Erythrocyte Indices Research Articles

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a risk factor for anemia of chronic inflammation (experimental research)

The aim of the study. In recent years, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been considered a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. The main consequence of NAFLD is chronic hepatic inflammation, which leads to dyslipidemia, inflammation, increased oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. Immune activation in response to interaction with agents of a metabolic nature induces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the liver, which subsequently cause iron сhomeostasis disorder. This leads to a frequent association of NAFLD with anemia of various etiology. In this regard, we considered it important to assess the severity of the systemic inflammatory response in NAFLD in the experiment in order to -diagnose anemia of chronic inflammation.Materials and methods. The study was carried out on 26 male Wistar rats, which were divided into control and experimental groups. In animals of the experimental group, NAFLD was modeled according to the generally accepted method. In order to assess metabolic disorders, we determined the main biochemical parameters, a complete blood count with the calculation of erythrocyte indices, the concentration of the main pro-inflammatory cytokines – interleukin (IL) 1, IL-6. Results. In laboratory rats with NAFLD, a statistically significant increase of intrahepatic enzymes in blood serum was found. The state of the erythrocyte lineage of hematopoiesis in the experimental group progressively worsened and caused the development of anemic syndrome. Synchronously, a statistically significant increase in serum levels of IL-1, IL-6 was recorded, which confirms the correlation of NAFLD with anemia of chronic inflammation.Conclusions. A high concentration of IL-1, IL-6 cytokines in NAFLD inhibits iron absorption in the duodenum, leads to the activation of macrophages, blocking the release of iron processed from aging erythrocytes into plasma. Further study of the mechanisms of anemia in NAFLD provides important therapeutic targets in the treatment of both NAFLD and its comorbidities.

#3627 PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE EXPOSURE AND SHORTENED LIFE SPAN OF ERYTHROCYTES IN RENAL ANEMIA

Abstract Background and Aims The lifespan of erythrocytes in patients with renal anemia is shortened (∼70 days) compared to that of healthy erythrocytes (120 days), but the pathological mechanisms and causes are unclear. Senescent erythrocytes express phosphatidylserine (PS) on their outer membrane, which is a signal for being removed by macrophages. The PS localization in the cellular membrane is mainly regulated by two transporters: flippases and scramblases. Flippases, type Ⅳ P-type ATPases (P4-ATPases), maintain PS localization in the inner leaflet by transporting PS from the outer leaflet of the cell membrane. When scramblases are activated, they facilitate equal distribution of phospholipids between the inner and outer lipid bilayers, resulting in the exposure of PS on the outer leaflet. Recently, we have revealed that reduced flippase activity contributes to PS exposure in healthy senescent erythrocytes [1]. In this study, we examined the percentage of PS-exposed cells and the transporter activity in erythrocytes from renal anemia to elucidate the mechanism of the shortened lifespan. Method This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tokyo Women's Medical University (#3835, #4822R2). Erythrocytes from the renal anemic patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis were separated with the centrifugation using Percoll-density gradient according to our previous report. Resultant heavy and light fractions were used as senescent and young erythrocytes, respectively. We analyzed the percentage of PS-exposed cells (n = 12), flippase/scramblase activities (n = 7), and the factors involved in those enzymatic activities such as intracellular K+ (n = 10) and ATP concentration (n = 9). We also measured protein 4.1a/b and HbA1c as an index of erythrocytes’ age. Results The cells from renal anemia were separated to heavy (senescent) and light (young) fractions, which was similar to the distributions previously performed on healthy erythrocytes. The PS-exposed erythrocytes in the heavy fraction were slightly more than those of the light fraction (p < 0.01, Wilcoxon test), and the flippase activity of the heavy fraction decreased more than that of the light fraction (p < 0.01, paired t-test). Intracellular K+ concentration decreased in the heavy fraction more than in the light fraction similar to the healthy senescent erythrocytes, but there was no statistical difference in the intracellular ATP concentration between the heavy and light fractions. The measurement of protein 4.1a/b and HbA1c in these fractions is still in progress. Conclusion Similar to healthy erythrocytes, reduced flippase activity contributes to PS exposure in senescent erythrocytes of renal anemia, maybe due to the decreased intracellular K+ concentration. This may occur in an earlier stage of senescence than the healthy ones, which may explain the mechanism of the shortened life span.

