Escape Factor Research Articles

Pore formation model for direct laser deposition of Al2O3–ZrO2 ceramic

Pores are some of the most common defects that form during direct laser deposition of ceramic materials. A mathematical model of pore formation for Al2O3-ZrO2 ceramic was developed. The pore formation model, which was developed from the bubble escape factor, reveals the relationship between the movement of the solid-liquid interface of the molten pool and that of the bubbles. In the frontier region of the molten pool, with increasing laser power, the proportion of bubbles that escaped and the area from which bubbles escaped increased. With increasing laser power, the actual and theoretical porosity decreased from 80 % to 40 %. At the central region of the molten pool, the bubble escape factor increased with increasing bubble diameter under the same laser power. The theoretical porosity and the actual porosity decreased with increasing laser power. The pore formation model provides a basis for fabricating high-quality Al2O3-ZrO2 ceramics by direct laser deposition.

Assessing impacts of canopy 3D structure on chlorophyll fluorescence radiance and radiative budget of deciduous forest stands using DART

Although remote sensing (RS) of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is increasingly used as a valuable source of information about vegetation photosynthetic activity, the RS SIF observations are significantly influenced by canopy-specific structural features (i.e., canopy architecture including leaf area index and presence of woody components), atmospheric conditions during their acquisition (e.g., proportion of direct and diffuse irradiance) and observational geometric configurations (e.g., sun and viewing directions). Radiative transfer (RT) models have the potential to provide a better understanding of the canopy structural effects on the SIF emission and RS signals. Here, we used the DART model to assess the daily influence, from morning to evening, of forest 3D architecture on SIF nadir radiance, emission, escape factor and nadir yield of eight 100 m × 100 m forest study plots established in a temperate deciduous forest of the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (Edgewater, MD, USA). The 3D architecture of each plot was derived from airborne LiDAR. DART simulations of these 3D forest plots and their 1D (i.e., vertical profile of sun-adapted and shade-adapted leaves) and 0D (i.e., homogeneous layer of sun-adapted leaves above an homogeneous layer of shade-adapted leaves) abstractions were compared to assess the relative errors (ε1D−3D and ε0D−3D) associated with horizontal and vertical structural heterogeneity, respectively. Forest 3D structure, especially horizontal heterogeneity, had a great influence on forest nadir SIF radiance, resulting in ε1D−3D up to 55% at 8:00 and 18:00 (i.e., for oblique sun directions). The key indicators of this impact, in the descending order of importance, were the SIF escape factor (ε1D−3D up to 40%), the attenuation of incident photosynthetically active radiation (ε1D−3D less than 5%), and the SIF emission yield (ε1D−3D less than 2%). The influence of forest architecture on the nadir SIF escape factor and SIF yield (ε1D−3D up to 40%) varied over time, with differences in forest stand structure, and per spectral domain, being always larger between 640 and 700 nm than between 700 and 850 nm. In addition, woody elements demonstrated a large influence on forest SIF radiance due to their “shading” effect (ε up to 17%) and their “blocking” effect (ε ≈ 10%), both of them higher for far-red than for red SIF. These results underline the importance of 3D forest canopy architecture, especially 2D heterogeneity, and inclusion of woody elements in RT modeling used for interpretation of the RS SIF signal, and subsequently for the estimation of gross primary production and detection of vegetation stress.

Discrete anisotropic radiative transfer modelling of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: Structural impacts in geometrically explicit vegetation canopies

Solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) is a subtle but informative optical signal of vegetation photosynthesis. Remotely sensed SIF integrates environmental, physiological and structural changes that alter photosynthesis at leaf, plant and canopy scales. Radiative transfer models are ideally suited to investigate the complex sources of variability in the SIF signal to guide the interpretation of SIF retrievals from airborne and space-borne platforms. Here, we coupled the Fluspect-Cx model of leaf optical properties and chlorophyll-a fluorescence with the Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model to upscale SIF from individual leaves to three-dimensional (3D) structurally explicit canopies. For one-dimensional homogeneous (turbid-like) canopies, DART-SIF was nearly identical to SIF simulated in two existing models, SCOPE and mSCOPE (RMSE <0.221 W.m−2.μm−1.sr−1). DART simulations in geometrically explicit 3D canopies offered four important insights regarding the influence of vegetation structure on the multi-angular top-of-canopy SIF signal. First, changes in the 3D canopy architecture of maize crops, represented by leaf density (leaf area index), and plant clumping (canopy closure) had a larger impact on SIF than the modelled photosynthetic efficiency distinction between sun-adapted and shade-adapted foliage. Second, clumping of leaves at the crop and stand levels was identified as one of the key driving factors of multi-angular anisotropy of red and far-red SIF (686 and 740 nm) for both maize and eucalyptus canopies. Third, non-photosynthetic woody material had a significant impact on top-of-canopy SIF in modelled 3D forest stands. Wood shadowing decreased the photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by green leaves, and consequently the SIF emissions, by 10% in sparse and 17% in dense eucalyptus stands. The wood obstruction (blocking) effect, quantified as a relative difference of SIF escape probabilities from canopies with and without wood in the nadir viewing direction, decreased far-red SIF by 4–6% but it had a smaller and sometimes positive influence (by less than 2%) on red SIF. Fourth, DART 3D radiative budget profiles revealed that the majority of the SIF signal from a dense eucalyptus stand originated from the top 25% of the simulated canopy. Interestingly, the introduction of bark-covered woody elements did not alter the simulated balance and omnidirectional escape factor of red SIF in this upper canopy part but did raise significantly both of them in case of far-red SIF. These results demonstrate the importance of 3D radiative transfer and radiative budget simulations for investigating SIF interactions in structurally complex plant canopies and for a better understanding of spatiotemporal and multi-angular remote sensing SIF observations.

The Potential of the Synthetic Strigolactone Analogue GR24 for the Maintenance of Photosynthesis and Yield in Winter Wheat under Drought: Investigations on the Mechanisms of Action and Delivery Modes.

Strigolactones (SLs) have been implicated in many plant biological and physiological processes, including the responses to abiotic stresses such as drought, in concert with other phytohormones. While it is now clear that exogenous SLs may help plants to survive in harsh environmental condition, the best, most effective protocols for treatment have not been defined yet, and the mechanisms of action are far from being fully understood. In the set of experiments reported here, we contrasted two application methods for treatment with a synthetic analog of SL, GR24. A number of morphometric, physiological and biochemical parameters were measured following foliar application of GR24 or application in the residual irrigation water in winter wheat plants under irrigated and drought stress conditions. Depending on the concentration and the method of GR24 application, differentiated photosynthesis and transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, antioxidant enzyme activities and yield in drought conditions were observed. We present evidence that different methods of GR24 application led to increased photosynthesis and yield under stress by a combination of drought tolerance and escape factors, which should be considered for future research exploring the potential of this new family of bioactive molecules for practical applications.

The role of photon self-absorption on the H (n = 2) density determination by means of VUV emission spectroscopy and TDLAS in low pressure plasmas

The H (n = 2) atomic density determination by means of vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) emission spectroscopy of the Lyman-α line in laboratory low pressure plasmas is strongly affected by self-absorption of emitted photons inside the plasma leading to an underestimation of this density. A correction of the densities obtained from VUV emission spectroscopy measurements is performed by using the escape factor method. The corrections applied can reach orders of magnitude even in low pressure plasmas. Assumptions on the spatial distribution of emitting and absorbing particles as well as on the corresponding line profiles have to be made. Consequently, additional measurements are performed, which raises the requirement of a benchmark of the applied correction procedure. In contrast, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) on the Balmer-α line is a direct measurement of the H (n = 2) density and is thus suitable for a benchmark. For the ICP under consideration, H (n = 2) densities obtained via TDLAS are near 3 × 1015 m−3 whereas uncorrected VUV emission spectroscopy gives values in the range of roughly 1013 m−3 depending on pressure and applied RF power. The calculated escape factors are on the order of 2–8 × 10−3. An excellent agreement with TDLAS is observed by applying them to the results of the VUV emission spectroscopy.

