Centella asiatica is a perennial, herbaceous creeper plant that belongs to the family Apiaceae. It has been known since prehistoric times and has been used for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes (James and Dubery 2009; Gohil et al. 2010), and is easily propagated vegetatively. In 2018, plants of C. asiatica exhibiting foliar symptoms of mosaic and malformation were found in the botanical garden of the Plantarum Institute (Nova Odessa municipality, São Paulo state - 22°46'45.8"S 47°18'47.5"W) and in an experimental area at ESALQ/USP (Piracicaba municipality, São Paulo state - 22°42'26.0"S 47°37'48.6"W). In both locations the plants were grown in beds of approximately 4 m2 and all of them were symptomatic. Initially, leaf extract from symptomatic C. asiatica plants was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after being negatively stained with 1% uranyl acetate. Potyvirus-like flexuous filamentous particles were observed in leaf samples from both locations. TEM of thin sections of symptomatic leaf tissues revealed the presence of cylindrical inclusions, characteristic of infection by potyviruses, in the cytoplasm of epidermal, parenchymal, and vascular cells. Total RNA was extracted from symptomatic leaves collected in the Plantarum Institute (3 samples), and at Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (1 sample) using the Purelink viral RNA/DNA kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA). Reverse Transcription -Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using the degenerate primers CIFor (5'-GGIVVIGTIGGIWSIGGIAARTCIAC-3') and CIRev (5'-ACICCRTTYTCDATDATRTTIGTIGC-3'), which amplify a fragment of approximately 700 bp within the the cylindrical inclusion protein gene of potyviruses (Ha et al. 2008). Amplicons of the expected size were obtained for all four samples analysed. One amplicon per location was purified using the Wizard® SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System kit (Promega), and directly sequenced in both directions at Macrogen Inc (Seoul, South Korea). The nucleotide sequences obtained from the symptomatic C. asiatica plants collected in the Plantarum Institute (GenBank Acc. No. MT668627), and at ESALQ/USP (GenBank Acc. No. MT668626) showed 97.1% and 96.2% identity, respectively, with the nucleotide sequence of a Brazilian isolate of bidens mosaic virus (BiMV), family Potyviridae, genus Potyvirus (GenBank Acc. No. KF649336). To confirm the infection of C. asiatica plants with BiMV, the previously extracted RNAs were analyzed by RT-PCR using the specific primers 8331 (5'-CGTGGGGCTATCCTGAATTG-3') and 9046 (5'-CCACATCAGAGAAGTGTGCC-3'), which amplify a fragment of 715 bp corresponding to the BiMV coat protein gene (Suzuki et al. 2009). The expected size amplicons were obtained for all four samples of symptomatic plants of C. asiatica. The nucleotide sequences of two amplicons (GenBank Acc. Nos. MT668628, and MT668629), representing plants from each location, showed 94.6% to 95.6% identities with corresponding nucleotide sequences of the coat protein gene of BiMV from Brazil (GenBank Acc. Nos. KF649336, AY960150, and AY960151). A leaf extract of a symptomatic C. asiatica plant was mechanically inoculated to healthy plants of Apium graveolens, Bidens pilosa, C. asiatica, Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Coriander sativum, Nicotiana benthamiana, N. tabacum and Petroselinum crispum. C. asiatica became systemically infected, reproducing the original symptoms of leaf mosaic and malformation. N. benthamiana was infected and developed severe mosaic symptoms, whereas C. amaranticolor and C. quinoa reacted only with necrotic and chlorotic local lesions, respectively. Other assayed plants were not infected. Potyvirus-like particles were observed by TEM in the infected plants and BiMV infection was confirmed by RT-PCR. Transmission assays of the BiMV isolate by aphids Myzus persicae and Aphys gossypii to healthy C. asiatica plants were also performed. Virus-free aphids of the two species, reared on Capsicum annuum and Gossypium hirsutum respectively, were fasted for 30 min and then placed, separately, on symptomatic leaves of C. asiatica for an acquisition access period (AAP) of 10 min. After that, groups of six insects were transferred, separately, to four healthy C. asiatica plants for an inoculation access period (IAP) of 24 h. After inoculation the insects were killed manually. Approximately 30 days later, one plant inoculated with each species of aphid exhibited symptoms and infection was confirmed by RT-PCR and nucleotide sequencing of the amplicons. BiMV was absent in control, non-inoculated plants in both mechacial and aphid transmission assays. Infection of spontaneously growing C. asiatica plants by potyvirus, determined by TEM, was previously reported in Curitiba and Colombo, state of Paraná, Brazil by Lima Neto and Souza (1981), but the virus was not fully characterized and identified. In addition to BiMV, plants of C. asiatica are also suscptible to infection with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), as reported by Cardin and Moury (2010) in Madagascar. This is the first identification of BiMV naturally infecting C. asiatica. Additional works on effects of BiMV infection of C. asiatica on commercial production and pharmaceutical properties are required.
Read full abstract
Jul 10, 2023
Guilherme Prado Roitberg 
Open Access
