Ratio Of Ethanol Research Articles

Exploring the Antioxidant Potential of Phenolic Compounds from Winery By-Products by Hydroethanolic Extraction.

The residues generated in the wine industry (pomace, stems, seeds, wine lees, and grapevine shoots) are a potential source of bioactive compounds that can be used in other industries despite being sometimes underestimated. Different extraction methods using various solvents and extraction conditions are currently being investigated. Due to its natural occurrence in wines, safe behavior, and low toxicity when compared to other organic solvents, ethanol is used as an extracting agent. The aim of this study was to identify the winery by-product from the Região Demarcada do Douro and its corresponding extraction solvents that yields the most favorable results in (poly)phenols content and antioxidant capacity. To achieve this, five different ratios of ethanol: water, namely 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0 (v/v), for extracting the phenolic compounds were employed. Afterwards, the determination of total phenolic content (TPC), ortho-diphenols content (ODC), and flavonoid content (FC) as well as the antioxidant capacity of the obtained extracts using three different methods was performed. Since the best results of the spectrophotometric assays were obtained mostly with hydroethanolic extracts of stems (50:50, v/v), identification by HPLC-DAD has carried out. It was possible to conclude that the Tinta Roriz variety displayed the highest number of identified (poly)phenols.

Solvent-Controlled Morphology of Zinc-Cobalt Bimetallic Sulfides for Supercapacitors.

Bimetallic sulfides offer high theoretical specific capacitance and good stability as electrode materials due to their diverse redox reactions, larger specific surface areas, and better conductivity. The morphology of the electrode material is an important influencing factor for the electrochemical properties. Herein, a series of ZnCoS electrode materials with different morphologies were prepared by varying the solvent in the solvothermal reaction, and the effects of different microstructures on the electrochemical properties of ZnCoS were investigated. The ratio of water and ethanol in the solvent was controlled to modulate the microstructure of the as-prepared ZnCoS materials. XRD and XPS revealed the physical and chemical structure of the ZnCoS materials. SEM and TEM observations showed that the microstructure of ZnCoS transformed from one-dimensional wires to two-dimensional sheets with increasing amounts of ethanol. The maximum specific capacitance of the as-prepared ZnCoS materials is 6.22 F cm-2 at a current density of 5 mA cm-2, which is superior to that of most previously reported bimetallic sulfides. The enhanced electrochemical performance could be ascribed to its sheet-assembled spherical structure, which not only shortens the path of ion diffusion but also increases the contact between surface active sites and the electrolyte. Moreover, the spherical structure provides numerous void spaces for buffering the volume expansion and penetration of the electrolyte, which would be favorable for electrochemical reactions. Furthermore, the ZnCoS electrodes were coupled with activated carbon (AC) electrodes to build asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs). The ASC device exhibits a maximum energy density of 0.124 mWh cm-2 under a power density of 2.1 mW cm-2. Moreover, even under a high-power density of 21 mW cm-2, the energy density can still reach 0.055 mWh cm-2.

Ultrasensitive miniaturized planar microwave sensor for characterization of water–alcohol mixtures

Designing a low-cost, compact, yet sensitive planar microwave sensor for complex permittivity measurement is highly desired for numerous applications though quite challenging. Here, in this research, an ultrasensitive planar microwave sensor is proposed which is based on an electric LC structure. The core sensor was fabricated on an FR-4 substrate using a simple fabrication process, then integrated within a polymethylmethacrylate microfluidic channel for straightforward liquid delivery to the sensing region. The resonance frequency of the bare sensor was designed to occur at 4.14 GHz while empty and shifted to 0.88 GHz when deionized water flows into the channel. The sensor response has been characterized for different mixture ratios of methanol and ethanol with deionized water. Next, the complex permittivity of the resulted binary mixtures has been extracted by the Debye model through a least square fitting method. The calculated average sensitivity is 1.45% which stands above most of sensors reported in the literature. Besides, the sensor has a small footprint with dimensions of 3.6 × 3.8 mm^2 making it a suitable candidate for integration with point-of-care testing devices.