Individual differences in avoiding feelings of disgust: Development and construct validity of the disgust avoidance questionnaire.

We developed and examined the construct validity of the Disgust Avoidance Questionnaire (DAQ) as a measure of people's inclination to prevent experiencing disgust (disgust prevention) and to escape from the experience of disgust (disgust escape). In a stepwise item-reduction (Study 1; N = 417) using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) based on a 4-subscale distinction (behavioral prevention, cognitive prevention, behavioral escape, cognitive escape), we selected 17 items from a pool of potential items. In order to incorporate the conceptual overlap between dimensions of disgust avoidance, focus (prevention vs. escape), and strategy (behavioral avoidance vs. cognitive avoidance), we specified an adapted model. In this model, we allowed each item to load on one type of dimension and one type of strategy, resulting in four overlapping factors (prevention, escape, behavioral avoidance, cognitive avoidance). Evaluation of this overlapping 4-factor model (Study 2; N = 513) using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed promising model fit indices, factor loadings, factor correlations, and reliability estimates for three of the four factors (prevention, behavioral avoidance, cognitive avoidance). Those three subscales also showed good convergent validity. In contrast, the results related to the escape factor may call the suitability of self-report to assess disgust escape into question. In light of the exploratory nature of the project, future examinations of the DAQ's validity and applicability to more diverse samples are essential. A critical next step for future research would be to examine the DAQ's criterion validity and the distinctive roles of the DAQ subscales in (clinical) psychological constructs and processes.

Numerical Study of Nonequilibrium Seed-Free Argon Plasma Magnetohydrodynamic Generator Using Collisional-Radiative Model

To examine the influence of radiative transitions on the performance of nonequilibrium seed-free argon plasma magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generators, we developed MHD numerical simulation technique with a collisional-radiative (C-R) model, where neutral argon atoms with 45 discrete effective electronic excitation levels, singly ionized argon ions, and free electrons were considered under a two-temperature, low-magnetic Reynolds number MHD approximation. Furthermore, a so-called escape factor was implemented in the C-R model to consider the effects of radiation trapping by ground-state neutral atoms. Using the developed technique, we computed the performance characteristics of a nonequilibrium seed-free argon plasma MHD generator. The numerical results showed that the generator performance gets higher as the escape factor decreases, i.e., the optical thickness for radiative transitions to the ground state of neutral atoms increases. The numerical results also suggested that when the escape factor is <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.0\times 10^{-3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> or less, the generator performance is almost the same as that for the escape factor of 0 corresponding to completely optical-thick plasma case for the radiative transitions to the ground state of neutral atoms. Furthermore, realistic escape factor values for resonance lines in the power generation channel were evaluated using a well-known estimation model. Consequently, the estimated values had the order of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10^{-4}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . We also showed that under such relatively optically thick plasma cases, a collisional (C) model and a widely used global ionization-recombination rate model with no explicit consideration of electronically excited-state neutral atoms can reproduce the generator performance predicted by the C-R model with relatively good accuracy.

