Ethanol Extract Of Stems Research Articles

In Vitro Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Stem Extracts of Oroxylum Indicum

Background: It is estimated 180 million people in the world have diabetes mellitus. The ethnobotanical information reports about 1000 plants that may possess antidiabetic activity. Roots, leaves, seeds, fruits and stems of Oroxylum indicum have been used as a single drug or as a component of certain compound drug preparations in the Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine.,
 Aim: The current study designed In vitro evaluation of antidiabetic activity of aqueous and methanolic stem extracts of Oroxylum indicum.
 Materials & Methods: About 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 μg concentrations of acarbose, aqueous, and ethanolic stem extracts of O. indicum were used for the study. The absorbance values were taken in spectrophotometer at 540 nm and 546 nm for α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme, respectively.
 Results: Dose-dependent % inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes are observed with the both extracts. However, compare with aqueous extract, methanolic extract shows more % inhibition.
 Conclusion: In this study, aqueous and methanolic stem extracts of O. indicum showed the in vitro antidiabetic activity.

Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin-Induced Rats and The Role of Bajakah (Uncaria Sp.) as Antioxidants

Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). That condition causes a decrease in antioxidant defense activity in the body so that the body cannot fight free radicals and triggers diabetic macroangiopathy complications. One source of natural antioxidants is the Bajakah stem (Uncaria sp.). which has antioxidant and antihyperglycemic effects. so it is expected to inhibit oxidative damage in DM. This study aimed to determine the effect of the extract of bajakah stem on antihyperglycemic activity. the antioxidant enzyme activity of SOD. and MDA levels in streptozotocin-induced rats. This study used an experimental method consisting of 5 treatments: two control groups (NC. PC) and three treatment groups (P1. P2. P3). and five replications for 21 days. Antioxidant activity was measured by scavenging the activity of hydroxyl radicals. Furthermore. testing of antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity using test animals (rats). divided into three doses. namely 100. 200. and 400 mg/kg BW. This study used one-way ANOVA and Duncan's mean difference test. Results showed that the ethanol extract of the bajakah stem (Uncaria sp.) contained alkaloids. flavonoids. tannins. saponins. triterpenoids. and steroids. The antioxidant activity test of the pirated extract obtained IC50 55.646 ppm. and a dose of 100 mg/kg BW had the best activity as antihyperglycemic. increased SOD enzyme activity. and decreased MDA levels

Phytochemical Profile of Cola pachycarpa K. Schum. (Malvaceae) Leaf and Stem Ethanol Extracts

Background and Aim: Cola pachycarpa K. Schum. is a lesser-known member of the genus Cola called “Monkey kola” in the family Malvaceae. The leaf and fruit is used in the treatment and management of cancer in folklore medicine. The present study is carried out to explore the phytoconstituents present in the ethanolic extract of the leaf and stem of Cola pachycarpa by GC-MS analysis.
 Methods: Leaf and stem were collected, identified, sliced, air-dried, pulverized, extracted with ethanol and concentrated using standard methods. The ethanolic extract of the extracts was used for the GC-MS analysis. QP2010SE Shimazu, Japan System GC-MS was used for the analysis. The compounds were identified by the gas chromatography coupled with the mass spectrometry. The molecular weight and structure of the compounds of test materials are ascertained by interpretation of the mass spectrum of GC-MS using the database of National Institute Standard and Technology (NIST).
 Results: GC-MS analysis of the leaf and stem ethanol extracts of C. pachycarpa revealed the presence of 64 and 47 chemical constituents respectively which includes 1-propanol, 2-amino-2-methyl (31.34%), undecanal, 2-methyl (4.00%), phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy (4.18%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (3.35%) and vitamin E (5.15%) and the most abundant in the stem extract were: 1,4-Benzodioxin-6-sulfonamide,N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl- (30.10%), .alpha.D-Galactopyranoside, methyl (12.56%), Phenethylamine,.alpha.-ethyl- (10.96%), 4-Methylpiperazine-2-carboxylic acid (5.78%) and Guanosine (3.86%).
 Conclusion: The presence of various bioactive compounds may be responsible for the application of Cola pachycarpa in the treatment and management of various ailments in folklore medicine. However, in vitro and in vitro studies, isolation of individual phytoconstituents and their mechanism of action may proceed to find a novel drug or lead compound for use as medicine.