Application of PVA/TA-Fe3+ submerged superoleophobic hydrogel coating in oil-water separation

Super hydrophilic and submerged super oleophobic materials with special surface wettability are considered ideal materials in the field of oil-water separation. In this paper, PVA/TA-Fe3+ coating solution with uniform fluidity was prepared by adjusting the ratio of water and ethanol in the solvent system, and PVA/TA-Fe3+ coating was formed on the surface of stainless steel mesh by simple green soaking and ethanol solvent volatilization process, and this coated SSM shows excellent oil resistance underwater with an underwater oil contact angle of >150 ̊, while it has good water flux (6.2 × 104 L/m2·h) and high separation efficiency (>97%). In addition, the PVA/TA-Fe3+ coated SSM has self-cleaning ability and recyclability and also has good stability in acid and alkali environments, which is one of the ideal materials to solve the oil-water separation problem.

Study on the possibility of synthesizing oxygenates based on light pyrolysis resin using a modified ion exchange resin

Dialkyl ethers present potential additives to motor fuels. The study considers the possibility of obtaining oxygenates from light pyrolysis resin. The interaction of 75–90 °C fraction from light pyrolysis resin (LPR), having high content of high molecular weight unsaturated hydrocarbons, compared to other lighter fractions of LPR with a significant content of saturated hydrocarbons, and ethanol at different reagent ratios in the presence of a catalyst, Purolite CT-151 ion-exchange resin (sulfonated copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene) modified with Na+, K+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Co2+, Ni2+ ions, is analyzed. The iodine value is chosen as the key parameter reflecting the content of unsaturated structures. The greatest decrease in the iodine value is observed for the ion exchange resin modified with cobalt ions, which is further used as the etherification catalyst. At 75–90 °C fraction:ethanol ratio of 0.5:1.5 and 60 °C, the yield of oxygenates reached 4.9% by weight.

Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using Natural and Chemical Materials as Catalyst

Due to the greenhouse effect of increased fossil fuel use, resulting in an increase in the period during which fossil fuels will remain available. Because of its advantages for the environment and its production from renewable resources, biodiesel has grown more appealing. As there is a supply of used cooking oil, interest in producing biodiesel is rising. This research examines how CaO and sawdust function as heterogeneous catalysts in transesterification regarding ethanol to produce bio-diesel from the used cooking oil. The impacts of the subsequent variables on the yield of the created biodiesel were investigated. Those parameters include the catalyst concentration (0.5-3 wt%), reaction period (1-4 hr), the molar ratio of ethanol to oil (8:1– 20:1), and temperature (45 to 80 °C). This led to the discovery that CaO catalyst is more efficient compared to the sawdust catalyst, with the maximum percentage yield being 75% for the sawdust catalyst and 95% for the CaO catalyst under catalyst conditions (0.50%), ethanol oil molar ratio of 20:1, and 65 Celsius temperature for 3 hours. It was evident from the results that the biodiesel fuel produced by the catalyst developed in this study fell within the acceptable range of biodiesel fuel.

Anticancer activity of polyphenolic Punica granatum peel extracts obtained by hybrid ultrasound‐microwave assisted extraction: Evaluation on HeLa and HepG2 cells

AbstractPunica granatum peel is a significant source of polyphenolic compounds that have potential uses as drugs. This study aimed to obtain and purify polyphenolic compounds derived from pomegranate peel and to evaluate their potential anticancer activity in cell lines. Polyphenols from the pomegranate peel were extracted using hybrid ultrasound‐microwave technology. Different mass:volume ratios and water:ethanol ratios were used during extraction. Purification was performed on a chromatographic column with Amberlite XAD‐16, and unfractionated extracts and fractions extracts were obtained. The main compounds identified by HPLC belong to the ellagitannins family. The unfractionated extract from the 1:12 (m/v) and 30% ethanol condition was used to evaluate its cytotoxic effect against HeLa, HepG2, and 3T3 cell lines. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the pomegranate polyphenolic extracts (PPEs). Viability in HeLa and HepG2 cells was affected in a dose‐dependent manner by a concentration of 25 ppm of polyphenol powders. Additionally, a genotoxicity test was carried out, which showed DNA damage, indicating that the cytotoxic effect is possibly due in part to DNA damage. The use of the pomegranate peel could be a viable option for obtaining bioactive compounds that can be used as adjuvants or in the treatment of various diseases such as cancer.

Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters Obtained From Safflower Oil: A Fully Renewable Biofuel

Abstract With the aim to obtain a pure renewable second-generation biofuel, transesterification reaction of safflower oil and sugar beet molasses-originated ethanol and usage options as a blend component were investigated. Depleting fossil fuels, increasing fossil fuel prices, and fossil fuel-related emissions are significant global problems. The progress in pure bio-based and safer fuels gains importance to figure out these problems. Biodiesel is an excellent fuel candidate that can substitute conventional diesel fuel. For its production, fatty acid methyl esters were primarily proposed. However, with their many advantages, ethyl esters have come to the fore because of environmental and technical issues. Thus, using a by-product originated bioethanol as alcohol and safflower oil as a nonedible raw material would further enhance the renewability and sustainability of one of the second-generation biofuels. This article studied the transesterification reaction of safflower oil with sugar-beet molasses-originated bioethanol. The effects of the safflower oil:ethanol (mole:mole) ratio, catalyst amount, and temperature on the ester content were individually investigated. The fuel properties of safflower oil ethyl ester and 2%, 5%, and 7% v/v safflower oil ethyl ester-blended diesel and rural diesel fuels were determined according to the standards. The main advantages of ethyl ester addition to diesel fuel include the increase in flash point and the decrease in the sulfur content. However, some additives should improve some properties (cold filter plugging point and oxidation stability).

Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Processing and Extraction: Retention of Bioactive Compounds.

Ilex paraguariensis is a native tree from South America known for the presence of bioactive compounds, and its processed leaves are consumed as hot and cold infusions. After harvest (step 1), the leaves are subjected to flame blanching to inactive the enzymes (step 2), followed by drying and milling (step 3). The impacts of I. paraguariensis processing on leaf composition were investigated by extracting the major compounds (chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids (3-CQA, 4-CQA, 5-CQA, 3,4-DQA, 3,5-DQA and 4,5-DQA), p-coumaric acid, caffeine and rutin) using different ratios of ethanol and water as extraction solvent (EW 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25 (w/w)). The solvent ratio of EW 50:50 was more effective in extracting the chlorogenic acids isomers, with retention of chlorogenic acids of 3463, 9485, and 9516µg mL- 1 for steps 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Rutin and p-coumaric acid exhibited similar behavior with the increment of processing steps; however, p-coumaric acid was only detected in steps 2 and 3 for the solvent ratios EW 50:50 and 25:50. The caffeine extraction from I. paraguariensis varied from 936 to 1170µg mL- 1 for all processing steps, with emphasis on its concentration extracted in step 1. The evolution of processing steps led to a higher retention of phenolic compounds from I. paraguariensis, which was not observed when using different solvent ratios, and the solvent ratio EW 50:50 was more effective for the extraction of chlorogenic acids. The successful extraction of chlorogenic acids from I. paraguariensis in this study proved to be a promising alternative for the use of yerba mate beyond the cuia cup.

Warm plasma catalytic coreforming of dilute bioethanol and methane for hydrogen production

AbstractToward hydrogen production from renewable sources, coreforming of dilute bioethanol (5 mol% ethanol) and methane using gliding arc discharge warm plasma is reported. For warm plasma alone, increases in methane to ethanol ratio and specific energy input lead to improving hydrogen yield, but low energy efficiency (<60%). The warm plasma coupled with Ni/CeO2/Al2O3 catalyst in a heat‐insulation reactor achieves an energy efficiency of 80%, but the large axial‐temperature drop of the catalyst bed causes low conversions. Therefore, additional heating is provided to maintain the catalyst bed temperature. Under optimal conditions, total carbon conversion of 97% and hydrogen yield of 78% are achieved with an energy cost of 1.16 kWh/Nm3 and energy efficiency of 85%.

Construction of organic–inorganic hybrid heterostructure towards solvent responsive hydrogel with high stiffness

Solvent responsive hydrogel is a kind of intelligent soft material, which can be used in soft robots. Currently, most of the solvent responsive hydrogels are based on pure organic materials which has limited stiffness for actuations. Herein, a novel organic–inorganic composite hydrogel is designed and prepared. Calcium phosphate oligomers nanoclusters are incorporated in polymer solution containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium alginate to form organic–inorganic hybrid copolymer suspensions. The solvent responsive hydrogel is simply prepared using co-evaporation method by optimizing the components in the colloid system. The inorganic nanoparticles work as the scaffold in the porous PVA network and the evaporation caused nonuniformity distribution further induces the formation of heterostructure, which has different shrinkage ratios along the thickness direction. The prepared hydrogel demonstrates excellent shape memory property by changing the environmental solvents between water and ethanol and its repeatability is also verified. The stiffness of hydrogel is enhanced and it has large deformation after incorporation of calcium phosphate nanoparticles. The bending angle of hydrogel can be well controlled by different water to ethanol ratios, allowing for underwater actuation. The functionality of an artificial gripper based on responsive hydrogel with high stiffness is demonstrated to transfer objects in ethanol. The design of organic–inorganic composite hydrogel with high stiffness may provide new insights for preparation of intelligent soft materials for underwater applications.

