Erythrocytes In Children Research Articles

The Metabolic Impact of Two Different Parenteral Nutrition Lipid Emulsions in Children after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Lipidomics Investigation.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) involves the infusion of either bone marrow or blood cells preceded by toxic chemotherapy. However, there is little knowledge about the clinical benefits of parenteral nutrition (PN) in patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy during HSCT. We investigated the lipidomic profile of plasma and the targeted fatty acid profiles of plasma and erythrocytes in children after HSCT using PN with either a fish oil-based lipid emulsion or a classic soybean oil emulsion. An untargeted liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry platform connected with a novel in silico annotation algorithm was utilized to determine the most relevant chemical subclasses affected. In addition, we explored the interrelation between the lipidomics profile in plasma, the targeted fatty acid profile in plasma and erythrocytes, several biomarkers of inflammation, and antioxidant defense using an innovative data integration analysis based on Latent Components. We observed that the fish oil-based lipid emulsion had an impact in several lipid subclasses, mainly glycerophosphocholines (PC), glycerophosphoserines (PS), glycerophosphoethanolamines (PE), oxidized PE (O-PE), 1-alkyl,2-acyl PS, lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPE), oxidized PS (O-PS) and dicarboxylic acids. In contrast, the classic soybean oil emulsion did not. Several connections across the different blocks of data were found and aid in interpreting the impact of the lipid emulsions on metabolic health.

Морфологічна характеристика еритроцитів сечі в дітей з еритроцитурією

Актуальність. Визначення походження еритроцитурії в практиці педіатра є важливим завданням, воно дозволяє сформувати правильний діагноз. Розглянуто можливість застосування фазово-контрастної мікроскопії (ФКМ) для виявлення гломерулярної та негломерулярної еритроцитурії. Метою роботи було визначення морфологічної характеристики еритроцитів сечі в дітей з еритроцитурією для покращення якості диференціальної діагностики. Матеріали та методи. Дослідження морфологічної характеристики еритроцитів сечі методом ФКМ проведено 73 пацієнтам віком від 1 до 18 років, із них 45 (61,6 %) хворим на гематуричну форму гломерулонефриту, 23 (31,5 %) хворим на спадковий нефрит та 5 (6,8 %) хворим на дисметаболічну нефропатію. Результати. У дітей із клінічно встановленим діагнозом «гломерулонефрит, гематурична форма» виявлено незмінені еритроцити в 44,4 % пацієнтів, у 42,2 % випадків еритроцити були дисморфними, і в 13,4 % випадків виявлено акантоцити. Серед дітей з еритроцитурією, яким було клінічно встановлено діагноз «спадковий нефрит», переважали пацієнти з дисморфними еритроцитами — 52,2 %, у 26,1 % хворих еритроцити не були зміненими, і в 21,7 % виявлено акантоцити. У дітей з еритроцитурією, хворих на дисметаболічну нефропатію, еритроцити осаду сечі були незмінені й простежувались кристали солей. Висновки. Метод ФКМ можна використовувати в сукупності із загальноклінічними методами в рутинній практиці для визначення подальшої тактики обстеження та лікування дітей з еритроцитурією.

Peroxidative degradation of proteins and lipids in undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia in children, Ukraine.

The aim of the study was to assess the state of lipid and protein peroxidation in children with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (UCTD). In this study, 63 children (33 children with UCTD and 30 children without UCTD were recruited and the indicators of lipid and protein peroxidation were measured. The enzymatic, colorimetric method was used to measure the level of total cholesterol (TC). The phospholipids were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization. Lipid peroxidation was studied by assessing the change of index and the end product of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA), using spectrophotometric method. Protein peroxidation - by the content of carbonylated protein based on 2,4 dinitrophenyl-hydrazones derivatization. The activity of the antioxidant defense system enzymes was assessed by measuring catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Our study revealed a significant increase of PPO products in the venous blood plasma and LPO products in erythrocytes in children with UCTD. Furthermore, an imbalance of the antioxidant defense system was observed in both blood plasma and erythrocytes membrane.

