Intake Of Essential Fatty Acids Research Articles

Polyunsaturated fatty acids as modulators of fat mass and lean mass in human body composition regulation and cardiometabolic health.

It is now recognized that the amount and type of dietary fat consumed play an important role in metabolic health. In humans, high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been associated with reductions in cardiovascular disease risk, improvements in glucose homeostasis, and changes in body composition that involve reductions in central adiposity and, more recently, increases in lean body mass. There is also emerging evidence, which suggests that high intakes of the plant-based essential fatty acids (ePUFAs)-n-6 linoleic acid (LA) and n-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA)-have a greater impact on body composition (fat mass and lean mass) and on glucose homeostasis than the marine-derived long-chain n-3 PUFA-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In addition, high intake of both ePUFAs (LA and ALA) may also have anti-inflammatory effects in humans. The purpose of this review is to highlight the emerging evidence, from both epidemiological prospective studies and clinical intervention trials, of a role for PUFA, in particular ePUFA, in the long-term regulation of body weight and body composition, and their impact on cardiometabolic health. It also discusses current notions about the mechanisms by which PUFAs modulate fat mass and lean mass through altered control of energy intake, thermogenesis, or lean-fat partitioning.

Evaluation of Supplemental Fat Sources and Pre-Farrow Essential Fatty Acid Intake on Lactating Sow Performance and Essential Fatty Acid Composition of Colostrum, Milk, and Adipose Tissue

Evaluation of Supplemental Fat Sources and Pre-Farrow Essential Fatty Acid Intake on Lactating Sow Performance and Essential Fatty Acid Composition of Colostrum, Milk, and Adipose Tissue

Influences of Maternal Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Essential Fatty Acid Supply During Late Pregnancy and Early Lactation on T and B Cell Subsets in Mesenteric Lymph Nodes and the Small Intestine of Neonatal Calves.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers are known for their health-promoting effects in mammals and metabolic functions in dairy cows and are synthesized in the forestomach depending on essential fatty acid (EFA) intake. The current preliminary study investigated effects of a maternal fatty acid supplementation (MFAS) during late pregnancy and early lactation with coconut oil (CON, control), CLA (Lutalin®), or CLA + EFA (Lutalin® linseed oil; safflower oil) on plasma fatty acid composition and T and B cell subsets in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and the small intestine of 5-day-old calves. MFAS of CLA + EFA increased α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and n-3 fatty acid proportions in calf plasma fat on days 1 and 5 after birth (P < 0.05). On day 5, CLA and CLA + EFA calves showed higher plasma fat trans-10, cis-12 CLA proportions, and CLA calves had higher plasma cis-9, trans-11 CLA proportions compared with CON calves (P < 0.1). MFAS of CLA tended to increase CD4+ T cell subsets in MLN and increased CD21+ B cell subsets in ileal lamina propria compared with CON but decreased CD2+ T cell subsets in jejunal lamina propria (P < 0.05). CLA + EFA decreased CD4+ T cell subsets in MLN compared with CLA (P < 0.05). MFAS of CLA seemed to affect the intestinal adaptive immune system of calves, but additional EFA supplementations reversed CLA effects. Possible direct CLA and EFA effects or whether changes in milk composition affected this immune modulation must be clarified in further studies.

Impact of nutrient supplementation on maternal nutrition and child growth and development in Sub-Saharan Africa: the case of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements.

Micronutrient deficiencies remain common among women and children in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA); in pregnant/lactating women, the intakes of essential fatty acids may also be low. Enriching home‐prepared foods with small‐quantity lipid‐based nutrient supplements (SQ‐LNSs) is a promising new strategy of delivering additional micronutrients, essential fatty acids and good quality protein to women and children. This narrative review aimed to examine the impact of SQ‐LNSs supplementation among women and infants and young children in SSA, and to discuss the differential impact of SQ‐LNS consumption across different settings.Papers reporting randomized trials conducted in SSA in which apparently healthy women and/or ≥6‐mo‐old children received SQ‐LNSs were identified through electronic and manual searches.Prenatal SQ‐LNS consumption reduced the prevalence of low gestational weight gain in Ghana when compared with multiple micronutrients supplementation, and was associated with poorer iron/hemoglobin status when compared with iron‐plus‐folic acid supplementation. SQ‐LNSs received alone or as intervention package improved infant/child growth in two trials in Ghana and one trial each in Burkina Faso, Kenya, Zimbabwe and South Africa, but had no impact on growth in two trials in Malawi. SQ‐LNSs supplementation improved motor development in Ghana, Burkina Faso, Malawi, Kenya, and South Africa, but had no impact on language, socio‐emotional, and executive functions in Ghana and Malawi and on Griffiths’ developmental scores in Malawi.SQ‐LNSs may contribute to improving child growth in SSA. More research is needed to determine the iron level in SQ‐LNSs effective for improving both maternal hemoglobin/iron status and birth outcomes.

