaluation of Cytotoxic effect of Moringa peregrina seeds on Oral Cancer, CAL 27 Cell Line and Red Blood Cells Hemolysis

Background: Moringa peregrina Forssk is a well-known plant in ethnomedicine due to its widespread uses in various diseases like cough, wound healing, rhinitis, fever, and detoxification. The plant seeds contain compounds that are cytotoxic to many cancer cells. During the therapeutic use of plants via the oral route, some compounds present in the plants may be cytotoxic to normal cell lines and red blood cells. Objective: This study was the first report of investigation of the cytotoxic profile on oral cancer, CAL 27, cell line, and hemolytic activities on human erythrocytes of Moringa peregrina seeds ethanolic extract (MPSE). Methods: MPSE was screened for its cytotoxic effect against oral cancer, CAL 27, cell line using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5,-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The toxicity of MPSE on human erythrocytes was determined by in vitro hemolytic assay. Results: MPSE showed significant anti-proliferative activity against oral cancer, CAL 27 cell line at lower concentrations with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 21.03 μg/mL. At 1,000 µg/ml of MPSE, the maximum hemolysis was found to be 14.3% which is within safer limit. Conclusions: This study revealed a potential anti-oral cancer of MPSE and provided a baseline for its potential use in oral cancer treatment with minimum hemolytic effect on human RBCs.

The Effect of Solvent Concentration Against Specific and Non Specific Parameters of Standardization: Ethanolic Extract of Papaya Seed (Carica papaya Linn.)

Papaya plants (Carica papaya L.) can be used as traditional medicine. The parts of the plant commonly used as medicine are the seeds and leaves. Assurance of the quality of the extract obtained needs to be carried out by testing specific and non-specific parameters. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the percentage of ethanol solvent concentration on specific parameters (organoleptic, phytochemical screening, and total phenolic content) and non-specific parameters (moisture content, ash content, and specific gravity) of papaya seed extract (Carica papaya L.). This type of laboratory experimental qualitative research was done to determine the effect of the percentage of ethanol solvent concentration (70% and 95%) on specific and non-specific parameters. Specific and non-specific parameter testing is based on work procedures listed in the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. The results of testing the specific parameters on organoleptics showed no difference in the extract obtained, which was viscous and dark brown in color with a characteristic odor. Based on qualitative phytochemical screening, 70% ethanol extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. However, the 95% ethanol extract was only positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. The phenolic content test of 70% ethanol and 95% ethanol extracts was 4.31 ± 0.65 mg GAE/g and 2.69 ± 0.41 mg GAE/g, respectively (Sig 0.022 &lt; 0.05). Extract non-specific parameter test results. The ash content test for 70% and 95% ethanol extracts was 9.5% ± 0.21% w/w and 8.5% ± 0.06% w/w (Sig 0.043 &lt; 0.05). The respective water contents were 8.7 ± 0.11% w/w and 9.7 ± 0.26% w/w (Sig 0.046 &lt; 0.05). The specific gravity of each obtained was 0.88 ± 0.006 % g/ml and 0.75 ± 0.006% g/ml (Sig 0.043 &lt; 0.05). The conclusion of this study is that the concentrations of 70% ethanol and 95% ethanol in papaya seed ethanol extract have an effect on specific parameters, namely the measurement of total phenolic content. While the non-specific parameters affect the water content, total ash content, and specific gravity.

Aktivitas Penghambatan Ekstrak Etanol Biji Asam Gelugur (Garnicia atroviridis) terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus

This study aims to determine the inhibitory activity of ethanol extract from tamarind seeds against the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria at various concentrations. This study used a randomized complete block design with 1 factor, namely the concentration of tamarind seed extract with 6 levels, namely A1 (0.5%), A2 (1%), A3 (1.5%), A4 (2%), A5 (2.5%), A6 (3%). Each treatment was repeated 3 times. Research evaluation includes qualitative phytochemical tests and antioxidant activity against ethanol extract of gelugur acid seeds and bacterial inhibition. The results showed that in the ethanol extract of tamarind seeds there are phytochemical compounds which include flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. And has antioxidant activity of IC 50 = 15.77 ppm. Tamarind seed extract affects the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The minimum concentration of ethanol extract of tamarind seeds that can inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is 0.5% with inhibitory zones of 15.6 mm and 10.9 mm respectively.

Antibacterial effect of ethanol extract of moringa oleifera seeds against enterococcus faecalis atcc 29212

Background: One of the important stages in endodontic treatment is root canal irrigation. The most widely used irrigant is sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), but it is toxic to periapical tissue. Irrigant solutions from natural ingredients that have antibacterial potential are needed, one of which is Moringa oleifera seeds. Bacteria that are often found persistent after root canal treatment are Enterococcus faecalis. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial effect of the ethanol extract of M. oleifera seeds at concentrations of 37.5%, 50%, 67.5% and 75% against E. faecalis.Method: Experimental laboratory research with post-test only control group design was carried out with 4 times replication. Antibacterial activity was tested against E. faecalis ATCC 29212 using paper disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) media. The diameter of the inhibition zone formed was measured. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by LSD.Result: The 2.5% NaOCl group produced the largest inhibition zone of 16.38 ± 0.95 mm, followed by the 75% extract group of 13.51 ± 0.49 mm, and the smallest was the 37.5% extract group of 4.42 ± 0.27 mm. The negative control (DMSO) did not produce an inhibition zone. The increase in the concentration of the ethanolic extract of M. oleifera seeds resulted in significantly better inhibiting the growth of E. faecalis (p&lt;0.05).Conclusion: Ethanol extract of M. oleifera seeds at 37.5%, 50%, 62.5% and 75% had antibacterial effects against E. faecalis, with the 75% had the strongest antibacterial effect compared to other extract concentrations.