Structural-functional state of erythrocytes in children with chronic kidney disease

During Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) development and progression emphasis is placed on structural-functional state of red blood cells. The aim of this paper is to examine red blood values and red blood cells morphological type in peripheral blood among children with CKD. 75 children with CKD aged 5-16 years were examined. The control group consisted of 25 healthy children of the same age range. Analysis of the morphometric parameters of red peripheral blood cells - mean volume (MCV) and erythrocyte diameter, mean content (MCH) and mean hemoglobin concentration in the erythrocyte (MCHC), were performed using a Gobas Micros (Roche) hematology counter. Smears were marked according to Romanovsky-Giemsa. Morphometric studies of red blood cells were carried out using the Morphology 5.2 program and red blood cell confocal microscopy on a LSM-710 Confocal Microscope, manufactured by Carl Zeiss. The tendency to poikilocytosis in CKD was confirmed. We identified that among children with CKD the distribution of red blood cells in diameter is disturbed, the content of microcytes increases, poikilocytosis is observed with an increase in the content of irreversibly transformed elements. The revealed features may serve as an additional criterion for the diagnosis of chronic kidney insufficiency at the early stage.

ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ СОРБЦИОННОЙ СПОСОБНОСТИ И ПРОНИЦАЕМОСТИ ЭРИТРОЦИТАРНЫХ МЕМБРАН У ДЕТЕЙ И НОВОРОЖДЁННЫХ, ПРОЖИВАЮЩИХ В ЗОНЕ ПОВЫШЕННОГО РАДИАЦИОННОГО ФОНА

Objective: By studying the permeability of erythrocyte membranes (PEM) and the sorption ability of erythrocytes (SAE) to assess functional state of the biological membranes of red blood cells in children living in the area of increased radiation background. Methods: Indicators of SAE and PEM in the blood of 18 newborns and in 20 children from 3 to 5 years old, living in the area of increased background radiation were determined. The control group consisted of 38 children, living in areas with a natural radiation background. The SAE determined by the degree of absorption of methylene blue dye. PEM was determined by the degree of erythrocyte hemolysis in solutions with increasing urea concentration. Results: The rates of SAE in children living under normal radiation background were: in newborns – 37.1±0.2%; in children 3 years old – 37.4±0.2%; in children 4 years old – 37.6±0.2%; and children 5 years old – 37.4±0.2%. At the same time, children living in increased radiation background were found to have significantly increased levels of SAE: newborns – 58.8±0.2%; children 3 years old – 59.1±0.3%; children 4 years old – 59.2±0.2%; and children of 5 years – 59.0±0.3%. As in the children of the control group, in the main group changes in the values of the SAE level depending on age also fluctuated within the statistical error (p>0.05). When comparing PEM data, the children in the main group showed a significant increase compared to the children in the control group. Thus, if in newborn children of the control group, depending on the dilution of urea, PEM ranged from 5.6±0.5% in the I sample and up to 20.1±0.3% in the VI sample, in the main group – from 10.3±0.2% and to 59.3±0.9%, respectively. Similar dynamics were observed in older children: at the age of 3 years, in the control group – from 3.4±0.6% and to 23.4±1.6%, in the main – from 10.3±0.7% and up to 56.8±1.9%, respectively; 4 years of age, in the control group – from 8.2±1.2% and up to 25.2±3.0%, in the main – from 24.1±1.7% to 59.0±0.9%, respectively, and the age of 5 years, in the control group – from 7.5±2.2% to 22.5±2.5%, in the main – from 22.7±3.3% to 55.5±2.1%, respectively. Conclusion: Studies of permeability of erythrocyte membranes and sorption ability of erythrocytes in children living in the area of increased radiation background, revealed significant changes in the properties of erythrocyte membranes, indicating a high level of damage. Keywords: Newborns, children, radiation, sorption ability of erythrocytes, permeability of erythrocyt

Morphological and biochemical mechanisms of changes in buccal epithelocytes and erythrocytes in children suffering psycho-emotional stress