Antiplatelet and thrombolytic activity of phenolic-insistent fractions from the new-fangled stem of Ficus benghalensis with concurrent GC-MS analysis

Ficus benghalensis is the ingredient of a variety of Ayurvedic herbal formulations for the management of blood-related illnesses. In the current study, the new-fangled stem ethanol extract fractions in chloroform and methanol (CFFB & MFFB) were assessed for antiplatelet, thrombolytic and toxicity studies, as well as for phytoconstituent identification GC/MS was performed. The dried powdered stem bud was extracted with 80% ethanol and successively fractionated by chloroform and methanol (CFFB & MFFB). The anti-platelet, anti-thrombotic, and thrombolytic, activity of CFFB & MFFB were tested in ex vivo mode and toxicity of methanol fraction (MFFB) was tested in in vivo. The chief feasible marker components for antiplatelet activity recognized by GC-MS in the MFFB are Diethyl phthalate, (E)-4-(3-Hydroxyprop-1-en-1-yl)-2-methoxyphenol, 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4,5) deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione and trans-Sinapyl alcohol might act as irreversible cyclooxygenase inhibitors like Aspirin. In the study, at 50 ​μg/mL, the antiplatelet activity of CFFB, MFFB, and aspirin was 50.41, 82.19, and 86.34%, and a substantial adjournment in clot development was observed whereas CFFB at different dosages did not exhibit significant outcome on the adjournment of clot formation, antiplatelet, and antioxidant activity. The toxicity examination of MFFB did not confirm any substantial signs of toxicity and mortality up to 1.5 ​g/kg, b.w and non-toxic up to 1.0 ​g/kg, b.w which is capable of the comportment of atherothrombotic ailments. The MFFB exhibited anti-platelet, anti-thrombotic, thrombolytic, and anti-oxidant activity, and capacity to prevent cardiovascular disorders without causing toxicity.

Synergistic effect of the combination of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (Trev.) and doxorubicin in inhibiting PI3K and Cyclin D in oral squamous cell carcinoma: in vitro study

Background: The most common type of lips and oral cavity cancer is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Doxorubicin (DX) is commonly used as a chemotherapy drug, but its use is limited due to risk factors and drug resistance. Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (Trev.) (CC) has potential as an anticancer agent. Combining the plant extract and chemotherapy drug might prevent OSCC proliferation by inhibiting PI3K and cyclin D protein. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the synergistic effect of the combination of C. cinerariifolium (Trev.) and doxorubicin in inhibiting PI3K and Cyclin D protein. Methods: Human oral squamous carcinoma cell lines SCC-9 were used in this study. A cytotoxicity assay was performed to obtain the IC50 value of CC ethanol extract and DX on the SCC-9 cell line. Synergism evaluation of the combination CC and DX was analyzed using CompuSyn software. ELISA and the immunofluorescent assay were performed to determine the level of PI3K and cyclin D in the SCC-9 cell line after being treated with IC50 value of CC, IC50 value of DX and three combinations of CC and DX [7/8 IC50 CC + 1/8 IC50 DX (dose 1), 6/8 IC50 CC + 2/8 IC50 DX (dose 2), and 4/8 IC50 CC + 4/8 IC50 DX (dose 3). Results: CC stem ethanol extract and DX inhibited the proliferation of SCC-9 cell lines with the IC50 value of 133.4 µg/mL and 288.3 nM, respectively. The combination of CC and DX at dose 2 (6/8 IC50 CC + 2/8 IC50 DX) exhibited a high decrease in PI3K and cyclin D expression. Conclusions: The combination of C. cinerariifolium and doxorubicin synergistically declined OSCC proliferation by inhibiting PI3K and cyclin D expression.