Erythrocyte indices in creutzfeldt–jakob disease predict survival time

AbstractBackgroundCreutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease caused by propagation of abnormally folded prion proteins (PrPSc). Some fluid biomarkers have been reported to be associated with disease duration in CJD. Based on studies which have found that prion protein (PrPC) played a role in erythrocytic hematopoiesis, we evaluated the association between peripheral red blood cell indices and survival time in CJD.MethodWe retrospectively collected data on peripheral red blood cell indices, including red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red cell distribution width (RDW), from 125 CJD patients. Cox proportional hazard models were generated to determine whether red cell indices correlated with survival time of patients with CJD.ResultOf the 125 included participants, 70 (56%) were male, and the mean age at diagnosis (SD) was 60.3 (9.5) years. Hemoglobin levels (hazard ratio 1.710, 95% CI 1.124‐2.600, p = 0.012) and HCT (hazard ratio 1.689, 95% CI 1.112‐2.565, p = 0.014) were significantly associated with survival time after controlling for sex, age, and Barthel Index. Red blood cell count, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and RDW were not associated with survival time before or after adjusting for covariates.ConclusionOur study found that Hb and HCT were significantly associated with survival time in patients with CJD. These results may inform evaluation of the mechanisms of interaction between prion disease and hematopoiesis, and indicate that Hb and HCT may be potential prognostic biomarkers.

Análise morfométrica de eritrócitos de vários pecuários criados no deserto de colistão

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to assess the influence of physiological exposure to erythrocyte indices; the morphometric parameters of the size of erythrocytes, as well as synergistic effects on the erythrocyte spectrum changes in various species being reared in different strip-wasteland conditions. We collected samples from 400 animals from the jugular veins and made 2000 blood smears, sample blood was taken by an expert veterinary doctor and transferred into an EDTA vacutainer. Blood smears were stained through the Pappenheim procedure and slides were photomicrographed under 100x objective. The parameters of morphometry of erythrocytes were largest in cattle after buffalo, sheep, while goats have the lowest one. The influence of age was significant p<0.05. The influence of sex was not significant in Cattle p<0.01, values of a parameter of erythrocytes were higher in young than in adults in sheep, goats, cattle, and buffalo. The size of erythrocytes in males was higher than females in sheep, goat, and buffalo but in cattle values of female erythrocytes were higher than in males. Further, gender, altitude, and age have a profound influence on the morphometric attributes of erythrocytes. It will be helpful in interpreting etiopathogenetic conditions in human beings and other animals.

A light scatter based model relating erythrocyte vesiculation to lifetime in circulation.

Methods for measuring erythrocyte age distribution are not available as a simple analytical tool. Most of them utilize the fluorescence or radioactive isotopes labeling to construct the age distribution and support physicians with aging indices of donor's erythrocytes. The age distribution of erythrocyte may be a useful snapshot of patient state over 120-days period of life. Previously, we introduced the enhanced assay of erythrocytes with measurement of 48 indices in four categories: concentration/content, morphology, aging and function (10.1002/cyto.a.24554). The aging category was formed by the indices based on the evaluation of the derived age of individual cells. The derived age does not exactly mean the real age of erythrocytes and its evaluation utilizes changes of cellular morphology during a lifespan. In this study, we are introducing the improved methodological approach that allows us to retrieve the derived age of individual erythrocytes, to construct the aging distribution, and to reform the aging category consisting of eight indices. The approach is based on the analysis of the erythrocyte vesiculation. The erythrocyte morphology is analyzed by scanning flow cytometry that measures the primary characteristics (diameter, thickness, and waist) of individual cells. The surface area (S) and sphericity index (SI) are calculated from the primary characteristics and the scattering diagram SI versus S is used in the evaluation of the derived age of each erythrocyte in a sample. We developed the algorithm to evaluate the derived age that provides eight indices in the aging category based on a model using light scatter features. The novel erythrocyte indices were measured for simulated cells and blood samples of 50 donors. We determined the first-ever reference intervals for these indices.