The article provides experimental data on the impact of psychoemotional stress on cytological, morphometric, immunological and biochemical indicators in 7–11 year old children. We examined 100 children of primary school age, who were divided into the main group (50 children who had been resettled from the combat zone) and the control group (50 children, who live in Ivano-Frankivs’k). We used morphological (light-optical and electromicroscopic) and mor phometric analysis of buccal epithelium and peripheral blood erythrocytes, biochemical methods for identifying the products of peroxidation of lipids, ceruloplasmin and ferritin according to widely used methods. Morphological methods revealed that under psychoemotional stress, the size of the nuclei and buccal epithelial cells significantly decreases, and their nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio changes towards increase in the share of cytoplasm, and the indicators of coefficient of buccal epithelial cell shape indicate significant deformation of those cells. Similar changes were observed in the erythrocytes of peripheral blood. In the blood, we observed an increase in the CD95+ concentration of lymphocytes. Clearly manifested changes in morphological and morphometric indicators of buccal epithelium and erythrocytes when there is an increase in the CD95+ level of lymphocytes indicate the development of a systematic apoptosis reaction of the studied cells in the condition of psychoemotional stress. Also we observed clearly manifested changes in the coefficient of erythrocytes’ shape, their size and perimeter, increase in the number of reversibly and irreversibly changed cells, which with increase in free radical oxidation, indicates disorders in the organism’s antioxidant protection system in general and requires a pathogenically grounded programme of treating complications related to psychoemotional stress among 7–11 years old children who were resettled fom the combat zone in Eastern Ukraine.

Altered erythropoiesis and decreased number of erythrocytes in children with neuroblastoma.

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a pediatric tumor presenting at diagnosis either as localized or metastatic disease, which mainly involves the bone marrow (BM). The physical occupancy of BM space by metastatic NB cells has been held responsible for impairment of BM function. Here, we investigated whether localized or metastatic NB may alter hematopoietic lineages’ maturation and release of mature cells in the periphery, through gene expression profiling, analysis of BM smears, cell blood count and flow cytometry analysis.Gene ontology and disease-associated analysis of the genes significantly under-expressed in BM resident cells from children with localized and metastatic NB, as compared to healthy children, indicated anemia, blood group antigens, and heme and porphyrin biosynthesis as major functional annotation clusters. Accordingly, in children with NB there was a selective impairment of erythrocyte maturation at the ortho-chromic stage that resulted in reduced erythrocyte count in the periphery, regardless of the presence of metastatic cells in the BM. By considering all NB patients, low erythrocyte count at diagnosis associated with worse survival. Moreover, in the subset of metastatic patients, low erythrocyte count, hemoglobin and hematocrit and high red cell distribution width at follow-up also associated with worse outcome.These observations provide an alternative model to the tenet that infiltrating cells inhibit BM functions due to physical occupancy of space and may open a new area of research in NB to understand the mechanism(s) responsible for such selective impairment.

The Analysis of Average Diameter of Erythrocytes in Children of Early Age with Pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Viral Infections

Development of inflammatory bronkholegochny process in children is followed by the permanent changes in system of an eritron aggravating finally the phenomena of a hypoxia of bodies and fabrics. Work purpose: studying of average diameter of erythrocytes at children of early age, patients with pneumonia and ARVI. Determination of average diameter of erythrocytes was carried out by a diffraction method on identical structure of chaotic objects at 36 children with pneumonia and at 41 children with a ARVI aged from 4 months till 3 years. The control group was made by 20 almost healthy children of the same age. During the sharp period of a disease the average diameter of erythrocytes was authentically increased both at pneumonia, and at a ARVI. Reliable difference of these indicators when comparing a toxic syndrome at pneumonia and a ARVI is revealed. Thus, at children of early age, patients with pneumonia and ARVI, in dynamics of a disease the natural changes of average diameter of erythrocytes having differential and diagnostic and predictive value are revealed.

Insulin Binding to Erythrocytes in Children with Type I Diabetes Mellitus before, and after Insulin Treatment

125I-insulin binding to erythrocytes was studied in 24 children with type I diabetes mellitus before institution of insulin therapy, and in 10 normals. Mean specific 125I-insulin binding in the diabetics was significantly lower than in the controls (10.2 +/- 0.4% (SEM), as against 11.6 +/- 0.5%, P less than 0.05). In 8 diabetics the study was repeated after 3-6 weeks of therapy, at which time the insulin binding had increased to normal (12.1%, range 10.7-13.6). No correlation was found between insulin binding and blood glucose, plasma insulin or plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate. We conclude that insulin binding to the receptors is altered in the early phase of type I diabetes.