Effect of Premixed Ethanol Ratio Based on the Same Heating Value on the Atomization of Diesel Fuel Injected in the Cylinder

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a premixed ethanol ratio based on the same total heating value in a cylinder on the equivalence ratio distributions and the injected fuel droplet behavior in the cylinder of an RCCI engine. The spray simulation was conducted in two parts. First, we carried out spray validation simulations to determine the spray-influenced factor of the test injector. Next, engine simulations were performed with the spray-influenced factor obtained from the spray validation simulations to investigate the effect of the premixed ethanol ratio based on the same total heating value in a cylinder on the injected fuel atomization and the equivalence ratio distributions. The introduced total heating value was fixed at 595 J based on the lower heating value of diesel, 14 mg. The heating value of the premixed ethanol ratio varied from 0% to 40% based on the same total heating value in the cylinder in steps of 10%. It was revealed that when the premixed ethanol ratio based on the same total heating value in the cylinder was increased, the spray tip penetration value was reduced after 4 deg of diesel was injected because of the short injection duration and the small amount of diesel fuel used. The SMD value was also increased up to 32.58% with an increasing premixed ethanol ratio because of the low kinetic energy of the injected fuel, the short injection duration, the slow evaporation of the injected fuel and the low cylinder temperature.

Understanding the dehydration of acetone, 1-butanol, and ethanol fermentation-based biofuel

ABSTRACT Removing most of the water in the acetone + n-butanol + ethanol (ABE fermentation broth can reduce energy consumption and improve the biobutanol market competitiveness. Understanding the dehydration process of ethanol, acetone, and n-butanol can guide the fermentation process for the subsequent separation, which led to an investigation into the salting-out effects of K2CO3 on aqueous ethanol solution, aqueous acetone solution and n-butanol+water system at various temperatures. Elevating the salt concentration has the potential to decrease the water content of these solutes as well as the content of ethanol or acetone and n-butanol in the salt-free aqueous phase. The distribution and selectivity coefficients of ABE were also enhanced. As a result, the recovery and dehydration ratio of ethanol or acetone, or n-butanol, was also improved. The strong hydrophilicity of acetone and ethanol makes the recovery and dehydration ratio of n-butanol difficult. On the same basis(50% K2CO3), the dehydration ratios of ethanol, acetone, and n-butanol were 91.43%, 96.21%, and 97.52%, respectively. Thus, the dehydration capacity gave the following trend: n-butanol>acetone>ethanol. By raising the temperature，it was possible to increase the amount of ethanol，acetone，or n-butanol in the organic phase while decreasing their amounts in the aqueous phase. The ratio of n-butanol’s recovery and dehydration can be improved by raising the temperature.

Investigation of cellularization characteristics of hydrogen-methane-ethanol expanding spherical flame at elevated pressures

The incorporation of ethanol into hydrocarbon fuels for use is attracting increasing interest and it is necessary to investigate its inherent flame instability for better application in combustion units. The instability of hydrogen-methane-ethanol spherically expanding flame has been investigated at an initial temperature of 400 K, initial pressures of (2–4 bar), ethanol fraction of (20%, 50%, 80%), and equivalence ratios (Ф) of (0.7–1.4) using the constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC). High-speed schlieren technology was used to record flame propagation images. The effects of hydrodynamic and thermal-diffusion effect on the inherent instability of the flame were investigated. As the ethanol ratio increased, the hydrodynamic effect was enhanced. The thermal-diffusion effect was discovered to stabilize the flame surface under all conditions, as judged jointly by the effective Lewis number and the critical Lewis number. The critical conditions (critical radius and Peclet number) at the onset of unstability were evaluated, and it was found that the flames were more prone to flame instability at higher pressures. The critical Peclet number increased with the increase in the equivalence ratio when the ethanol ratio was 20%, and showed the opposite trend when the ethanol ratio was 50% and 80%. In addition, as the ethanol ratio increases, the stability of the lean mixtures flame increases, while the rich mixtures flame suffers from early onset of instability. The theoretical and experimental results were consistent, with some differences at Ф = 1.4. An empirical correlation formula for the critical Peclet number (Pec) and Markstein number (Mb) was further proposed (Pec= 18.03Mb+214.78). Finally, the Karlovitz number was used to study the instability behavior of the flame. The critical Karlovitz number (Kac) decreased with increasing Mb and the tendency of the flame to suffer from instability diminished, and the following correlation was obtained Kac=0.05635×e−0.13852Mb. Furthermore, the flame was more unstable in rich mixtures, this was consistent with the conclusion of instability derived from the critical radius.