Black-eyed Susan vine (Thunbergia alata): chemical and antifungal potential evaluation of an invasive plant species in Colombia

Thunbergia alata (Black-eyed Susan) is a plant species from East Africa and grows in tropical regions worldwide, including Colombia, being considered an invasive species in some countries. Even though it is used by local communities to treat several illnesses, including malaria, there are few biological and chemical studies on T. alata. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the chemical composition and in vitro antimycotic (against Candida strains) activity of T. alata crude ethanolic stem and leaf extracts. This was achieved via phytochemical analyses and chromatographic profiling (HPTLC, UPLC-DAD, and LC-MS). A two-fold serial microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against selected Candida strains. Results showed the presence of saponins, terpenes, and flavonoids in the T. alata crude ethanolic stem and leaf extracts, although rutin and chlorogenic acid were the main components of stem and leaf extracts, respectively. Concerning biological assays, T. alata leaf extracts demonstrated moderate antimycotic activity, with MIC values between 5:00 mg mL-1 and 1:25 mg mL-1 against C. albicans and C. auris strains. The results indicate that T. alata extracts, including some of their major identified compounds, possess promising antifungal properties against two significant microorganisms.

The effectiveness of spatholobus littoralis hassk ethanol extract against fungal growth of candida albicans

Candida albicans is a normal oral flora which has a virulence factor that is closely associated with Oral Candidiasis. Both bacteria have a symbiotic relationship in growth and production of biofilms. Spatholobus littoralis Hassk stem are often not known for their benefits so they are not utilized optimally and effectively. Spatholobus littoralis Hassk stem contains active ingredients in the form of tannins, alkaloids, triterpenoids, saponins, and flavonoids which are antifungal. Objectives: To determine the antifungal effects of ethanol extract bajakah tampala stem (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) on C. albicans. Methods: In vitro laboratory experiment with post test only control group design. The test solutions used were ethanol extract of bajakah tampala stem (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 100%, nystatine as a positive control, and aquades 10% as a negative control. The antifungal test was carried out using the plate count method. Results: All concentrations of the extracts has a antifungal effect on C. albicans compared to the negative control (p<0,05). Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Spatholobus littoralis Hassk stem is effective in inhibiting the growth of the Candida albicans. Further studies on toxicity of Spatholobus littoralis Hassk stem ethanol extract on Candida albicans are necessary.

Bioprospeksi Ekstrak Etanol Batang Serai Dapur Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. sebagai Antibakteri Staphylococcus aureus ATCC : 25923

Bioprospection of medicinal plants does not only require empirical information, but also requires scientific evidence information. One of the potential medicinal plants that require scientific evidence regarding the ability of antibacterial activity is lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus). The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of lemongrass in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The design of this study was an experiment using ethanol extract samples of lemon grass stems and bacteria S. aureus ATCC : 25923. The research procedures included: determination, preparation, extraction, evaporation, and phytochemical screening of lemon grass stem powder taken from the Pasir Angin area, Bogor, West Java. Treatments in this study included: ethanol extract of lemon grass stems with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 30µg chloramphenicol as positive control, and sterile distilled water as a negative control. All treatments were given 30µL on MHA media containing S. aureus culture. Data analysis in this study was carried out with a quantitative descriptive test. The results showed that the yield percentage of the viscous extract was 18.59% with positive phytochemical screening for alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. The antibacterial test results of the ethanol extract of lemon grass stem 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% against S. aureus were able to produce inhibition zone diameters of 1 mm, 1.25 mm, 2 mm, and 2.41 mm, and 3 mm with sensitivity response category resistant. The conclusion in this study was that the administration of ethanol extract of lemon grass stems with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% was not effective in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus so that the lemon grass stems were taken from the Pasir Angin area, Bogor, West Java not recommended as a candidate raw material for pharmaceutical formulations.