Abnormal degradation of erythrocyte membrane proteins in Down's syndrome

HereditasVolume 106, Issue 1 p. 151-153 Open Access Abnormal degradation of erythrocyte membrane proteins in Down's syndrome M. GACZYNSKA, M. GACZYNSKA Chair of Biophysics, University of Lódź, 90–237 Lódź Department of BiochemistrySearch for more papers by this authorJ. ROSIN, J. ROSIN Institute of Occupational Medici, Department of Physiology, Institute of Fundamental SciencesSearch for more papers by this authorG. BARTOSZ, G. BARTOSZ Chair of Biophysics, University of Lódź, 90–237 Lódź Department of BiochemistrySearch for more papers by this authorJ. KeDZIORA, Corresponding Author J. KeDZIORA WAM and 4th Clinical Hospital*Department of Physiology Institute of Fundamental Sciences “WAM” Medical Academy Plac 9 Maja No. 1 90–647 Lódź. PolandSearch for more papers by this authorJ. JESKE, J. JESKE Medical Academy of LódźSearch for more papers by this author M. GACZYNSKA, M. GACZYNSKA Chair of Biophysics, University of Lódź, 90–237 Lódź Department of BiochemistrySearch for more papers by this authorJ. ROSIN, J. ROSIN Institute of Occupational Medici, Department of Physiology, Institute of Fundamental SciencesSearch for more papers by this authorG. BARTOSZ, G. BARTOSZ Chair of Biophysics, University of Lódź, 90–237 Lódź Department of BiochemistrySearch for more papers by this authorJ. KeDZIORA, Corresponding Author J. KeDZIORA WAM and 4th Clinical Hospital*Department of Physiology Institute of Fundamental Sciences “WAM” Medical Academy Plac 9 Maja No. 1 90–647 Lódź. PolandSearch for more papers by this authorJ. JESKE, J. JESKE Medical Academy of LódźSearch for more papers by this author First published: March 1987 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1987.tb00248.xAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Literature cited Asano, K., Osawa, Y., Yanagisawa, N., Takahashi, Y. and Oshima, M. 1985. Erythrocyte membrane abnormalities in patients with amyotrophic chorea with acanthocythosis. Part 2. Abnormal degradation of membrane proteins. J. Neurol. Sci. 68: 161– 173. Bartosz, G. and Kȩdziora, J. 1982. Aging of the erythrocyte. XX. Decreased red cell life span in Down's syndrome. Cell Biol. Inl. Rep. 6: 1119– 1122. Bartosz, G., Soszynski, M. and Kȩdziora J. 1982. Aging of the erythrocyte. VI. Accelerated red cell membranes aging in Down's syndrome Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 6: 73– 77. Gaczyńska, M., Bartosz, G., Rosin, J. and Soszyński, M. 1985. Proteolytic self-digestion of bovine erythrocyte membranes. Int. J. Biochem. 17: 1237– 1245. Kay, M.M.B., Goodman, S., Sörensen, K., Whitfield, C., Wong, P., Zaki, L. and Rudloff, V. 1983. Senescent cell antigen is immunologically related to band 3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 80: 1631– 1635. Kȩdziora, J., Hly7nacute;czak, A. J., Jeske. J. and Kański, M. 1972. Physicochemical properties and metabolism of erythro-cytes in children with Down's syndrome. Pol. Endocrinol. 23: 63– 70. Kȩdziora, J., Bartosz, G., Koter, M. and Leyko, W. 1982a. Erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase in Down's syndrome. IRCS Med. Sci. 10: 785. Kȩdziora, J., Koter, M. and Bartosz, G. 1982b. Influence of acrocentric chromosome G-21 on the structural changes of erythrocyte membranes. Stud. Biophys. 90: 119– 120. Koter, M., Kȩdziora, J., Bartosz, G. and Leyko, W. 1982. Down's syndrome: permeability of the erythrocyte membrane for spin-labeled non-electrolytes Experientia 38: 1447. Laemmli, U. K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227: 680– 685. Melloni. E., Salamino, F., Sparatore, B., Michetti, M. and Pontremoli, S., 1982. Cooperation between soluble and membrane bound proteinases in the degradation of β-hemoglobin chains in intact human erythrocytes. Archs. Biochem. Biophys. 216: 495– 502. Volume106, Issue1March 1987Pages 151-153 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Structural composition of blood erythrocytes in children with nephropathies.