Determination and correlation of solubility and Thermodynamic properties of allantoin in four binary solvents from 288.15 K to 333.15 K

The solid–liquid equilibrium data of allantoin were determined by gravimetric method in four binary solvents (methanol-water, ethanol-water, ethylene glycol-water and methanol-ethylene glycol) at temperatures ranging from 288.15 to 333.15 K. The allantoin exhibited high solubility in ethylene glycol-water solvents. The solubility increased and then decreased with the increasing ratio of ethanol to water above 318.15 K. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that allantoin would be decomposed above 505 K (T 5%). X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that no crystalline transformation occurred in the investigated system. In the meanwhile, the experimental data were correlated by four thermodynamic models including modified Apelblat equation, Van’t Hoff equation, Jouyban–Acree model, and λh equation. All the models fitted well with the experimental data. This study can help the industrial crystallization of allantoin.

Effect of ethanol on selective oligomerization of isobutene and the simulation of reactive distillation process

AbstractThis paper investigates the selective oligomerization of isobutene in mixed C4 using ethanol as an inhibitor. The effects of ethanol/isobutene, reaction temperature, and reaction space velocity on isobutene oligomerization were examined using two β molecular sieve catalysts. The results indicate that the optimal reaction conditions, at the same calcination temperature, are as follows: The mass ratio of ethanol to isobutylene is 20%, the reaction pressure is 1 MPa, the reaction temperature is 65°C, the reaction space velocity is 2 h−1, the dimerization product C8 has fewer types, and the selectivity can reach over 15%. After adding ethanol, there is a significant inhibitory effect on n‐butene. Furthermore, we used reactive distillation technology to simulate isobutene oligomerization. By optimizing the sensitivity of the tower's operating conditions, we obtained the optimal operational parameters of the tower. Under optimal operating conditions, the conversion rate of isobutene can reach over 80%. The mass fraction of C8 in the oligomerization product accounted for 57.44%, C12 accounted for 8.29%, and ETBE accounted for 34.23%. The reactive distillation technology can improve product selectivity.

A New Approach for Synthesizing Fatty Acid Esters from Linoleic-Type Vegetable Oil

Countries around the world recognize the numerous social, economic and environmental advantages of promoting liquid biofuels. They invest in its development and introduce tax incentives for its manufacture and tariffs of production regulation. In most studies, the process of synthesizing fatty acid esters takes a long time from 1 to 8 h. In this work, the synthesis of fatty acid esters was carried out in the range of volumetric ratios of ethanol to linoleic type oil in order to increase the kinetics of the process. The main parameters of the synthesis were studied by use of magnetic stirred tank reactors in a parallel reactor system, H.E.L. The synthesis was carried out in the presence of a homogeneous alkaline catalyst. The volumetric ratio of ethanol to oil was maintained at 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 and 5:1. The amount of catalyst added to the reaction mixture ranged from 0.25 to 2.5% by the weight of the reaction alcohol. The dryness of ethanol varied from 91 to 99%. Effective process conditions have been established to reduce the reaction time from 2.5 h to 5 min while maintaining a high degree of conversion. The results obtained during the study suggest the possibility of using a continuous reactor to produce fatty acid esters from linoleic raw materials containing up to 16% of free fatty acids. This also means the possibility of using second generation biofuel feedstock.

Analysis of Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids in Rabbiteye Blueberry Leaves by UPLC-MS/MS and Preparation of Nanoemulsions and Extracts for Improving Antiaging Effects in Mice.