Analysis of Erythrocyte Indices and Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Equivalent in Iron Deficiency Anemia on Treatment

Assessment of treatment response is needed in the management of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). This study aims to analyze erythrocyte indices (MCH, MCV, MCHC) and Ret-He as indicators of IDA diagnosis and treatment response. A prospective cohort study in children ages 2-18 years old in orphanages throughout Makassar. Grouped into normal group and therapy group, consisting of IDA and iron deficiency groups. Elemental iron therapy 3mg/kg/day was given. Levels of MCV (fl), MCH (pg), MCHC (g/dL), and Ret-He (pg) were measured before and on the 8th day of therapy. The normality test of numerical variable data used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The statistical test used the Mann-Whitney test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank test, and the Kruskal-Wallis test. Diagnostic value and cut-off determination using ROC curve analysis. Test results were significant if p<0.05. The sample consisted of 40 subjects each in both normal and therapy groups. The therapy group was divided into 7 IDA and 33 iron deficiency. ROC IDA curve on MCV obtained a cut-off of 76 fl, a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 95%, NPP of 77.8%, NPN of 100%, MCH obtained a cut-off of 25 pg, a sensitivity of 100%, 97.5% specificity of 97.5%, NPP of 87.5%, NPN of 100%, Ret-He obtained cut-off 29 pg, sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 95%, NPP of 77.5%, NPN of 100%. MCV levels increased by 7.3% (p<0.05) while Ret-He increased by 19.6% (p<0.05) after therapy. The ROC curve coordinate on IDA showed that cut-off levels of MCV 76 fl, MCH 25 pg, and Ret-He 29 pg provided optimal sensitivity and specificity. Increasing MCV after therapy described increasing levels in erythrocyte and hematocrit synthesis. Increasing Ret-He after therapy described improving erythropoiesis quality. MCV, MCH, and Ret-He as indicators of diagnosing IDA. MCV and Ret-He monitor the success of IDA treatment response.

Analisa Perbandingan Hasil Trombosit Pada Alat Hematologi Analyzer Metode Impedance dan Metode Optik Pada Kasus Anemia Hipokrom Mikrositer (Berdasarkan Indeks Eritrosit)

Platelets have an important role in hemostasis, namely the formation and stabilization of platelet plugs. There are several methods in the counting of platelets. They can be carried out in a direct and an indirect manner. The direct method can be carried out in an automatic and automatic way. The automatic method uses an hematology analyzer which functions to measure and examine blood cells in blood samples. Counting the number of platelets is done automatically by two methods, namely optical and impedance which have different principles. The optical method is based on cell size and morphology, while impedance is based on cell size only. Hypochrome is a condition where the Hb concentration is less than normal so that the central achromia widens (> 1/3 of the cell) and there is a decrease in the color of the erythrocytes, namely an increase in the diameter of the central pallor above normal so that it looks paler. Microcyte is a condition where the cell size is smaller than normal. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in the number of platelets in the hematology analyzer using the impedance method and the optical method in the case of microcytic hypochromic anemia (based on erythrocyte index) with a descriptive analytical research design. The test used is the paired t-test with a total sample of 30 samples. The results of platelets using the impedance method have an average of 339.37 * 103 / uL with a standard deviation of 120.294. The results of platelets using the optical method have an average of 314.70 * 103 / uL with a standard deviation of 113.569. A significant value of 0.000 significant value of (sig. < 0.05) can be concluded that there is a difference between the results of platelets on the hematology analyzer using the impedance method and the optical method in cases of microcytic hypochromic anemia (based on erythrocyte index). Keywords : Trombosit, Hipokrom Mikrositer, Hematology analyzer, Impedance, Optik.

Anemia in women of reproductive age in current clinical practice and effectiveness of iron fumarate combined with folate

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and latent iron deficiency are common. The article describes the mechanisms of development, diagnostic criteria, the clinical presentation of the IDA. The current options for treating anemia with oral iron supplements and their indications, effectiveness and safety criteria.
 Aim. To analyze and prove the effectiveness of iron fumarate combined with folate for treating and preventing iron deficiency in women of reproductive age.
 Materials and methods. Sixty women aged 1847 with mild to moderate iron deficiency were examined. All patients received of iron fumarate (equivalent to 150 mg of elemental iron) combined with 1500 mcg of folic acid for 2142 days. Hemoglobin, ferritin, serum iron, and erythrocyte indices were measured.
 Results. In most patients, recovery from anemia was observed: an increase in hemoglobin by 2732% and ferritin by a mean of 35%, i.e., 1.67 times compared with alternative iron therapy (iron sulfate and gluconate). The rate of side effects was less than 4%.
 Conclusion. Co-administration of iron fumarate with folic acid has been shown to increase the therapeutic efficacy and has a high safety profile in patients with IDA (especially in pregnant women requiring additional folate supplements).