Study of the structural characteristics of peripheral blood erythrocytes in the pathogenesis of nephropathies in children by means of automated recording of integral osmotic erythrograms and analysis of differential curves of hypoosmotic hemolysis showed decreased osmotic resistance of erythrocytes, which was most pronounced during renal dysfunction. A molecular model of possible modification of the erythrocyte membrane in the pathogenesis of nephropathies is proposed.

Structural and metabolic status and functional peculiarities of erythrocytes in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in children is accompanied by essential disturbances in the peripheral subdivision of the erythron system, manifested in enhanced cell polymorphism, imbalance in the composition of membrane phospholipids and their increased microviscosity, reduced lipoprotein concentration, and enhanced reversible aggregation. These disturbances are most pronounced during metabolic decompensation accompanied by ketoacidosis, which agrees with the hypothesis on their role in the development of vascular complications.

Detergent induced lysis of erythrocytes in kwashiorkor

The effect of the non-ionic detergent Nonidet P40 on lysis of erythrocytes in children suffering from kwashiorkor was studied. The concentration of the detergent causing 50% haemolysis was significantly reduced in these patients. Detergent haemolysis was more sensitive than osmotic fragility (which was reduced). The abnormality was only slight in marasmic children.

Insulin Binding to Erythrocytes in Children with Type-I Diabetes mellitus

Specific binding of [125I]insulin to isolated erythrocytes was investigated in four groups of children (A) Healthy children under 10 years of age (n = 20) (B) Healthy children over 10 years of age (n = 13) (C) Diabetic children under 10 years of age (n = 12) (D) Diabetic children over 10 years of age (n = 63). In addition, all diabetic children (n = 75) were subdivided into four groups according to the duration of diabetes. (E) less than 2 years, (F) 2--4 years, (G) 4--6 years, and (H) greater than 6 years. By means of a nonlinear regression analysis for the extraction of binding parameters (assuming a single receptor class model with independent receptor sites) and methods of variance analysis, statistically significant differences were observed for the receptor affinities Ka (10(8) l/mol) and the receptor concentrations X0 (nmol/l) between groups A and C, B and D, C and D, but not between A and B. The affinities of groups C and D were found to be higher than the corresponding values of groups A and B, whereas the receptor concentrations exhibited an inverse behaviour. A significant increase of the receptor concentration and decrease of the receptor affinity depending on the duration of diabetes could only be proved to exist during the first 2 years of the disease.

In vivo insulin sensitivity and insulin binding to erythrocytes in children: insulin resistance in obese children.

This aim of this study was to determine whether RBC insulin receptor assay represents a clinically useful way of assessing insulin sensitivity in obese children. Steady state plasma glucose (SSPG) was established by a constant infusion of glucose (6 mg/kg/min), insulin (0.8 mU/kg/min) and somatostatin (125 micrograms/m2/h), following the loading dose of somatostatin (125 micrograms/m2). Insulin binding to RBCs was measured by a modified method of Gambhir and was compared with SSPG. Of 21 children with various relative body weight, 8 hyperinsulinemic obese children had a decreased insulin binding to RBCs due to decreased receptor concentrations. The insulin binding was inversely correlated with the fasting serum insulin level and with the insulin area under the O-GTT insulin response curve. In 11 children with various relative body weight, a highly significant inverse relationship was found between SSPG and insulin binding. SSPG was also correlated with the fasting serum insulin level. It was concluded that RBC insulin receptor may quantitatively reflect insulin resistance in obese children, and may be a useful tool for clinical evaluation of tissue insulin sensitivity in children.