Composition of nutrients, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and microbiological quality in processed small indigenous fish species from Ghana: Implications for food security.

The triple burden of malnutrition is an incessant issue in low- and middle-income countries, and fish has the potential to mitigate this burden. In Ghana fish is a central part of the diet, but data on nutrients and contaminants in processed indigenous fish species, that are often eaten whole, are missing. Samples of smoked, dried or salted Engraulis encrasicolus (European anchovy), Brachydeuterus auritus (bigeye grunt), Sardinella aurita (round sardinella), Selene dorsalis (African moonfish), Sierrathrissa leonensis (West African (WA) pygmy herring) and Tilapia spp. (tilapia) were collected from five different regions in Ghana. Samples were analyzed for nutrients (crude protein, fat, fatty acids, several vitamins, minerals, and trace elements), microbiological quality (microbial loads of total colony counts, E. coli, coliforms, and Salmonella), and contaminants (PAH4 and heavy metals). Except for tilapia, the processed small fish species had the potential to significantly contribute to the nutrient intakes of vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids. High levels of iron, mercury and lead were detected in certain fish samples, which calls for further research and identification of anthropogenic sources along the value chains. The total cell counts in all samples were acceptable; Salmonella was not detected in any sample and E. coli only in one sample. However, high numbers of coliform bacteria were found. PAH4 in smoked samples reached high concentrations up to 1,300 μg/kg, but in contrast salted tilapia samples had a range of PAH4 concentration of 1 μg/kg to 24 μg/kg. This endpoint oriented study provides data for the nutritional value of small processed fish as food in Ghana and also provides information about potential food safety hazards. Future research is needed to determine potential sources of contamination along the value chains in different regions, identify critical points, and develop applicable mitigation strategies to improve the quality and safety of processed small fish in Ghana.

Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Total Fat and Fatty Acids, and Relationships with Personal and Family Factors in Spanish Children Aged One to

We aimed to determine the usual intake of total fat, fatty acids (FAs), and their main food sources in a representative cohort of the Spanish pediatric population aged 1 to <10 years (n = 707) who consumed all types of milk and an age-matched cohort who consumed adapted milk over the last year (including follow-on formula, toddler’s milk, growing-up milk, and fortified and enriched milks) (n = 741) who were participants in the EsNuPI study (in English, Nutritional Study in the Spanish Pediatric Population). Dietary intake, measured through two 24 h dietary recalls, was compared to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN-FAO) recommendations. Both cohorts showed a high intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), according to FAO recommendations, as there are no numerical recommendations for SFAs at EFSA. Also, low intake of essential fatty acids (EFAs; linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA)) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) of the n-3 series, mainly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were observed according to EFSA and FAO recommendations. The three main sources of total fat and different FAs were milk and dairy products, oils and fats, and meat and meat products. The consumption of adapted milk was one of the main factors associated with better adherence to the nutritional recommendations of total fat, SFAs, EFAs, PUFAs; and resulted as the main factor associated with better adherence to n-3 fatty acids intake recommendations. Knowledge of the dietary intake and food sources of total fat and FAs in children could help in designing and promoting effective and practical age-targeted guidelines to promote the consumption of EFA- and n-3 PUFA-rich foods in this stage of life.