Erythrocytic, Enzymatic, and Histological Markers of Oxidative Stress in Subacute and Chronic Stage Infections in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei

Trypanosomiasis is a complex of diseases caused by a haemoprotozoan parasite of medical and veterinary importance. One of the leading factors that cause morbidity and death in trypanosomiasis is oxidative stress. The oxidative stress biomarkers in trypanosomiasis at the subacute and chronic stages of infection were investigated in this study. A total of twenty-four Wistar rats were used; the animals were placed in two groups: group A (subacute and chronic) and group B (control). The weight and body temperature of the experimental animals were determined using a digital weighing balance and thermometer. A hematology analyzer was used to determine the erythrocyte indices. Spectrophotometry was used to estimate enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione) activities in the serum, kidney, and liver of experimental animals. Liver, kidney, and spleen were harvested and analyzed for histological changes. The mean body weight of the infected decreased compared to the control (P < 0.05). The mean body temperature of infected individuals increased (35-37°C) compared to the control (P < 0.05). The erythrocyte indices of the infected and control groups indicate a significant decrease (P < 0.05). In erythrocyte indices, only MCHC indicated a nonsignificant decrease (P > 0.05). The SOD of serum shows a significant increase (P < 0.05), and no significant increase SOD (P > 0.05) in kidney and the liver SOD indicates a significant decrease (P < 0.05). The serum, kidney, and liver show a significant increase (P < 0.05) in CAT. The serum GSH from the findings indicates a nonsignificant increase (P > 0.05), and the kidney and liver GSH shows a significant increase (P < 0.05). The correlation analysis for SOD shows nonsignificant negative correlation for serum/kidney, and the serum/liver and kidney/liver show significant positive correlation. The result of CAT shows significant correlations for serum and kidney, serum and liver, and kidney/liver with a positive correlation. The GSH result shows no significant negative correlation for serum/kidney and no significant positive correlation for serum/liver and kidney/liver. The histological damage in the kidney, liver, and spleen was much higher in the chronic stage than in the subacute stage and no tissue damage in the control group. In conclusion, subacute and chronic stage trypanosome infection is associated with changes in hematological indices, antioxidants of the liver, spleen and kidney, and histological architecture.

Anemia and Erythrocyte Indices Are Associated With Neurocognitive Performance Across Multiple Ability Domains in Adults With HIV.

Anemia is linked to neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in people with HIV (PWH), but its impact within specific ability domains, and in diverse populations with HIV, is uncertain. Participants included 1339 PWH enrolled in observational HIV cohort studies with a mean of 3 comprehensive neurocognitive assessments over 30 months. Global and domain-specific neurocognitive function were assessed by the global deficit score and domain deficit score (GDS and DDS, respectively) or as GDS-defined or DDS-defined NCI (GDS ≥ 0.5, DDS > 0.5). Time-dependent associations of anemia or red-cell indices with neurocognitive function were evaluated by multivariable regression. The mean age at entry was 43.6 years (85% male, 23.9% Hispanic, 16.7% African ancestry by self-report, and 69.8% virally suppressed). Anemia occurred at entry in 297 (22.2%) and developed subsequently in another 129 (9.6%). Anemia (present in 26.8% of cognitively impaired PWH at entry) and lower hemoglobin were associated with higher (worse) GDS values; the association for anemia persisted after multivariable adjustment and in virally suppressed persons ( P < 0.0001). Anemia was also associated with reduced processing speed, motor function, learning, delayed recall, working memory (all P < 0.01), executive function ( P = 0.021), and verbal fluency ( P = 0.035), and these findings persisted in longitudinal analyses (adjusted P < 0.01 for all domains, except verbal fluency). Higher mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were associated with less impairment in learning and recall (all P < 0.05). Anemia in diverse and virally suppressed PWH associates with reduced neurocognitive performance in multiple domains, cross-sectionally and over time. The impact of identifying and treating anemia to prevent or slow neurocognitive decline in PWH should be prospectively evaluated.