Potential Biochemical Properties of Endemic Onosma mutabilis

The Onosma L. (Lithospermae, Boraginaceae) genus contains many plant species with therapeutic properties due to its rich phytochemicals. Onosma mutabilis Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. (O. mutabilis) is the species for which there is not enough information on its characteristics. Objective: The total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, possible bioactive compounds, and antibacterial activities of ethanolic extracts of leaf, stem, root, and flower parts of endemic O. mutabilis were investigated. Conclusions: The total phenolic content of all O. mutabilis extracts was in the range of 9.2–31 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of extract. According to the results of antioxidant activity, the IC50 antioxidant capacity values determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method were between 4.39–29 μg/mL, while the equivalent trolox antioxidant activity determined by the cupric reducing antioxidant values (CUPRAC) was 0.45–0.78 mmol of trolox equivalents (TE)/g of extract. Bioactive compounds have been analysed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and were found to contain 29 different chemical components. All plant extracts tested showed effective antibacterial activity against A. baumannii (ATCC 02026) (62.5 μg/mL MIC value) when compared to the reference drug Ampicillin (125 μg/mL).

Lipid and Blood Pressure Lowering Effects of Mikania micrantha Through En-zymatic Inhibition

Mikania micrantha Kunth (Asteraceae) is a plant traditionally used to reduce the risk of hyperlipidemia and hypertension. There is limited information on the anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-hypertensive effects of the various M. micrantha leaves and stem extracts. This study aimed to examine the in vitro potential of different parts of M. micrantha (leaves and stem) extracts in inhibiting hyperlipidemia-related enzymes, i.e., pancreatic lipase (PL), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), in addition to the hypertension-related, i.e., angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE). This study spectrophotometrically determined the inhibitory activities of hot water, cold water, 70% ethanol, and ethyl acetate M. micrantha leaves and stem extracts against the above-said enzymes using PL, LPL, HMGR, and ACE inhibition assays. The study found that the ethanol stem (ETS) extract exhibited the highest PL inhibitory activity (IC50=4.49±2.50 μg/mL), albeit the difference was insignificant (p > 0.05) compared to orlistat (IC50=0.31±0.01 μg/mL). Meanwhile, the ethanol leaves (ETL) extract yielded the highest LPL (IC50=1.42±0.48 μg/mL) and HMGR inhibitory activity (50.12±3.44%), although the greatest ACE inhibition was observed for the hot water stem (HWS) extract (97.47±1.19%). However, the result was insignificant (p > 0.05) compared to other extracts and captopril (98.42±0.93%). In brief, the extracts generally exhibited remarkable inhibitory activity against PL, LPL, HMGR, and ACE, thus conveying the M. micrantha extracts' anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-hypertensive potentials.

Analysis of the Metabolite Compound of the Ethanol Extract of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium Stem and Activity for inhibition of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) in silico study

Analysis of the Metabolite Compound of the Ethanol Extract of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium Stem and Activity for inhibition of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) in silico study

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Stem Barks Ethanol Extracts of Asam Kandis On Male White Rats

Inflammation is a complex series of changes in tissue due to tissue injury caused by bacteria, trauma, chemicals, heat, and pain. Gamboge (Garcinia xanthochymus) is a fruit-bearing tree native to Southeast Asia. Plants of the genus garcinia are rich in secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, steroids, and triterpenes which have potential pharmacological activity. This study aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory activity based on the reduction in edema volume of Gamboge (Garcinia xanthochymus) stem bark. The inquiry was experimental. Through maceration, an ethanol extract of the gamboge stem was created. The animals were divided into five groups, each containing five white male rats. The test given was a suspension of gamboge ethanol extract at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kgBW, a negative control of 1% Na CMC suspension, and a positive control of 2.25 mg/kgBW sodium diclofenac. Observations were made for 6 hours, and then data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. The results showed that gamboge ethanolic extract was proven to have an anti-inflammatory effect in white male rats induced by carrageenan starting at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kgBW, marked by a significant difference to the negative control (p<0.05). The 600mg/kgBW dose group showed no significantly different results from the positive control group (p>.05). These results concluded that the dose group 600mg/kgBW was the best dose of gamboge stem ethanol extract had an anti-inflammatory activity based on reducing the volume of leg edema of white male rats.
 Keywords: Asam Kandis Stem Bark; Anti-Inflammation; Male White Rats