Dietary Lutein, Zeaxanthin and Omega-3- Essential Fatty Acid Intake and Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in a Selected Australian Population

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the dietary intakes of lutein, zeaxanthin (L + Z) and omega-3-essential fatty acid(EFA) among a selected population of Australian based adults and to examine the effect of specified risk factors for age-related macular degeneration(AMD) on those levels. Methods A cross-sectional study involving 70 adults aged 19–52 years was carried out. Demographic data were obtained using an online self-administered questionnaire while dietary intakes were estimated using USDA's 24 hours recall questionnaire, the Victorian Cancer Council(Australia) food frequency questionnaire and anthropometric characteristics were obtained using a body composition analyzer. Dietary intakes of lutein, zeaxanthin, omega-3-EFA and anthropometric indices against the risk of AMD were established using descriptive statistics and Spearman correlation. Results The mean age of the population was 29.9 ± 8.1years with 51% men and 49% women. Women had a higher intake of L + Z (1908.6 μg/day versus 1032.8 μg/day) and alpha-linolenic acid(ALA) compared to men(1.7 ± 1.1 g/day versus 1.6 ± 1.2 g/day). Men consumed more omega-3-EFA than women (433 ± 397.1 mg/day versus 365 ± 210.7 mg/day). L + Z levels were higher among people of Middle Eastern and South Asian origin (&amp;gt;4000 μg/day) in the 19–25years age group. People of Middle Eastern, South East Asian and South Asian had the highest intake of omega-3-EFA(&amp;gt;500 mg/day) at ages 19–25, 26–32 and 34–52years respectively. Women aged 34–52years with a family history of AMD had higher levels of L + Z(&amp;gt;2500 μg/day) while women aged 26–32years with a family history of AMD had higher levels of ALA(&amp;gt;3 g/day). Ethnicity and L + Z were correlated (P = −0.456, P &amp;lt; 0.02). Higher levels of intake of L + Z (&amp;gt;4000 μg/day) were seen in participants aged 34–52years with a 5–10years residence in Australia. Participants who had less than 5–10years of residency had higher levels of omega-3-EFA(&amp;gt;500 mg/day) for ages 26–32years while those aged 34–52years who had less than 5years of residency had higher ALA(&amp;gt;4 g/day). Conclusions Intake levels for L + Z vary significantly among participants. Culturally specific dietary habits could feasibly influence the levels of intake of L + Z. Intake levels of omega-3-EFA were met. This study provides detailed intake levels of L + Z and omega-3-EFA for the ‘at-risk’ AMD group. Funding Sources No funding source.

The Role of Young Child Formula in Ensuring a Balanced Diet in Young Children (1-3 Years Old).

During the nutritional vulnerable period of 1–3 years of age, nutrient intake is often inadequate due to an unbalanced diet. Young child formula (YCF) has been proposed as a means of improving nutrition in this age group. We compared the food consumption and nutrient intake of 241 YCF consumers (YCF-C) to those of 206 non-consumers (YCF-NC), selected from among the children enrolled in the Nutri-Bébé survey, an observational cross-sectional survey, conducted from 3 January to 21 April 2013. Food consumption and nutrient intake were analyzed from a three-day dietary record. The YCF-C < 2 years group had a protein (−8 g/d; p < 0.0001) and sodium (−18%; p = 0.0003) intake that was lower than that of YCF-NC, but still above the respective EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) Average Requirement (AR) or Adequate Intake (AI). At all ages, the YCF-C group had higher intakes of essential fatty acids (p < 0.0001), vitamins C (p < 0.0001), A, D, and E (p < 0.0001), all B vitamins (p < 0.001) except B12, iron (9 vs. 5 mg/d, p < 0.0001), reaching the Dietary Reference Values (DRVs, AR or AI), but similar DHA and ARA intakes. Getting closer to the reference values proposed by EFSA required at least 360 mL/d of YCF. The consumption of YCF may help infants and children at risk of nutrient deficiencies to meet their nutritional requirements. However, protein, sodium, and vitamin A intakes remained above the EFSA DRVs, and DHA, ARA, and vitamin D remained below.

Value of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for infants’ health and development