Erythrocyte Index and Mentzer Index in Fathers of Thalassemia Patients

Background &amp; Objective Thalassemia is a blood disorder caused by genetic factors that cause the globin chain in hemoglobin to not function normally. It is the most common hereditary disease in the world and in Ciamis Regency in 2021 there were 191 patients. Thalassemia prevention is carried out by screening to identify thalassemia carriers. Hematological examination in the form of erythrocyte index (MCV, MCH, MCHC) and mentzer index has been known to determine thalassemia screening. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of erythrocyte index and mentzer index in thalassemia patient's father. Method The method used in this study is descriptive method. The population in this study were members of POPTI (Parents Association of Thalassemia Patients) Ciamis Regency. The sample in this study were 30 samples. Result Based on the results of the study obtained the results of erythrocyte index (MCV, MCH) low (MCHC) normal and Mentzer index obtained the results of 20 samples (66%) suspected as thalassemia carrier, 5 samples (17%) suspected iron deficiency anemia and according to the reference value there were 5 samples (17%). Conclusion The results of a study conducted on 30 fathers of thalassemia patients showed that 83% of fathers of thalassemia patients had MCV and MCH values below the normal threshold and 73% had normal MCHC values. Furthermore, from the results of the Mentzer index examination, it is known that 66% of the fathers of thalassemia patients are suspected of having minor thalassemia, 17% are suspected of having iron deficiency anemia disorders and 17% have a normal Mentzer index.

Effect of Mineral Mixture Supplementation on Haemato-biochemical Parameters of Anoestrus Cows in Winter and Summer Season

Background: livestock is mainly reared under a crop livestock integrated farming system and mineral supplementation is not common practice. Out of all nutrients, minerals and vitamins play a crucial role in metabolism, lactation, reproduction and even for microbial fermentation in rumen. Considering the mineral deficiencies in particular zones, the area specific mineral mixtures (ASMM) were formulated for various zones and also found various limiting nutrients in different zones of MP. The current study was planned to find out the effect of mineral mixture supplementation on body weight, body condition score and haemato-biochemical profile of non-descript anoestrus cows. Methods: A total-forty-eight animal were selected out of the surveyed animals and divided into four groups (n=12) viz. T1 (Normal cyclic animals), T2 (Anoestrus Control), T3 (True anoestrus) and T4 (Sub-oestrus). The experiments were carried out in two seasons (summer and winter). All physiological and hemato-biochemical parameters were recorded and analyzed as per standard mentioned protocol. Result: According to the findings of this experiment weight gain the animals of the true anoestrus and sub-oestrus group’s recorded highly significant increases in the winter and summer seasons. The haemoglobin concentration was within the normal range and it was non-significant in all groups except normal cyclic animal (T1) in winter and true anoestrous (T3) in summer after the mineral supplementation. There was no significant difference in the WBC count of all groups except in sub-oestrous control (T2S) and T1 in the winter season. RBC concentration was non-significant in almost all groups. Erythrocytic indices were the normal limits and did not differ significantly in the majority of groups except significant difference showed are MCHC in T3, MCH in T2S, MCV in T1 of winter seasons and were within normal range in all supplemented groups in both. The serum cholesterol concentration showed significantly higher value in the winter and summer season of T3 group. However, in sub-estrous (T4 group) animals, the values in the winter season were significantly higher. We observed significantly higher values of triglycerides in T3 and T4 groups in winter and T3, T4 and T1 groups in summer seasons. The above results indicate the beneficial effects of mineral mixtures in supplement groups. Studies conclude that the supplementation of mineral mixtures can improve reproductive efficiency in non-descript anoestrus cows.

Changes in red blood cells associated with the development of cardiovascular complications in patients with COVID-19 coronavirus infection

The purpose of the review is to highlight the most significant changes in the parameters of red blood cells associated with the development of thrombosis in patients with coronavirus infection. A search was carried out using keywords in the databases Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed according to literary sources of the last 3 years on changes in erythrocyte indices associated with thrombosis against the background of COVID-19 infection. Information is presented on the main shifts in red blood indicators during SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with the development of thrombosis: virus attachment and amplification of viral proteins in erythropoiesis progenitor cells; activation of stress erythropoiesis with an increase in nuclear erythrocyte cell content up to 45 %; activation of band 3 protein oxidation with its excessive cleavage, oxidation and cleavage of alpha-chains of spectrin, ankyrin; changes in the lipid architecture of the membrane and a decrease in the activity of erythrocyte antioxidant activity, which mediate violations of cell deformability and impaired release of ATP; a decrease in the ability of erythrocytes to secrete nitric oxide; a decrease in the level of sphingolipids of the erythrocyte membrane; excessive production of microvesicles with tissue factor; an increase in the rigidity of erythrocytes with impaired release of intra-erythrocyte nitric oxide due to an attack by the SARS-CoV-2 virus 1-hemoglobin beta chain and porphyrin capture with potential heme inhibition; an increase in activated complement components C3b and C4d, immunoglobulin IgG expression on erythrocyte surface, which worsens cell deformability; attachment of erythrocytes through Toll-like receptor 9 to neutrophil extracellular traps, which promotes thrombosis; increased presentation of phosphatidylcholine on erythrocyte membranes, which facilitates the assembly of the tenase complex and prothrombinase complex, contributing to the production of thrombin, an increase in intracellular calcium levels with stimulation of the formation of microvesicles with prothrombotic potential; activation of oxidative stress in erythrocytes under conditions of hypoxia with generation of reactive oxygen species, hemoglobin autooxidation. Conclusions. The data obtained indicate the active role of erythrocytes in the development of intravascular disorders and microcirculation disorders with the risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with COVID-19. Probably, the involvement of red blood cells causes the development of systemic hypoxia in those patients. A detailed study of the identified shifts makes it possible to identify new targets for therapy and improve the prognosis of patients with COVID-19.