Antibacterial and Phytochemical Screening of Artemisia Species

Taking into account the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, actual research focused on plant extracts is vital. The aim of our study was to investigate leaf and stem ethanolic extracts of Artemisia absinthium L. and Artemisia annua L. in order to explore their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Total phenolic content (TPC) was evaluated spectrophotometrically. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS. The antibacterial activity of wormwood extracts was assessed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enteritidis cultures, and by zone of inhibition in Klebsiella carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and Escherichia coli extended-spectrum β-lactamases cultures (ESBL). The Artemisia annua L. leaf extract (AnL) exhibited the highest TPC (518.09 mg/mL) and the highest expression of sinapic acid (285.69 ± 0.002 µg/mL). Nevertheless, the highest antioxidant capacity (1360.51 ± 0.04 µM Trolox/g DW by ABTS and 735.77 ± 0.02 µM Trolox/g DW by DPPH) was found in Artemisia absinthium L. leaf from the second year of vegetation (AbL2). AnL extract exhibited the lowest MIC and MBC for all tested bacteria and the maximal zone of inhibition for Klebsiella CRE and Escherichia coli ESBL. Our study revealed that AbL2 exhibited the best antioxidant potential, while AnL extract had the strongest antibacterial effect.

ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES - CAULIFLOWER, BROCCOLI

Objectives: This work aims to analyze the antibacterial and antifungal activities of cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower and broccoli. Methods: Cruciferous vegetables act as a good source of natural antioxidants due to their high levels of carotenoids, tocopherols, and ascorbic acid. In this study, two cruciferous vegetables, such as cauliflower and broccoli, were selected for antibacterial and anti-fungal studies. The stems, flowers of cauliflower, and broccoli were extracted with 125 mL of ethanol and water by Soxhlet’s apparatus for 6 h. Mueller Hinton agar and Sabouraud’s dextrose agar medium were used for antibacterial and antifungal activity, respectively. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of each cauliflower, broccoli stem, and flower extract were determined using a modified Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Standard antibiotics, gentamicin (25 μg/mL), and fluconazole (25 μg/mL) served as positive controls for antibacterial and antifungal activity, respectively. Results: Broccoli stem (100 μg/mL) ethanol extract produced higher antibacterial activity (13 mm) against Escherichia coli. Cauliflower, flower (100 μg/mL) ethanol extract produced higher antibacterial activity (13 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. Broccoli flower (100 μg/mL) ethanol extract produced higher antifungal activity (14 mm) against Candida albicans. According to the results obtained from this project, broccoli stems and flower ethanol extracts show very good antibacterial activity against Gram-negative microorganisms such as E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Similarly, cauliflower, flower ethanol extract shows excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus. Conclusion: Further analysis is recommended for the identification of active constituents responsible for these activities.

Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz Extracts Moderate the Expression of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: In Vivo Study to Clinical Propose.

Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz (LS) has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb by folk healers in Thailand with rare evidence-based support. Hepatic cytochrome P450s (CYPs450) are well known as the drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze all drugs and toxicants. In this study, we investigated the mRNA levels of six clinically important CYPs450, i.e., CYP1A2, 3A2, 2C11, 2D1, 2D2, and 2E1, in rats given LS extracts. Seventy Wistar rats were randomized into seven groups (n = 10). Each group was given LS stem ethanol (SE) and leaf water (LW) extracts orally at doses of 300, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg body weight (mg/kg.bw) for twenty-eight consecutive days. After treatment, the expression of CYPs450 genes was measured using quantitative real-time PCR. The results revealed that SE and LW, which contained quercetin and gallic acid, promoted the upregulation of all CYPs450. Almost all CYPs450 genes were downregulated in all male LW-treated rats but upregulated in female-treated groups, suggesting that CYP gene expressions in LS-treated rats were influenced by gender. Moderate and high doses of the LS extracts had a tendency to induce six CYP450s' transcription levels in both rat genders. CYP2E1 gene showed a unique expression level in male rats receiving SE at a dose of 2000 mg/kg.bw, whereas a low dose of 300 mg/kg.bw was found in the LW-treated female group. As a result, our findings suggest that different doses of LS extracts can moderate the varying mRNA expression of clinically relevant CYP genes. In this study, we provide information about CYP induction and inhibition in vivo, which could be a desirable condition for furthering the practical use of LS extracts in humans.

Biochemical Activities, In Silico Antifungal and Anticancer Activities of J. Excisa

Jatropha excisa (family Euphorbiaceae) is an ornamental shrub that grows in subtropics and tropics regions. In the present work J. excisa flower oil has been extracted and conducted for phytochemical, antifungal and anticancer activities. The present experiment shows that J. excisa seed oil contains proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, terpenoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, and saponins. The flower oil contains proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, phenols, cardiac glycosides, saponins and coumarins. The leaf ethanolic extract contains proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and coumarins. The stem ethanolic extract contains carbohydrates, terpenoids, tannins, coumarins and flavonoids. The root ethanolic extract contains carbohydrates, phenols, tannins, coumarins and flavonoids. The in silico analysis shows gossipidien acid, gossipifan and gossypiline from Jatropha has good antifungal and anticancer activities. Keyword : Anticancer activities, biochemical activity, flower oil, in silico antifungal, Jatropha.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extract Siwak Stem (Salvadora persica) Against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923

Infection is caused by bacteria, one of which is Staphylococcus aureus. Infectious treatment can use Siwak as natural plants (Salvadora persica), namely Siwak plants. Salvadora persica contains Saponins, Alkaloids, Tanins, and Fenols. This study is to know the antibacterial activity of Salvadora persica stems against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 growth. Extraction method using maceration with ethanol as a solvent. The group of extract compounds was identified using various chemical reagents. Salvadora persica stem extract was made in various concentrations of 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, and 50% by using dimethyl sulfoxide 2% (DMSO) as thinner. Chlorhexidine 0,2% was a positive control, and DMSO 2% was a negative control. Antibacterial activity test was obtained by diffusion method. Analysis data used way ANOVA test. The results ethanolic extract of the siwak stem contains a class of compounds: saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and phenols. The result showed that Salvadora persica stem extracts antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Antibacterial activity test against Staphylococcus aureus from laboratory culture showed an average of largest inhibition zone diameter on 50% concentration with 20,5 mm diameter and smallest inhibition zone at 6,25% concentration with 14 mm diameter.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extract Siwak Stem (Salvadora persica) Against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923

Infection is caused by bacteria, one of which is Staphylococcus aureus. Infectious treatment can use Siwak as natural plants (Salvadora persica), namely Siwak plants. Salvadora persica contains Saponins, Alkaloids, Tanins, and Fenols. This study is to know the antibacterial activity of Salvadora persica stems against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 growth. Extraction method using maceration with ethanol as a solvent. The group of extract compounds was identified using various chemical reagents. Salvadora persica stem extract was made in various concentrations of 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, and 50% by using dimethyl sulfoxide 2% (DMSO) as thinner. Chlorhexidine 0,2% was a positive control, and DMSO 2% was a negative control. Antibacterial activity test was obtained by diffusion method. Analysis data used way ANOVA test. The results ethanolic extract of the siwak stem contains a class of compounds: saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and phenols. The result showed that Salvadora persica stem extracts antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Antibacterial activity test against Staphylococcus aureus from laboratory culture showed an average of largest inhibition zone diameter on 50% concentration with 20,5 mm diameter and smallest inhibition zone at 6,25% concentration with 14 mm diameter.