The level of intake of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in pregnant, newborns and young children affects the quality of growth, state of the cardiovascular system, neurological and immune functions in childhood and later life. Child receives PUFAs through the placenta and with the mother's milk, and therefore the peculiarities of the mother's diet affect the supply of these fetal acids, as well as their content in breast milk. In the vast majority of countries with limited resources the use of docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids in pregnant women, infants and young children may be significantly lower than recommended. Numerous randomized, controlled studies examined the effect of additional PUFAs consumption during pregnancy, lactation and postnatal period on physical, psychomotor, speech and mental development of children, their behavior, visual acuity, cardiovascular function and immune responses. Available data suggests that the additional consumption of long-chain PUFAs for children on breast or artificial feeding does not improve visual acuity, physical development or speech development. Additional n-3 PUFA may also affect some aspects of motor development, cardiovascular health, behavior and immunity with a more positive effect on breast-feeding children than children fed with milk nutrition. There is also evidence that an additional use of n-3 long-chain PUFA, in particular docosahexaenoic acid and eicosopentaenoic acid may reduce the incidence or severity of the most commonly occurring diseases specific to premature infants.In 2013, the European Food Safety Authority considered adequate daily intake levels of double-stranded PUFAs for most infants and young children to be adequate: 100 mg of docosahexaenoic acid and 140 mg of arachidonic acid from birth to 6 months, 100 mg of docosahexaenoic acid from 6 to 24 months and 250 mg eykozopentaenovoy + docosahexaenoic acid later than 24 months of age.

Association of Delta-6-Desaturase Expression with Aggressiveness of Cancer, Diabetes Mellitus, and Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review

Background:The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ protein kinase B /mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) signaling regulates multiple cellular processes and organizes cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation with the available nutrients, in particular, fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are cytotoxic to cancer cells and play a critical role in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and diabetes mellitus (DM). PUFAs are produced in the body by desaturases and elongases from dietary essential fatty acids (EFAs), primarily involving delta-6-desaturase (D6D). D6D is a rate-limiting enzyme for maintaining many aspects of lipid homeostasis and normal health. D6D is important to recognize the mechanisms that regulate the expression of this enzyme in humans. A lower level of D6D was seen in breast tumors compared to normal tissues. Interestingly, the elevated serum level of D6D was seen in MS and DM, which explains the critical role of D6D in inflammatory diseases. Methods:We searched databases of PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), Google Scholar, Scopus and related studies by predefined eligibility criteria. We assessed their quality and extracted data. Results:Regarding the mTOR signaling pathway, there is remarkable contributions of many inflammatory diseases to attention to common metabolic pathways are depicted. Of course, we need to have the insights into each disorder and their pathological process. The first step in balancing the intake of EFAs is to prevent the disruption of metabolism and expression of the D6D enzyme.Conclusions:The ω6 and ω3 pathways are two major pathways in the biosynthesis of PUFAs. In both of these, D6D is a vital bifunctional enzyme desaturating linoleic acid or alpha-linolenic acid. Therefore, if ω6 and ω3 EFAs are given together in a ratio of 2: 1, the D6D expression will be down-regulated and normalized.

Age-Related Trends in the Diet of An Infant's Cohort in the Northeast of Italy from Six to Twelve Months of Age.

Complementary feeding is recognized as an important predictor of health later in life and is likely to affect the development of food preferences. This paper describes age-related trends in terms of energy, nutrients intake and dietary habits of an Italian infant sub cohort (n = 152), enrolled in Trieste. Infant dietary data, collected using a food diary at 6, 9 and 12 months of age, were used to estimate energy and nutrients intake using the Italian food composition database. Age-related trends were calculated using Page’s trend test. An increasing age-trend was observed in the percentages of contribution of macronutrients to total energy intake, with the exception of total lipids, which instead decreased over time. Most of the infants shared a low varied diet especially with regards to protein intake sources, represented mainly by dairy and meat products rather than pulses and fish. This could also account for the low intake of essential fatty acids (ω3) that play an important role in infant neurodevelopment. Moreover, non-commercial baby foods contributed more in terms of quantity, energy and macronutrients intake, compared with commercial products. Healthy eating habits should be encouraged during the first year of life, promoting a varied and well balanced diet at family level.

Empty Sella [Presenting as Hypopituitarism] and Platybasia Secondary to Essential Fatty Acids Deprived Diet. Proof of Basic Concept Study by Retrospective Analysis