Seasonal changes in blood rheology in little ground squirrels.

The annual cycle of small ground squirrels (Spermophilus pygmaeus) consists of 2 periods: wakefulness (spring-autumn) and hibernation (winter). During the active period, ground squirrels breed (spring), accumulate fat reserves (summer) and prepare for hibernation (autumn). We suppose that the rheological properties of blood and the deformability of erythrocytes can change in different seasons of the animal's wakefulness period to adequately provide tissues with oxygen. The aim of this study was to identify possible adaptive changes in erythrocyte deformability and erythrocyte indices in ground squirrels during their active period. The deformability of erythrocytes was studied by ektacytometry in an osmotic gradient. It was found that in spring, after the arousal of ground squirrels, erythrocytes have the highest deformability (El_max), hydration (O_hyper), water permeability (El_min) and osmotic stability (∆O). In summer, compared with spring, the deformability of erythrocytes decreases, and the average volume of erythrocytes (MCV) also decreases. In autumn, before hibernation, the integral deformability of erythrocytes, their hydration, as well as the range of osmotic stability of erythrocytes increases relative to the summer period. In summer and autumn, in contrast to spring, the average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte (MCHC) increases. At low shear stress (1 Pa) in summer and autumn, osmoscan becomes a pronounced polymodal form, indicating a change in the viscoelastic properties of ground squirrel erythrocyte membranes. Thus, for the first time, we discovered seasonal variability in the deformability of ground squirrel erythrocytes, which is consistent with the spring-summer activity of animals and preparation for hibernation.

Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia Among Children 3 to 59 Months of Age in Kinondoni Municipal, Dar es Salaam: A Facility-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Iron deficiency with subsequent iron deficiency anemia is the most common micronutrient disorder in children below 5 years of age worldwide. The developing countries bear more weight on the problem as the result of multifactorial factors including but not limited to recurrent infections such as malaria, helminths infestation, and inadequate food security. However, its magnitude in children living in Kinondoni Municipal in Dar es salaam is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia and how it is contributed by the presence ofiron deficiency among children between 3-59months of age in the above-mentioned setting. Methods: A facility-based cross-section study was conducted among children 3-59months attending Reproductive and Child Health Services at Kairuki, Sinza Hospital, and Kambangwa dispensary. Children who met the criteria, their basic social demographic information, complete blood count and differentials as well as blood ferritin levels were collected to assess the level of anemia, erythrocytic indices, and iron deficiency. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS version 22). The magnitude of anemia and iron deficiencies were presented in percentages, and the relationship between hemoglobin and blood ferritin was assessed using Spearman’s correlation test for two continuous variables. The p-value of less or equal to 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 350 children were recruited for the study, 255 Children (72.9%) were anemic. Children below 24 months of age were more anemic compared to the older age group (X2 = 50, p &lt;0.001). Furthermore, anemia was significantly associated with low ferritin levels (X2 = 65, p &lt;0.001). Iron deficiency was found in 156 (44.6%) participants while iron deficiency anemia (low MCV, low ferritin, and low hemoglobin) was found in 138 (39.4%) participants. However, among 255 participants with anemia, 147(65.3%) had iron deficiency. There was a significant positive correlation between hemoglobin and blood ferritin levels (Spearman’s correlation coefficient = 0.6; p&lt;0.01. Conclusion: Prevalence of anemia was high among children and was highly associated with younger age and iron deficiency. To overcome this problem, appropriate interventions such as massive promotion of breastfeeding, appropriate complementary feeding, and ensuring food security are warranted.