P14.02 Expression and Significance of Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase on Tumor Cell and Tumor Stroma Compartments of Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), a human immune escape factor, especially in pregnant women, is a immune suppressor that protects the fetus from maternal immune rejection. IDO, the tryptophan-metabolizing enzyme, is an important regulator of tumor immune suppression through inhibiting lymphocytic functions, and is frequently increased expression in solid tumor. This aimed to expound expression and significance of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) on tumor cell (TC) and tumor stroma compartments (TSC) of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Patients with resected specimen from 2015 to 2018 in Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province were enrolled included in this study. The expressions of IDO (ab211017) in on TC and TSC of tumor tissue and adjacent tissue were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The results of staining were scored according to the intensity of staining with Fourtier system (level 0–3: negative = 0, weakest = 1, moderate = 2, strong = 3) and staining positive rate score: 0 (negative), 1 (1-25%), 2 (26-50%), 3 (51-75%), 4 (76-100%). Total score was the product of "intensity score" and "positive rate score". And grouping was divided into that < 6 was low expression group, while ≥ 6 was divided into high expression group. Three pathologists, who were blind to all clinical and biological data, performed and analyzed IHC. A total of 86 patients with resected tissue specimen available for IHC analysis were studied. The high and low expression of IDO were identified in 37(43.02%), 49(56.98%) and 12(13.95%), 74(86.05%) on TC of tumor tissue and adjacent tissue from LSCC patients, respective. And, the high and low expression of IDO were identified in 20(23.26%), 66(76.74%) and 45(52.33%), 41(47.67%) in TSC of tumor tissue and adjacent tissue from LSCC patients, respective. Patients with high expression of IDO showed significantly poorer overall survival than those with low expression of IDO (not reached months versus 57 months respectively) (p = 0.025) on TC of tumor tissue. In the same way, the high IDO expression were showed significantly poorer overall survival than those with low expression of IDO (not reached months versus 29 months respectively) (p = 0.025) on TSC of tumor tissue. IDO expression was higher in tumor tissues than in adjacent tissues. IDO expression not only on TC but also on TSC of tumor tissue may be useful for predicting the prognosis in LSCC patients. Further studies on the correlation between IDO and PDL1 and co-expression rates need to be carried out.

ANALISIS FAKTOR PENDORONG DAN PENARIK WISATAWAN BERKUNJUNG KE LABUAN BAJO, KABUPATEN MANGGARAI BARAT

Labuan Bajo is one of the 10 priority destinations, which the Govermment is currenty focusing on in developing both its attraction and facilities that support the sustainability of the tourism activities. To support this goverment policy, Labuan Bajo regional tourism actors must understand the needs of tourists and develop and maintain existing touris attractions, so that they can attract torists to visit. The purposes of this research are to anlyses the push and pull factors that motivate the tourist traveled to Labuan Bajo. The sampling technique used purposive sampling by distributing 100 questionnaires via google form to tourist who have visited Labuan Bajo. The data was used the likert scale model questionnaire which was calibated using the coefficient 0,5. The data analysis technique is descriptive quantitative using factor analysis and processed by the application SPSS 23.0 for windows. The data collection technique are interviews, observation, literature and questionnaires. The results showed were four factors that push tourists to visit Labuan Bajo, namely Escape, novelty, prestige, and looking for luxurious and exclusive places and seven factors that pull tourists to visit Labuan Bajo, namely hunting, culture and history, budget, facilities, ease to travel. , affordable food and beverage prices as well as cleanliness and safety of facilities. The dominant factor that push tourists to visit Labuan Bajo is the escape factor with an eigenvalue 2,029 with a diversity of indicators of 16,912%, while the dominant factor that pull tourists to visit Labuan Bajo is hunting with an eigenvalue of 2,554 and a diversity of indicators of 13,441%.

Development of High-Performance Cascade Arc Discharge Device for Applications to Plasma Window

We fabricated a cascade arc discharge source with a channel diameter of 8 mm for application to plasma window as an alternative differential pumping. Helium arc plasmas up to a discharge current of 100 A were generated, and the performance as the plasma window was investigated. The pressure ratio of high-pressure discharge section to low-pressure vacuum side was about 200 at a gas flow rate of 0.05 L/min. In order to characterize the plasma parameters around the anode electrode, vacuum UV and visible emissions of He I were measured. The electron density was determined to be 4 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">13</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> for a discharge current 100 A and a gas flow rate of 0.05 L/min, while the electron temperature was 0.11 eV. Moreover, the forbidden transition of He I 2s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> S- <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> P was observed. The effect of radiation trapping of He I Ly-α was studied by the intensity ratio of Lyα to forbidden line and the collisional radiative (CR) model. As a result, it was found that the plasma generated was optically thick with an optical escape factor of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> .