Background: Universal concern is an increased prevalence of morbidity, mortality; with improper comprehension, the globe has implemented, non evidence-based medical practice, without therapeutic indication, therapeutic protocols, policies-contraception, abortion, annihilating human race by therapy, destroying germ cells with consecutive systemic inflammatory response syndrome, associated with decreased androgen oestrogen resulting in metabolic syndrome, increased neoplasms—due to lacuna of this comprehension—cholesterol was blamed, resulting in essential fatty acids deprived diet, promoting sunflower seed oil, refined oil, lipid-lowering agents prescription like water, for the past >40 years; the tragedy of this false concept of refined oil, essential fatty acids deprived diet, [against God-ordained marvelous cell metabolism, from cholesterol] resulting in degenerative diseases, defaulted genomic repertoire, as cause and effect phenomenon in the two following morbid, fatal case presentations; contraception, abortion is the culprit and not cholesterol which is the basic life moiety of cell membrane, cell metabolism governing steroid hormones-androgen oestrogen derived from cholesterol. Case 1: 76-year-old male, vegetarian, presented with lethargy, hypotension, unexplained hyponatremia, on fludrocortisone for 2 years. MRI detected empty sella; hence hypopituitarism with cortisol deficiency, resulting in hyponatremia was considered and with hydrocortisone replacement, patient improved. Low levels of LDL, HDL, suggested chronic [>40 years] deprivation of diet containing essential fatty acids had resulted in degenerative—empty sella status with hypopituitarism. Case 2: 17-year-old girl presented with headache, vomiting, feeble pulse; 6 months prior platybasia had been diagnosed and she had undergone corrective neurosurgery, to widen bilaterally, narrowed, base of skull foramina, to prevent compression on the exiting neurovascular bundles; urgent CT scan of brain confirmed significant narrowing of foramen magnum, compressing brainstem; she expired within 30 minutes secondary to brainstem edema. Low levels of HDL, LDL confirmed, long term [~16 years] deprivation of essential fatty acids intake, leading to decreased steroid hormone synthesis—including oestrogen—the surveilling hormone for cell metabolism, including skull base, having resulted in progressive Platybasia, compressing brainstem. Conclusion: Though both patients belonged to affluent society it was the sincere adherence to the false detrimental concept of essential fatty acids deprived diet, which was the cause and effect phenomenon of degenerative empty sella syndrome, ineffectual cell-bone metabolism presenting as platybasia.

Obesity and Preeclampsia: Common Pathophysiological Mechanisms.

Preeclampsia is a disorder specific of the human being that appears after 20 weeks of pregnancy, characterized by new onset of hypertension and proteinuria. Abnormal placentation and reduced placental perfusion associated to impaired trophoblast invasion and alteration in the compliance of uterine spiral arteries are the early pathological findings that are present before the clinical manifestations of preeclampsia. Later on, the endothelial and vascular dysfunction responsible of the characteristic vasoconstriction of preeclampsia appear. Different nutritional risk factors such as a maternal deficit in the intake of calcium, protein, vitamins and essential fatty acids, have been shown to play a role in the genesis of preeclampsia, but also an excess of weight gain during pregnancy or a pre-pregnancy state of obesity and overweight, which are associated to hyperinsulinism, insulin resistance and maternal systemic inflammation, are proposed as one of the mechanism that conduce to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, proteinuria, thrombotic responses, multi-organ damage, and high maternal mortality and morbidity. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that pregnant women that suffer preeclampsia will have an increased risk of future cardiovascular disease and related mortality in their later life. In this article we will discuss the results of studies performed in different populations that have shown an interrelationship between obesity and overweight with the presence of preeclampsia. Moreover, we will review some of the common mechanisms that explain this interrelationship, particularly the alterations in the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway as a crucial mechanism that is common to obesity, preeclampsia and cardiovascular diseases.

Interaction of Fads2 Genotype and Dietary Essential Fatty Acid Intake on Metabolic Risk in Mice