Examining the Prevalence of Iron-deficiency Anemia in Children with Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Admitted to the Pediatric Heart Department of Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad between 2011 and 2019: A Cross-sectional Observational Study

Introduction: This study was performed to investigate the frequency of iron-deficiency anemia and some related factors in children with cyanotic congenital heart disease between 2011 and 2019 in Mashhad City, Iran. Method: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted with a consensus method on children under 14 years of age. The samples were diagnosed with cyanotic congenital heart disease in the pediatric heart department of Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad and had an oxygen saturation of less than 94%. The information from the patients' files was recorded in the questionnaire. The studied children were divided into five age groups to evaluate iron-deficiency anemia. The mean and lower limit of normal erythrocyte indices were determined, and the patients with anemia were identified based on mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and red blood cell distribution width (RDW). The data were statistically analyzed in SPSS23 software using Chi-square and Mann-Whitney statistical tests. A significance level of 0.05 was considered. Results: Among 250 examined patients, 90 cases were included in the study (54 boys and 36 girls). Angiography was the reason for half of these patients' referral to the hospital. The highest frequency was related to patients with tetralogy of Fallot (40%). The frequency rates of iron-deficiency anemia based on MCV and MCH erythrocyte indices were 10% and 17.8%, respectively. Moreover, 64.4% of patients had increased RDW levels. Cyanosis attacks were reported positive in 85.4% of the studied population. Of note, the frequency of cyanosis attacks was not significantly different in the two gender groups (P&lt;0.494). Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia, especially in children with congenital heart disease, the treatment of this disorder is necessary for all such children and should not be neglected

The dermal toxicity of an antiseptic preparation as determined by the different research methods

The article presents the results of the study of acute and subacute skin toxicity of an antiseptic ointment based on ichthyol. The research was conducted using the classic method and according to the methodology of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD No. 410). The study of the dermal toxicity of the product under study by the classic method showed that long-term use of the drug in animals of the experimental groups did not cause significant changes in the concentration of hemoglobin, the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, the value of hematocrit, the average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte (MCHC), the average volume of the erythrocyte (MCV), the average content of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte (MCH) and the number of platelets, the content of total protein, the level of creatinine and the activity of AST. The study of skin toxicity of the product under study according to the OECD method No. 410 showed that the number of erythrocytes increased in the animals of the I, II, and III research groups, respectively, by – 10.7 (Р &lt; 0.01), 6.0 (Р &lt; 0.05), and 7.5 % (Р &lt; 0.05). At the same time, the concentration of hemoglobin did not change. In addition, in the animals of the I and II experimental groups, a tendency towards an increase in hematocrit was established. In the animals of the I, II, and III experimental groups, changes in the erythrocyte index were noted; in particular, a probable decrease in the average content of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte (MCH) was established, respectively by – 5.2 (P &lt; 0.05), 5.2 (P &lt; 0.01) and 7.1 % (P &lt; 0.001) of the average erythrocyte volume (MCV), respectively by – 6.9 (P &lt; 0.01), 5.5 % (P &lt; 0.01) and 7.2 % (P &lt; 0.001). The use of the drug in a therapeutic dose caused a slight decrease in the level of total protein, urea, and creatinine against a slight increase in the activity of AST and ALT. At the same time, the animals of the II and III research groups, which received the drug under investigation at five times and ten times the therapeutic dose, noted an increase in the level of urea, respectively, by – 3.3 and 8.5 %, and creatinine, respectively, by – 1.9 and 8.0 % (P &lt; 0.05), the activity of AST, respectively, by – 2.3 and 3.2 %, and ALT, respectively, by – 10.4 (P &lt; 0.05) and 13.4 % (Р &lt; 0.05) compared to the values of animals of the control group.

The Changes of Elongation Index of erythrocytes caused by storage of blood at low temperature