Interpretation of Lyman opacity measurements in JET with the ITER-like wall using a particle balance approach

Recent measurements of the Lyβ/Dα ratio in the JET ITER-like wall (ILW) divertor show comparatively more pronounced Lyβ reabsorption relative to previous results in JET with the carbon wall (JET-C). At the outer horizontal target ion current rollover point a Lyβ reabsorption rate of 60% is measured, increasing to 80% in more pronounced detachment, implying a Lyα reabsorption rate of 90%–98%. The radially resolved Lyβ/Dα measurements are used to constrain Lyman opacity corrections to atomic rate coefficients using the population escape factor technique in order to capture the local changes to the excited state population structure in the high Lyman opacity regions at and outboard of the outer strike point. To check the self-consistency of the Lyman opacity measurements, a detailed spectroscopic interpretation of the outer divertor particle balance is presented, in which the impact of opacity corrections to the Lyα inverse photon efficiency coefficients is assessed. A five-fold deficit in the estimated D+ source rate obtained with optically thin plasma assumptions is reconciled once the opacity corrections are factored into the Lyα photon rate to ionization rate conversion. The experiment results are reproduced in EDGE2D-EIRENE density scan simulations in which an imposed ad hoc Lyman reabsorption rate is recovered spectroscopically using synthetic measurements, and a similar shortfall in the D+ source rate estimates is reconciled using Lyman opacity corrected atomic data. The model limitations prevent a more detailed self-consistent analysis of the Lyman opacity impact on divertor parameters and detachment evolution, and hence motivate renewed efforts to re-establish routine exploitation of the photon transport modelling capabilities in the EIRENE code package. Lyman opacity corrections to atomic data coefficients are necessary for spectroscopic interpretation of the JET-ILW divertor plasma, with significant influence on the divertor plasma also a likely consequence of the presence of strong Lyα reabsorption. Finally, a scan of auxiliary heating powers spanning L-mode and H-mode conditions reveals a strong correlation of the measured Lyβ opacity with the outer target temperature, suggesting new possibilities for using Lyman opacity measurements in establishing detachment scalings.

Push and Pull Factors Influencing the Winter Sport Tourists in China: The Case of Leisure Skiers

The purpose of this study was to examine the push (i.e., socio-motivation) and pull (i.e., ski resort attribute preference) factors influencing the level of participation of leisure skiing in China. Leisure skiers ( N = 300) from a major ski resort in China participated in this study. Based on a comprehensive review of the literature and a test of content validity, a survey questionnaire was formulated to measure push and pull variables, demographic information, and ski resort participation frequency. Conducting multiple regression analyses to discover the relationship between push factors and skiing frequency, the escape factor was found to be influencing the skiing frequency most significantly ( p &lt; .05). Four pull factors including sceneries, condition of slopes and snow, training course feature, and cost showed different demand when the demographic backgrounds of participants were taken into consideration (i.e., gender, age, skiing frequency). Discussions are centered on the theoretical and managerial implications on procedures of pushing and pulling consumers to ski resorts at large and increasing skiing participation in China.

Stagnation-point heating of Fire II with a non-Boltzmann radiation model

The present work analyzes the stagnation-point radiative heating in the Fire II flight experiment by devising a collisional-radiative model with non-local absorption. In the stagnation-line flow-field calculations, a viscous shock layer method with a thermochemical nonequilibrium model is utilized. In the radiation calculations, a line-by-line method with the non-Boltzmann electronic populations is employed by adopting the quasi-steady state approach of the electronic master equation calculations. In constructing the electronic master equation, the best set of the electron and heavy-particle impact excitation rates is proposed to achieve better agreement with the measured radiative heating flight data. In the flow-radiation coupling procedure, the effect of the non-local absorption is modeled by devising an iterative process between the quasi-steady state electronic master equation and the radiative transfer equation calculations. Escape factors of the strongest atomic lines and the diatomic nitrogen vacuum ultraviolet systems with the non-local absorption effect are also proposed to more efficiently consider the non-local nature of the radiative transition. When compared with the experimental data from the Fire II trajectories, it is found that the present collisional-radiative model with the non-local absorption improves the ability to predict non-Boltzmann radiative heating.