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play important roles in inflammation, cardiovascular, and metabolic function. However, controversy exists regarding effects of dietary PUFA intake on metabolic risk due to inconsistent results from studies in the literature. We hypothesized that some of this controversy results from variations in individuals' metabolism of dietary essential PUFAs, suggested by altered cardiometabolic risk profiles in populations with polymorphisms in a key PUFA metabolism gene, FADS2. To address this, we developed colonies of mice with global heterozygous knockout (low), wild‐type (WT; medium) or mild transgenic overexpression (high) of FADS2 expression. Mice were fed a standardized high‐fat (40% kcal) diet containing dietary essential PUFAs at ~7% kcals provided as mostly linoleic acid (18:2n6, LA; as corn oil; 57:1 n6:n3), α‐linolenic acid (18:3n3; as flax oil; 1:4 n6:n3) or a 50/50 blend of each providing 1:1 n6:n3 PUFAs. Effects on glucose tolerance were monitored over 4 months, followed by analysis of liver fat deposition and macrophage content. In mice with WT FADS2 expression, enrichment of a high‐fat diet with n6‐PUFA augmented glucose intolerance, weight gain, and hepatic inflammation; while n3‐PUFA tended to have the opposite effect. The same metabolic syndrome phenotype was augmented by high (transgenic) FADS2 overexpression and attenuated by low FADS2 (knockdown) expression compared to WT controls when dietary n3:n6 PUFA composition was balanced 1:1, demonstrating a potent influence of FADS2 expression on metabolic phenotype and hepatic inflammation. However, dietary imbalance of n3:n6 PUFA intake, either toward higher n3 or n6 PUFA intake, tended to mitigate the effect of higher or low FADS2 expression. Taken together, these results support a complex interaction of FADS2 expression and dietary PUFA intake on metabolic risk, prompting future study of FADS2 haplotypes as potentially relevant criteria for individualized dietary recommendations.Support or Funding InformationThis project is supported by AFRI Grant # 2014‐06594 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Relation Between Dietary Essential Fatty Acid Intake and Dry Eye Disease and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in Postmenopausal Women

PURPOSETo evaluate the relationship between omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids with dry eye disease (DED) and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).DESIGNCross-sectional study.METHODSPostmenopausal women (n = 439) underwent a clinical evaluation and completed the Vio Food Frequency Questionnaire to estimate their dietary intake of n-3s and n-6s. Subjects were categorized into 2 binary classifications based on whether or not they had (1) DED and (2) MGD. Mean intake of dietary fatty acids was compared with 2-sample t tests. Univariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios for each condition associated with each quintile of n-3s, n-6s, and n-6:n-3 ratios.RESULTSFor DED vs non-DED, there were no significant differences in n-3 intake (1.95 ± 1.47 g vs 1.92 ± 1.24 g, P = .86), n-6 intake (15.58 ± 11.56 g vs 15.44 ± 10.61 g, P = .91), and n-6:n-3 (8.30 ± 2.57 vs 8.30 ± 2.57, P = .99). For MGD vs non-MGD, there were no significant differences in n-3 intake (1.87 ± 1.35 vs 1.96 ± 1.39, P = .61), n-6 intake (15.26 ± 11.85 vs 15.62 ± 10.93, P = .80), and n-6:n-3 (8.35 ± 2.94 vs 8.28 ± 2.42, P = .84). The odds ratios (OR) for DED did not differ significantly from 1.0 for n-3, n-6, or n-6:n-3. High n-3 consumption (OR = 0.22 [0.06–0.78]) and moderate n-6 consumption (OR = 0.37 [0.15–0.91]) were associated with a decreased frequency of MGD.CONCLUSIONSDietary consumption of n-3s and n-6s showed no association with DED, but high n-3 consumption and moderate n-6 consumption were protective against MGD in this large sample of postmenopausal women.

Sposób żywienia nastoletnich pacjentów chorych na wrzodziejące zapalenie jelita grubego, chorobę Leśniowskiego–Crohna i celiakię a morfologia krwi

