Procedural Errors Research Articles

Effectiveness of the Implementation of Cognitive Conflict Strategy Assisted by e-Service Learning to Reduce Students' Mathematical Misconceptions

Students' mathematical misconceptions are types of errors that are carried out consistently in different contexts as a result of errors in the cognitive structure of students. The purpose of this study is to describe the types of errors made by students in solving mathematical problems and determine the effectiveness of the application of assisted by e-Service Learning, in reducing misconceptions and improving students' mathematical problem-solving abilities. The population of this study was seventh-grade junior high school students in Buleleng Regency. The sample of this study consisted of 109 students spread across three school areas, determined by the area cluster random sampling technique. Research data were collected using tests, observation sheets, and interview guidelines. Data analysis was performed descriptively qualitatively and using the t-test. The results of this study were the number of students who experienced substantial errors of 29.4% consisting of 22.2% misunderstanding the concept and 7.2% misconceptions; and technical errors 41.7% consisting of 13.6% arithmetic errors, 14.5% procedural errors, and 13.6% symbol errors. The application of Cognitive Conflict Strategies assisted by e-Service Learning can reduce students 'misconceptions by 85% and is effective in improving students' mathematical problem-solving abilities.

Pre-Trial Proceedings in Cases of Fraud in the Field of Entrepreneurial Activity: Criminal Procedural Violations

In the article, the author examines a number of criminal procedural errors made by the preliminary investigation or operational-search authorities during the pre-trial proceedings in criminal cases of fraud, as a result of which the author draws the appropriate conclusions of a theoretical and practical nature.

‘Rectification’ and ‘Irrelevance’ in EU Direct Administrative Procedures: A Systematic and Comparative Analysis

The field of EU direct administrative law is steadily growing in importance, and issues relating to the consequences of procedural irregularities on the outcome of the procedure are becoming increasingly relevant. The question of when such a violation remains inconsequential – i.e. does not lead to the act being quashed during judicial proceedings, either because the error was rectified or can be considered irrelevant – is particularly important, as it can have a significant impact on the legitimacy and acceptance of EU institutions as well as their efficiency and effectiveness and EU case law has developed a complex jurisprudence in this regard. The aim of this contribution is to systematize this case law with regard to the instruments of rectification and irrelevance of procedural irregularities. Moreover, it compares these legal instruments to their counterparts in Member States’ administrative systems. The focus is on the observation that the EU case law has developed a complex network of layers and components to decide what consequences violations of provisions relating to form and procedure entail. The comparison with the Member State administrative systems shows – despite differences in detail – that EU courts have not coopted a particular system currently in use in a Member State, but that they often use roughly similar criteria to decide whether an error leads to the annulment of the final decision. This analysis can be fruitful with regard to the recent interinstitutional as well as academic debate about the codification of administrative procedure of the EU direct administration, neither of which have yet discussed the possibility of rectification and irrelevance of procedural errors in a systematic and comprehensive way, even though the jurisprudence of the EU courts has reached a stage that makes this possible. European direct administrative law, procedural errors, consequences of procedural and formal errors, rectification, irrelevance, codification of administrative procedure

Cumulative Grounds in Petitions for Appellate Review and the Right to Fair Judicial Process

Summary After re-codification of civil law in the Slovak Republic, the rulings of the Supreme Court Special Panel are now binding on all panels of the Supreme Court. The first ruling dealt with a crucial issue of admissibility of appellate review in case of several grounds simultaneously shown in a petition for appellate review. According to the Special Panel’s opinion, cumulative grounds are not admissible either within vertical or horizontal structure. That is, it is not possible to combine the grounds for appellate review defined in the two sections of the Civil Litigation Procedure Code (§ 420 and § 421), or several grounds under the same section (§ 420). Should this occur, the court of appellate review will limit its considerations only to a procedural error specified in § 420, more specifically, the one defined earlier in order of precedence. Within a short period of time, the Supreme Court revised its opinion, and the Special Panel made a contrary ruling by which the cumulative grounds of appellate review were admitted. The purpose of this paper is to consider these two different decisions and to present also some other arguments.

Imaging extracelluar vesicles by transmission electron microscopy: Coping with technical hurdles and morphological interpretation

BackgroundExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanometric particles governing the complex interactions among cells through their bioactive cargo. Interest in EVs is rapidly increasing due to their extensive involvement in physiological and pathological conditions, their potential employment as diagnostic and therapeutic tools and their prospective use as bio-carriers of exogenous molecules. Given their nanometric size, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides significant contributions to assess EV presence and purity in a sample and to study morphological features. Scope of reviewIn this review, TEM methods for EV imaging are compared with respect to their applications, benefits and drawbacks. A critical evaluation of the actual contribution of TEM to the study of EVs is also provided and the most common artifacts encountered in the literature are discussed. Major conclusionsTEM techniques are powerful tools for the investigation of EVs and have the potential to reveal sample purity, ultrastructure and molecular composition. However, technical challenges, procedural errors in sample processing or misinterpretations may result in a variety of different morphologies and artifacts. General significanceThe last decades have seen exponential technological progress in EV imaging by TEM. Nevertheless, protocols have not been standardized yet and sample preparation remains a critical step. An optimized, standardized and integrated protocol of different techniques could minimize artifacts and interpretative errors that could significantly improve the quality and reliability of downstream studies.