Decrease in imprisonment of resonance radiation due to the broadening of the absorption line contour caused by the rotation of the plasma sphere

Imprisonment of resonance radiation in the spherical barium plasma rotating around its symmetry axis is numerically studied. Photoexcitation of barium ions at resonance transition with the wavelength λ0= 455.4 nm by laser radiation is modeled. A numerical algorithm allows one to calculate the emission spectrum and the Holstein's escape factor of resonant radiation using the afterglow intensity of rotating plasma. The full width at half maximum of the emission line is considerably wider than the one for the static medium, and the central frequency of emission is shifted to either red or blue wing of the spectrum. Location of the frequency of intensity maximum of the emission line unambiguously determines the projection of velocity of ions on the ray direction in the plasma. For rotational plasma, the imprisonment of resonant quanta decreases due to the broadening of the ion absorption line. The appearance of two qualitatively novel effects that distinguish rotating plasma from static one is predicted: 1) more facilitated diffusion of resonant photons to the medium surface and more facilitated escape of them out of it (effect strengthened escape); 2) presence of a velocity gradient along the sphere radius leads to “spreading” of the line over a wider frequency range, impeding free propagation of continual photons (effect of frequency band narrowing).

Escape of α -particle from hot-spot for inertial confinement fusion

Escape of α-particles from a burning or an ignited burning deuterium-tritium (DT) hot-spot with temperature up to more than tens of kilo-electron-volts is very important in inertial confinement fusion, which can significantly influence not only the hot-spot dynamics but also the energy gain. In this paper, we study the α-particle escape from a burning or an ignited burning DT hot-spot by considering the modifications, including the α-particle stopping by both DT ions and electrons with their Maxwellian average stopping weights, the relativity effect on electron distribution, and the modified Coulomb logarithm of the DT-α particle collisions. As a result, the escape effect from our modified model is obviously stronger than those from the traditional models. A fitted expression is presented to calculate the escape factor, which can be applied to a burning hot-spot with a temperature of 1–150 keV and an areal density of 0.04–3 g/cm2 with an accuracy within ±0.02. Finally, we discuss the α-particle escape effect on hot-spot dynamics and thermonuclear energy gain by comparing the results with escape factors from different models.

Opacity of Krypton X-ray lines in high-temperature plasma implosion

For accurate electron temperature and density diagnostics in laser high-temperature plasma implosion, opacity of Krypton (Kr) helium-[Formula: see text] and Balmer-[Formula: see text] lines are discussed, and ratio of escape factor of the two X-rays are calculated, both for Gaussian and Holtzmarkian profiles. Finally, the line ratios of the two X-ray lines are analyzed for optically thin and thick plasmas. Results indicate that for the Gaussian profile, the line ratio varies greatly with the opacity of the Kr helium-[Formula: see text] line, which provides excellent source for temperature and electron density diagnostics; while for the Holtzmarkian profile, the line ratio varies less with the opacity of the Kr helium-[Formula: see text] line, which can be used for escape factor diagnostics. This method is significant in accurate plasma diagnostics using X-rays under the condition of optically thick.

Optical emission spectroscopy and collisional-radiative modeling for low temperature Ar plasmas

Reliability of electron temperature and density diagnostics by an optical emission spectroscopy and a collisional radiative modeling is investigated by being compared with a Langmuir probe diagnostics for capacitively-coupled and inductively-coupled Ar plasmas in the ranges of electron temperature 1.2–2.2 eV and density 4.0×109−8.0×1011cm−3. Particular attention has been paid to radiation trapping and electron energy distribution function (EEDF) regarding the modeling. It is found that the two-temperature EEDF model gives better agreement of electron temperature diagnostics with the Langmuir probe measurement for non-Maxwellian plasma. The radiation trapping with an escape factor for finite size cylinder geometry reduces the discrepancy between the modeled and measured spectral line intensities compared to an escape factor for plane parallel geometry, specially for the optically thick 811.5 nm transition to the metastable level whose population depends on the diffusion rate.