Wstęp: Pacjenci z przewlekłymi chorobami jelit często cierpią na niedobory składników pokarmowych.Celem pracy było wskazanie różnic w sposobie żywienia, podaży składników odżywczych i pokarmowych oraz wykazanie konieczności suplementacji w grupie nastolatków.Materiały i metody: Grupę badaną stanowiło 26 osób: 8 z wrzodziejącym zapaleniem jelita grubego (WZJG), 8 z chorobą Leśniowskiego–Crohna (CD) oraz 10 z celiakią. Były to grupy o równym udziale obu płci. Wiek pacjentów wynosił odpowiednio 15,57 ±2,50, 15,75 ±1,75 oraz 14,8 ±1,99 lat.Sposób żywienia oceniono na podstawie wywiadu o spożyciu z ostatnich 24 godz., wprowadzonego do programu dietetycznego Dieta 5d rekomendowanego przez Instytut Żywności i Żywienia. Uzyskane wyniki porównano z aktualnymi normami żywienia. W ocenie różnic stanu odżywienia wykorzystano pomiar masy ciała i wzrostu oraz morfologię krwi. Dane poddano analizie statystycznej przy użyciu programu Statistica 12, wykorzystując test T dla prób niezależnych względem grup.Wyniki: Spożycie energii we wszystkich analizowanych grupach jest niewystarczające. Grupa pacjentów chorujących na celiakię spożywała najmniej kalorii. Najwięcej różnic statystycznie istotnych wykazano pomiędzy celiakią a WZJG. Odnosiły się one do niższego spożycia białka ogółem oraz wszystkich aminokwasów z wyjątkiem lizyny. W tej samej grupie wykazano istotnie niższe spożycie witamin E, C, pirydoksyny, tiaminy i kwasu foliowego, a także prawie wszystkich składników mineralnych. Dodatkowo stwierdzono niższe spożycie niezbędnych nienasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych oraz skrobi i błonnika pokarmowego u pacjentów z celiakią względem CD i WZJG. Najmniej różnic istotnie statystycznych występowało między chorymi na CD i WZJG. Spożycie wapnia we wszystkich badanych grupach było niewystarczające, aby pokryć dzienne zapotrzebowanie. Analiza statystyczna wyników morfologii krwi wykazała istotną różnicę w ilości monocytów u pacjentów z chorobą Crohna i wrzodziejącym zapaleniem jelita grubego. Pomiędzy chorymi na CD i celiakię różnica istotnie statystyczna dotyczyła RDW-CV, natomiast pomiędzy pacjentami z WZJG a celiakią różnica dotyczyła wartości erytrocytów, hematokrytu i MCV.Wnioski: Na podstawie oceny sposobu żywienia i morfologii należy stwierdzić, że wszystkie badane grupy narażone są na niedożywienie. Kaloryczność diety chorych na celiakię można zwiększyć przez dodanie skrobi ze źródeł bezglutenowych. We wszystkich grupach należy włączyć suplementację wapniem i witaminą D na takim samym poziomie. Dodatkowo ze względu na brak pełnego pokrycia zapotrzebowania wraz z dietą należy rozważyć suplementację potasu, magnezu i folianów szczególnie w grupie celiakii i CD. W celiakii suplementacja powinna dotyczyć także witaminy E, cynku, żelaza oraz jodu. Podaż błonnika w celiakii może być niewystarczająca. Obniżenie ilości erytrocytów ihematokrytu może sugerować występowanie WZJG. Niższe wartości płytek krwi, a w szczególności RDW-CV (%), może zwiększać prawdopodobieństwo występowania celiakii, natomiast wzrost monocytów może być charakterystyczny dla CD.

Spatial and length-dependent variation of the risks and benefits of consuming Walleye (Sander vitreus)

Restricted fish consumption due to elevated contaminant levels may limit the intake of essential omega-3 fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n−3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22:6n−3) acids. We analyzed lake- and length-specific mercury and EPA+DHA contents in Walleye (Sander vitreus; Mitchell 1818) from 20 waterbodies in Ontario, Canada, and used this information to calculate the theoretical intake of EPA+DHA when the consumption advisories are followed. The stringent consumption advisory resulted in decreased EPA+DHA intake regardless of the EPA+DHA content in Walleye. Walleye length had a strong impact on the EPA+DHA intake mainly because it was positively correlated with the mercury content and thereby consumption advisories. The highest EPA+DHA intake was achieved when smaller Walleye (30–40cm) were consumed. The strong relationship between the consumption advisory and EPA+DHA intake enabled us to develop a more generic regression equation to estimate EPA+DHA intake from the consumption advisories, which we then applied to an additional 1322 waterbodies across Ontario, and 28 lakes from northern USA for which Walleye contaminant data are available but fatty acid data are missing. We estimate that adequate EPA+DHA intake (>250mgday−1) is achieved in 23% of the studied Ontario lakes, for the general population, when small (30–40cm) Walleye are eaten. Consumption of medium- (41–55cm), and large-sized (60–70cm) Walleye would provide adequate EPA+DHA intake from only 3% and 1% of the lakes, respectively. Our study highlights that mercury contamination, which triggers consumption advisories, strongly limits the suitability of Walleye as the sole dietary source of EPA+DHA to humans.