Antioxidant Activity and Phytopathogenic Control of Extracts and Fraction from Struthanthus calophyllus A.C.Sm. (Loranthaceae).

Phytopathogenic microorganisms cause oxidative stress in host plants, thus affecting agricultural crops. Such stress could be controlled by antioxidant compounds from parasitic plants, given their antioxidant power. This article reports an evaluation of Struthanthus calophyllus antimicrobial activity and antioxidant mechanism by testing different polarity extracts. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against phytopathogens bacteria (e. g., Erwinia, Pectobacterium, Xanthomonas) using the agar diffusion method. Pectobacterium and Xanthomonas presented growth inhibition zones similar to streptomycin control. Antioxidant activity was determined by measuring total phenol content, DPPH⋅, and ABTS⋅+ radicals-scavenging inhibition percentage (IP). Most polar extracts presented 76,9-95,9 % IP, which correlates with its phenolic content. Besides, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in a V14-1 sub-fraction from stem ethanolic extract, chose one for highest yield percentage, highest metabolites presence, and antimicrobial activity, showed triterpenic compounds mixture (α-amyrin, β-amyrin and 24-methylenecycloartanol). Findings in this study are among the first reports for S. calophyllus, even the chemical characterization, that confirm its strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Further molecular composition research about parasitic plants could show how unknown compounds may combat pathogenic microorganisms.

Comparative study of potent anti-amoebic and anti-inflammatory activities of different extracts from Sida rhombifolia (L)

Background: Sida rhombifolia (L) is a medicinal plant from tropical regions belonging to the Malvaceae family and the plantea kingdom. It is known for its multiple pharmacological properties. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-amoebic, and anti-inflammatory potential of Sida rhombifolia aqueous and ethanolic leaf and stem extracts harvested in two localities of Cameroon (Yaoundé and Massangam in the Centre and West regions, respectively). Methods: The anti-amoebic activity was evaluated on a polyxenic culture of Entamoeba histolytica. A primary macrophage culture activated by Saccharomyces cereviseae (SC) was used to evaluate anti-inflammatory potential of the plant extracts. Macrophages were treated with different concentrations (1; 10; 100 and 500 μg/mL) of the extracts for the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production and 5-lipoxygenase activity. Methods: The anti-amoebic activity was evaluated on a polyxenic culture of Entamoeba histolytica. A primary macrophage culture activated by Saccharomyces cereviseae (SC) was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of the plant extracts. Macrophages were treated with different concentrations (1; 10; 100 and 500 μg/mL) of the extracts for the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production and 5-lipoxygenase activity. Results: No significant difference was found between the anti-amoebic activity of the ethanolic extract of Yaoundé (Centre region, IC50 = 7.71 μg/mL) and that of ethanolic leaf extract from Massagam (West region IC50 = 7.77 μg/mL) after 72 hours. Among the extracts, ethanolic leaf extracts exhibited the highest anti-amoebic activity after 72 hours of treatment. Metronidazole showed better activity (IC50 = 5.96 µg/mL) in the same periods of time. Phenolic compounds and flavonoid contents were higher in Yaoundé (Centre region) ethanolic leaf extract, proving that these extracts can prevent certain damages linked to a state of oxidative stress. The ethanolic extracts of the leaves significantly inhibited NO production and 5-lipoxygenase activity in macrophages (IC50 of 3.85 µg/mL; 3.99 µg/mL and 36.64 µg/mL; 73.22 µg/mL respectively). Conclusion: This preliminary study shows that the ethanolic extract of S. rhombifolia possesses better anti-amoebic properties and can act at the level of the intestinal mucosa in order to fight against the damage linked to the dysfunction of the inflammatory cells.