Abstract Introduction: An important parameter characterizing the ability of erythrocytes to deform depending on the blood flow conditions is the Elongation Index (EI), and it is a parameter defined by the shape of the erythrocyte obtained as a diffraction pattern of erythrocytes at different values of shear stresses. Material and methods: EI measurements at different shear stress were performed by Laser-assisted Optical Rotational Cell Analyzer (LORRCA) for erythrocytes derived from Tissue Bank in Katowice. Measurements were performed immediately after receiving them from Tissue Bank and after 2, 9, and 28 days of storage of samples at the temperature of 4°C in solution with the anticoagulant. Results: An increase in the erythrocytes Elongation Index in the first 9 days of storing samples at low temperatures was observed in the entire range of applied shear stresses. This indicates an increase in the elasticity of erythrocytes during short-term storage at 4°C. In turn, on the 28th day of erythrocyte storage, a significant decrease in the Elongation Index for shear stresses greater than 1 Pa was observed, which indicates the stiffening of the erythrocyte membrane structure, reducing their elasticity. The relative decrease in the Elongation Index of erythrocytes stored for 28 days compared to erythrocytes measured at the beginning was similar and slightly greater than 30% for shear stresses greater than 3 Pa. For shear stresses lower than 3 Pa, the relative change in elongation index was smaller than for shear stresses greater than 3 Pa and increased with the increase in shear stress. Conclusions: The elongation index of erythrocytes stored in the anticoagulant solution at 4°C, initially increases in the entire range of applied shear stresses in the first few days from the moment of blood collection and preparation at the Tissue Bank, and then decreases, but on the ninth day of storage the elongation index is still higher than for blood immediately after collection.

Endogenous intoxication in development of experimental periodontitis of bacterial-immune genesis

Excessive lipoperoxidation is accompanied by accumulation of peroxidation products and depletion of antioxidant re-serves, which cause hyperenzymemia and the accumulation of toxic substances. The level of endotoxicosis is determined by the content of hydrophilic and hydrophobic products in the blood. To define the pathogenetic role of endogenous intoxication in the dynamics of development of experimental periodontitis of bacterial-immune genesis. The experiment was conducted on rats. The animals were divided into three groups: group 1 - control group/intact; group 2 - model periodontitis at 7 days; group 3 - model periodontitis at 30 days. The experimental bacterial-immune periodon-titis was induced by injection into the tissue of the periodontal complex of the microorganisms' mixture diluted with egg's albumin. For the study, we selected the blood serum in which the content of middle molecular weight molecules and erythrocyte intoxication index were determined. The results were statistically analyzed by means of non-parametric indices methods. The development of generalized periodontitis is characterized by the occurrence of oxidative stress, which leads to violation of the metabolism in the mucous membrane of the oral cavity resulting in the accumulation of toxic products and the development of endogenous intoxication. The results show that the content of middle molecular weight molecules (aromatic amino and chain amino acids) determined on day 7 of the experiment was 1.11 times higher than that of the control group (p<0.01) and by 1.16 times (p<0.01), respectively. Comparing the levels of the above hydrophilic components of endogenous intoxication at 30 days of experimental peri-odontitis, we found a probable increase in these indicators compared with those at 7 days of the experiment. Studying the level of eryth-rocyte intoxication index, we found that at 7 days of experimental periodontitis this index was 1.28 times higher (p<0.01) than that of the intact group and continued to increase at 30 days. The dynamics of experimental periodontitis of bacterial-immune genesis show that the highest rates of endogenous intoxication are found in the late stages of the dynamics of the inflammatory process in the periodontium, namely at 30 days of the experiment, which may indicate chronic inflammation.

The Relationship between Sleep Quality with Hemoglobin Levels and Erythrocyte Index of Medical Students at Universitas Nusa Cendana

Background: Sleep is an essential primary need where recovery occurs in the body and brain to achieve optimal health. Medical student’ sleep quality tends to be poor due to a more busy schedule of lectures and practicums than other study programs. Disruption of sleep will affect the formation of hemoglobin and erythrocyte index, which is the cause of anemia. Aim: Analyzing the relationship between sleep quality and hemoglobin levels and erythrocyte index in medical students at the Universitas Nusa Cendana. Method: An observational analytic study with a Cross-Sectional design conducted on MEDICAL students of the Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Nusa Cendana. Sleep quality data were obtained by filling out the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index questionnaire. Hemoglobin levels and erythrocyte index were obtained through complete blood examination with a Hematology Analyzer on 54 samples that met the inclusion criteria. Sampling was done by using the Stratified Random Sampling technique. The results were analyzed univariately and bivariate using the Chi-Square test. Results: The prevalence of poor sleep quality is 68%. Anemia occurs in 35.2% of subjects, and the most morphological features of erythrocytes were normochromic normocytic (72.2%). Bivariate analysis with the Chi-Square test showed p = 0.028 (p &lt; 0.05) on the relationship between sleep quality and hemoglobin levels and p = 0.037 (p &lt; 0.05) on the relationship between sleep quality and erythrocyte index. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between sleep quality with hemoglobin levels and erythrocyte index in medical students at Nusa Cendana University.