Predicting of Pool Boiling Heat Transfer From a Horizontal Heated Tube Using Two Fluids Multiphase Model

This simulation aims to investigate numerically the pool boiling heat transfer from horizontal heated copper tube at atmospheric pressure. The Eulerian-Eulerian framework applied together with including Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute RPI boiling model to mimic the boiling process and predicting the heat and mass transfer inside the pool-boiling chamber. Efforts have been made in this simulation to correct the quenching heat flux part by modifying the bubble waiting time coefficient through adopting the trial and error procedure to correlate this coefficient to superheat temperature. The results of the boiling curve and the heat transfer coefficient of the present model are validated with experimental data from the literature and shown good agreement. Moreover, transient analysis of vapor volume fraction contours, vapor velocity vectors, and streamlines of water velocity at different superheat temperatures, as well as the time steps are presented and concisely discussed in this work.

Preparation of the lingual canal in mandibular first premolar with canal bifurcation.

The aim of this study was to establish an effective method of locating and negotiating the lingual canal in mandibular first premolars with two canals during root canal preparation. A total of 125 mandibular first premolars with radicular grooves were collected, and after micro-computed tomography scanning, 50 mandibular first premolars with a Vertucci V/III canal form were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Access cavities were prepared, and the lingual canals (LCs) were searched in four following steps: step 1 direct vision and a straight K-file; step 2 stereomicroscopy and a straight K-file; step 3 stereomicroscopy and a pre-curved K-file; and step 4 a long-neck bur. After localization, the LCs were instrumented. In most cases, access to the LCwas achieved by step 2 (19/50, 38%) or step 3 (22/50, 44%). In three cases (6%), step 1 alone was enough to achieve access to the orifice, and in six cases (12%), access to the lingual canal was not achieved until step 4. Overall, 43 of the 50 mandibular first premolars (86%) were successfully instrumented, and the remaining seven failed. Two cases failed in the process of negotiating the canal to full length and five cases failed due to procedural errors (ledge formation, canal perforation, vertical fracture, or instrument separation). The LC in mandibular first premolars is a major endodontic challenge. A stereomicroscope and a pre-curved K file are suggested to be valuable tools for detecting and accessing the extra LC.

Inside the courtroom: An analysis of malpractice litigation in gallbladder surgery

BackgroundCholecystectomy is one of the most commonly performed operations in the United States, yet it still carries up to a 6% risk of major morbidity. Lawsuits are a major source of emotional, financial, and personal stress for surgeons. We sought to characterize malpractice claims associated with gallbladder surgery as well as define contributing factors and costs with these claims. MethodsThe Westlaw database (Thomson Reuters Corporation, Toronto, Canada) was queried for jury verdicts and settlements related to cholecystectomy and malpractice between 2000 and 2018. Data were abstracted from the case files and details of the settlements, jury verdicts, and factors related to the claims were assessed. ResultsAmong 231 cases, a plaintiff verdict was reached in 45 (19.5%) and a defendant verdict was reached in 122 (53%); other cases were either settled (n = 29, 12%), dismissed (n = 31, 13%), or denied (n = 4, 2%). Plaintiff cases often involved young (median age, 44 years [interquartile range: 35–57]) female (n = 146, 63%) patients. The attending surgeon accounted for 59% of defendants. Procedural error (49%), wrongful death (18%), or failure to treat in a timely manner (13%) were the most commonly cited reasons for litigation. Among the 134 cases where a second surgical procedure was performed, the most common types of procedures were biliary tract repair (n = 82, 61%) and bowel repair (n = 16, 12%). The total cost of the claims over the study period was $22 million with a median payout of $500,000; the median time from operative event to final disposition was over 5 years (interquartile range: 4–7). ConclusionA plaintiff verdict or settlement was reached in 1 in 3 cases, and large payouts were common. Minimizing procedural error and improving care of patients after cholecystectomy complications should be emphasized.