In vivo insulin sensitivity and insulin binding to erythrocytes in children

The aim of this study was to determine whether RBC insulin receptor assay represents an useful means for assessment of the clinical sensitivity of insulin. Steady State Plasma Glucose(SSPG) was established by constant infusion of somatostatin (125μg loading followed by 125μg/m2/hr), glucose(6mg/kg/min) and insulin(0.8 mU/kg/min). Insulin binding to RBC receptors was measured and compared with SSPG. Insulin binding to RBC was assayed by the modified method of Gambhir. Plasma insulin area was measured by GTT. A decreased specific insulin binding(SB) to RBC, due to reduced receptor concentrations was observed in hyperinsulinemic obese children. In 21 children with various body weights, SB was inversely related to fasting plasma insulin level (r=-0.651, p<0.01) and also with plasma insulin area (r=-0.547, p<0.01). A highly significant inversed correlation was noted between SSPG and SB(r=-0.807, p<0.005). SSPG was, also, correlated with the fasting plasma insulin level(r=0.669, p<0.05). It was concluded that RBC insulin receptor is an useful tool for clinical evaluation of tissue insulin sensitivity.

Characteristics of active sodium and potassium transport in erythrocytes in children with different stages of symptomatic uremia.

Erythrocytes from 15 uremic children aged from 7 months to 16 years were analyzed for adenosine triphosphatase (total ATPase and ouabain sensitive ATPase i.e. Na+, K+-ATPase), sodium and potassium ions and ATP concentration, in some cases before and after therapeutic measures had been undertaken. No correlation was found between the levels of Na+, K+-ATPase and serum creatinine and all uremic children had Na+, K+-ATPase levels within the range for normal children. The children with rapidly progressive uremia had higher activities of Na+, K+-ATPase at the corresponding serum creatinine concentration than those with slowly progressive uremia. Longitudinally the Na+, K+-ATPase activities fell and the erythrocyte Na+-K+ ratio increased in slowly progressive uremia. Introduction of a low-protein, high-energy diet giving accelerated growth did not change the Na+, K+-ATPase activities, the concentrations of erythrocyte sodium and potassium ions or ATP. Hemodialysis gave a slight increase of Na+, K+-ATPase and of the erythrocyte Na+-K+ ratio, whereas renal transplantation resulted in a remarkable increase of Na+, K+-ATPase activity and decrease of Na+-K+ ratio. A distinct feature of uremic children with hypertension was a low erythrocyte Na+-K+ ratio and a high Na+, K+-ATPase level.

A mild form of Menkes steely hair syndrome

careful monitoring of all urine collections in the hospital; absolute certainty of the blood cell source was based on minor blood group typing of the red cells in the urine. Minor blood group typing is particularly valuable when patients and their parents are of the same major blood group type. We suggest that this technique is preferable to the use of chromium 5 I-labeled erythrocytes in children when a factitious etiology of bleeding is suspected because of reduced radioactivity exposure, and because of the general availability of minor blood group typing techniques. The attentiveness and cooperation of all physicians and nurses is critical because parents frequently seek discharge for their child when suspicion by staff members develops? .3 Consideration of factitious hematuria in the differential diagnosis of hematuria may obviate painful and potentially harmful investigations as well as unnecessary courses of medications.

The Survival of Cr51-labelled Autogenous Erythrocytes in Children

This appears to be the first report of study of survival time of erythrocytes in children using the technique of Cr51-labelled erythrocytes in normal children. Previous studies of survival of erythrocytes in normal children have utilized adult donor cells and the Ashby technique. This study includes 32 children between the ages of 2½ and 17 years. The studies were continued at least until the radioactivity fell to less than half of the level in the initial specimen, in 15 of the subjects. The data indicate that the half-initial-radioactivity time of Cr51-labelled autogenous erythrocytes in children lies within the range reported for healthy adults. In 13 patients this time ranged between 25 and 40 days, and for the remaining 2 of the 15 followed until radioactivity fell to less than one-half of the initial specimen, half times were 24 days. These values are similar to the normal survival time of adult blood introduced into normal children and the survival followed by the Ashby technique.

Acute haemolytic anaemia with distortion and fragmentation of erythrocytes in children.

Acute haemolytic anaemia with distortion and fragmentation of erythrocytes in children.