Rabbiteye blueberry leaves, a waste produced after harvest of blueberry, are rich in polyphenols. This study aims to analyze phenolic acids and flavonoids in blueberry leaves by UPLC-MS/MS and prepare nanoemulsions for determining anti-aging activity in mice. Overall, 30% ethanol was the most suitable extraction solvent for total phenolic acids and total flavonoids. A total of four phenolic acids and four flavonoids were separated within seven minutes for further identification and quantitation by UPLC-MS/MS in selective reaction monitoring (SRM) mode, with 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid being present in the highest amount (6474.2 μg/g), followed by quercetin-3-O-galactoside (1943.9 μg/g), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (1036.6 μg/g), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (867.2 μg/g), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (815.8 μg/g), kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (309.7 μg/g), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (195.3 μg/g), and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (60.8 μg/g). The blueberry nanoemulsion was prepared by using an appropriate ratio of soybean oil, Tween 80, glycerol, ethanol, and water at 1.2%, 8%, 2%, 2%, and 86.8%, respectively, and mixing with dried blueberry extract, with the mean particle size and zeta potential being 16 nm and -54 mV, respectively. A high stability was observed during storage of nanoemulsion for 90 days at 4 °C and heated at 100 °C for 2 h. An animal study revealed that this nanoemulsion could elevate dopamine content in mice brain as well as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities in mice liver while reducing the contents of malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl in mice brains. Collectively, the high-dose nanoemulsion possessed the highest efficiency in improving mice aging with a promising potential for development into a health food.

Extraction of Bio-pigments from the Green Microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa Under Different Solvent Ratios

Nowadays, the use of microalgae biomass is evolving rapidly for their various applications such as food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics. One of the essential compounds in microalgae that have good perspectives in the market is pigment since it can be used as a natural colorant in food or cosmetics. However, the extraction of bio-pigments from the green microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa under different solvent ratios is still rarely reported. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the bio-pigment potential from C. pyrenoidosa extracted under different ethanol ratios. The algae-to-ethanol ratios of 1:5, 1:7.5, and 1:10 were employed in this study. Overall, C. pyrenoidosa contains total chlorophyll content much higher than carotenoids due to the fact that C. pyrenoidosa is the autotrophic microorganism that performs photosynthesis. The total chlorophyll content decreased with an increase in ethanol ratio, i.e., 134.47, 133.74, and 129.46 μg/mL at the ratio of 1:5, 1:7.5, and 1:10, respectively. In contrast, the carotenoid content slightly increased with an increase in ethanol ratio, i.e., 86.64, 87.08, 88.45 μg/mL at the ratio of 1:5, 1:7.5, and 1:10, respectively. The main chlorophyll compounds in the ethanol extract with the algae-to-ethanol molar ratio of 1:5 were identified as chlorophyll c (47.09 μg/mL), followed by chlorophyll b (38.50 μg/mL), chlorophyll a (28.67 μg/mL), and chlorophyll d (20.23 μg/mL).

Preparation of Antibacterial Nanosilver Solution Microcapsules and Their Impact on the Performance of Andoung Wood Surface Coating.

In this paper, nanosilver solution was used as an antibacterial agent to prepare antibacterial microcapsules. The mass ratio of the core material to the wall material (Wcore: Wwall), the emulsifier's hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value, the mass ratio of ethanol to the emulsifier in solvent (Wcore: Wemulsion), and the rotational speed (r/min) were used to develop the four-factor, three-level orthogonal experiment, which was meant to investigate the most significant factors and the optimum process preparation parameters impacting the coating rate and yield of microcapsules. It was used to make an antibacterial coating that was applied to the surface paint film of a glass substrate and andoung wood, and it was mixed to the water-based primer with a content of 4%. Analyses of the mechanical, optical, and bactericidal characteristics were conducted. The micromorphology of the nanosilver solution microcapsules is influenced by the emulsifier's HLB value. The color difference of the antibacterial coating film decreased with increasing emulsifier HLB value; however, the coating film's gloss remained largely suitable. Additionally, the coating film's transparency and tensile strength both decreased. It had minimal impact on the paint film's surface hardness, but the adhesion and tensile strength showed a noticeable downward trend. The surface of the paint film was rough. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to the antibacterial characteristics of the water-based primer film when it was combined with antibacterial nanosilver solution microcapsules by 80.7% and 74.55%, respectively. The coating film's antibacterial properties were applied to the surface of the andoung wood, which were 75.7% and 71.0%, respectively, and somewhat decreased. In order to successfully inhibit bacteria, the nanosilver solution microcapsules were added to waterborne coatings. This ensures both the outstanding performance of the coating film and the effectiveness of the antibacterial effect. It expands the application prospects of antibacterial microcapsules in coatings.