Refining low protein modular feeds for children on low protein tube feeds with organic acidaemias

Children with inherited metabolic disorders (IMD) who are dependent on tube feeding and require a protein restriction are commonly fed by ‘modular tube feeds’ consisting of several ingredients. A longitudinal, prospective two-phase study, conducted over 18months assessed the long-term efficacy of a pre-measured protein-free composite feed. This was specifically designed to meet the non-protein nutritional requirements of children (aged over 1year) with organic acidaemias on low protein enteral feeds and to be used as a supplement with an enteral feeding protein source. MethodologyAll non-protein individual feed ingredients were replaced with one protein-free composite feed supplying fat, carbohydrate, and micronutrients. Thirteen subjects, median age 7.4y (3–15.5y), all nutritionally tube dependent (supplying nutritional intake:≥90%, n=12; 75%, n=1), and diagnosed with organic acidaemias (Propionic acidaemia, n=6; Vitamin B12 non-responsive methyl malonic acidaemia, n=4; Isovaleric acidaemia, n=2; Glutaric aciduria type1, n=1); were studied. Nutritional intake, biochemistry and anthropometry were monitored at week −8, 0, 12, 26 and 79. ResultsEnergy intake remained unchanged, providing 76% of estimated energy requirements. Dietary intakes of vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids significantly increased from week 0 to week 79, but sodium, potassium, magnesium, decosahexanoic acid and fibre did not meet suggested requirements. Plasma zinc, selenium, haemoglobin and MCV significantly improved, and growth remained satisfactory. Natural protein intake met WHO/FAO/UNU 2007 recommendations. ConclusionsA protein-free composite feed formulated to meet the non-protein nutritional requirements of children aged over 1year improved nutritional intake, biochemical nutritional status, and simplified enteral tube feeding regimens in children with organic acidaemias.

Perinatal deficiency in dietary omega-3 fatty acids potentiates sucrose reward and diet-induced obesity in mice

Insufficient dietary intake of essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (N-3), especially during critical stages of development, is well-associated with negative neurological and metabolic consequences. The increased availability and intake of foods rich in saturated fat coincides with reduced N-3 consumption, yet how N-3 dietary deficiency during perinatal development modulates motivation for palatable food and interacts with a high-fat diet to affect body weight and emotional states is not clear. Pregnant C57Bl6 mice and pups were subjected to diets either deficient or adequate (control) in N-3 until postnatal day 21. Adult male N-3 deficient or control offspring were tested in a progressive ratio operant task for sucrose motivated behavior or given prolonged access to a saturated high-fat diet or chow followed by measures of energy balance and anxiety-like behavior in the elevated-plus maze and open field test. Brain fatty acid profiles were measured via gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Perinatal dietary N-3 deficiency lowered brain N-3 levels, augmented the rewarding effects of sucrose, heightened diet-induced weight gain and fat mass accumulation and diminished spontaneous physical activity. Finally, perinatal N-3 deficiency increased anxiety-like behaviour independent of diet in the open field but not in the elevated-plus maze test. Insufficient dietary N-3 during critical periods of developmental can amplify the obesogenic effects of saturated fat intake, enhance motivated behaviour for palatable foods and may elicit negative emotional states that can perpetuate overeating and obesity.

Nutritional status among adolescent girls in children's homes: Anthropometry and dietary patterns

Malnutrition is widespread among disadvantaged people in low-income countries like Uganda. Children and adolescents living in children's homes are considered an especially vulnerable group, and malnutrition among girls is of particular concern since it has intergenerational consequences. Virtually no information exists about the nutritional status of adolescent girls living in children's homes in Uganda. We therefore conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the nutritional status by evaluating anthropometric indicators, body composition and dietary patterns. Forty-four girls aged 10-19 years living in five children's homes participated in addition to a reference group of 27 adolescent girls from three boarding schools; both in the Ugandan capital Kampala. Height and weight were measured to assess anthropometry. Body composition data was obtained by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Dietary intake was evaluated with a food frequency questionnaire, calculation of dietary diversity score, and a 24-hdietary recall. The adolescent girls living in children's homes suffered from stunting (18.6%), overweight or obesity (18.6%), and were at risk of insufficient intakes of multiple micronutrients, especially of vitamins A, B12, C, D, E and calcium. They also had a low intake of essential fatty acids. Dietary diversity was low with a median score of 3 out of 9 food groups. Animal products were rarely consumed. The majority of girls in children's homes consumed a less adequate diet compared to the reference group, thus being at risk of nutrient deficiency-related disorders.