Early assessment of antiretroviral efficacy is critical to prevent the emergence of resistance mutations in HIV-tuberculosis coinfected patients: a substudy of the CARINEMO-ANRS12146 trial

Background: In the CARINEMO ANRS 12146 clinical trial, HIV-tuberculosis co-infected patients in Mozambique were randomized to nevirapine (NVP) or to efavirenz (EFV)-based antiretroviral therapy to compare these two non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in treatment naïve patients. Methods: In this sub study, we explored the relationship of NNRTI concentrations with virological escape and the possible emergence of resistance mutations at week 48. The virological escape was defined as an HIV-RNA above 400 copies/m at week 48. Results: Among the 570 randomized patients, 470 (82%) had an HIV-RNA result at week 48; 54 (12.1%) patients had a viral escape and 35 patients had at least one major resistance mutation detected. Low drug concentration at weeks 12 and 24 (below the 10th percentile) were independently associated with virologic escape at week 48 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=2.9; 95% CI: 1.1 -7.2; p=0.0312 and aOR=4.2; 95% CI: 1.8-9.8; p=0.0019, respectively), and independently associated with an increased risk of emergence of resistance mutation (aOR=4.5; 95% CI: 1.8-14.6; p=0.009 at week 12; aOR=5.1; 95% CI: 1.8-14.6 at week 24). Receiver operating characteristic curves analyses indicated a better predictability of the mid-dose concentration and of the HIV-1 RNA values on resistance mutations in contrast to virological escape. Conclusions: Very low drug plasma concentrations early after treatment initiation (week 12) were predictive factors of virological escape and the emergence of resistance mutations at week 48, and early monitoring of drug intake may prevent the occurrence of late virological escape and the selection of vial resistance mutations.

해양관광 참가자의 체험요인, 체험만족 및 행동의도의 영향에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to examine how the experience factors of Marine Tourism experience participants influence to the experience satisfaction and behavioral intention. Data collection was conducted in Pusan metropolitan city as for five hundred fifteen marine tourism participants who had experienced marine tourism which had held around a beach. Entertainment, educational, and aesthetic factors among the experience factors of marine tourism participants were found to affect a satisfaction, but escape factors did not affect to a experience satisfaction. Aesthetic, educational and entertainment factors, among the experiential factors influenced behavioral intention but escape factor did not affect it. Third, the relationship between the experience satisfaction and behavioral intention was also found to have a positive effect. Through this study, various and differentiated experience factors should be provided in order to increase the satisfaction of marine tourism experience participants. In particular, realistic events which meet local characteristics should be developed to promote the local as marine tourism destination.

Multiphonon trap ionization transport in nonstoichiometric SiNx

It is generally accepted that the charge transport in dielectrics is governed by coulombic trap ionization due to a barrier lowering in high electric fields (Frenkel effect). In this paper, the charge transport mechanism in Si3N4 and nonstoichiometric silicon rich SiNx is experimentally studied and quantitatively analyzed with five theoretical models: Frenkel model of Coulomb traps ionization, Hill-Adachi model of overlapping Coulomb traps, Shklovskii-Efros percolation model, Makram-Ebeid and Lannoo model of multiphonon isolated traps ionization and Nasyrov-Gritsenko model of phonon-assisted electron tunneling between nearby traps. It is shown that the charge transport in Si3N4 and SiNx is qualitatively described by Frenkel effect, but Frenkel effect predicts an enormously low attempt to escape factor value. The charge transport at traps energies Wt = 1.6 eV and Wopt = 3.2 eV in Si3N4 and SiNx can be described by an increase in traps concentration in the framework of Makram-Ebeid and Lannoo model and Nasyrov-Gritsenko model. The Makram-Ebeid and Lannoo model quantitatively describes the charge transport in Si3N4 and SiNx with low silicon enrichment. The charge transport in nonstoichiometric SiNx with high silicon enrichment is well explained by Nasyrov-Gritsenko model.