An Evaluation of Citizen Science Smartphone Apps for Inland Water Quality Assessment

Rapid and widespread monitoring of inland and coastal water quality occurs through the use of remote sensing and near-surface water quality sensors. A new addition is the development of smartphone applications (Apps) to measure and record surface reflectance, water color and water quality parameters. In this paper, we present a field study of the HydroColor (HC, measures RGB reflectance and suspended particulate matter (SPM)) and EyeOnWater (EoW, determines the Forel–Ule scale—an indication to the visual appearance of the water surface) smartphone Apps to evaluate water quality for inland waters in Eastern Australia. The Brisbane river, multiple lakes and reservoirs and lagoons in Queensland and New South Wales were visited; hyperspectral reflection spectra were collected and water samples were analysed in the laboratory as reference. Based on detailed measurements at 32 sites, covering inland waters with a large range in sediment and algal concentrations, we find that both water quality Apps are close, but not quite on par with scientific spectrometers. EoW is a robust application that manages to capture the color of water with accuracy and precision. HC has great potential, but is influenced by errors in the observational procedure and errors in the processing of images in the iPhone. The results show that repeated observations help to reduce the effects of outliers, while implementation of camera response functions and processing should help to reduce systematic errors. For both Apps, no universal conversion to water quality composition is established, and we conclude that: (1) replicated measurements are useful; (2) color is a reliable monitoring parameter in its own right but it should not be used for other water quality variables, and; (3) tailored algorithms to convert reflectance and color to composition could be developed for lakes individually.

Cleaning and Shaping Ability of Gentlefile, HyFlex EDM, and ProTaper Next Instruments: A Combined Micro–computed Tomographic and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study

IntroductionThis ex vivo study aimed to evaluate the cleaning and shaping ability of a unique stainless steel rotary system (Gentlefile; MedicNRG, Kibbutz Afikim, Israel) compared with 2 nickel-titanium rotary instruments. MethodsThirty human mandibular premolars with a 15° to 25° curvature were equally distributed into 3 groups for final instrumentation with Gentlefile Red (#23/0.04), HyFlex EDM OneFile (#25/0.08∼; Coltene/Whaledent, Altstätten, Switzerland), and ProTaper Next X2 (#25/0.06v; Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland) (n = 10/each). The untouched canal area, volume changes, and transportation were evaluated on pre- and post-instrumentation micro–computed tomographic images. Five random regions of the canal wall located 1–7 mm from the apical foramen were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy for superficial debris and a smear layer via a 5-point scoring system. Data were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc Dunn's pairwise comparison test with Bonferroni correction and Wilcoxon signed-rank test (α = 5%). ResultsAll instruments generated no overt procedural errors. Untouched area and volume changes did not show any significant differences among the 3 groups (P > .05). The Gentlefile exhibited less transportation at the level of 5–7 mm from the apex compared with ProTaper Next (P < .05). The Gentlefile showed a smaller debris score than ProTaper Next and better smear layer removal than the others (P < .05). Complete cleanliness was not achieved by any of the systems investigated. ConclusionsCanals instrumented with the Gentlefile exhibited less transportation at the mid-root level and better cleanliness than those instrumented with HyFlex EDM and ProTaper Next.

MODEL OF PROCEDURES CASH DISBURSEMENT SYSTEM FOR PURCHASING ASSETS IN VILLAGE ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS

This study aims to create a procedure model of cash expenditure system assets in the village accounting system to be used in villages throughout Indonesia so that the administration of village accounting can be run accountable, transparent, can be accounted for according to applicable laws. Based on the preliminary interview conducted by the researcher to the village officials, it was found that in the implementation of the procedure for issuing cash on asset purchases, procedural errors sometimes occurred in the village accounting administration due to the incomplete documentation of the procedure model. This procedural error led to irregularities in village financial managers. Therefore we need a well-documented and complete procedure for cash disbursement procedures for asset purchasing as a guideline for administering village accounting. The methodology of this research was carried out by data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and system documentation carried out in the villages of Parongpong District, West Bandung Regency, West Java Province, with stages starting from planning, surveying, analyzing and designing systems. In designing this village accounting procedure model, the author follows applicable government laws and regulations and literature studies on village accounting

ANALISIS KESALAHAN MENYELESAIKAN SOAL TRIGONOMETRI SISWA KELAS X SMA

Mathematic consists of related matherials one another. Learning a material, a student have to authorize it’s prerequisite first. If not, the student will often perform the error in solving mathematic problems. Trigonometry is a material which the high school student have to authorize. The purposes of this research are to find out the kind of errors that were carried out by the student when solving trigonometry problems and it’s cause. The method of this research is descriptive research. The students was given a test and then they were interviewed. The result of this research show that the students carried out three kind of errors, they are conceptual, principle and procedural error. Conceptual error was the most considerable error, that was 86,96% of students. Principle and procedural error sequential were 43,48% and 30,43% of students. The causes of these errors were carelessness, error in understanding materials and its prerequestsite, and reading error.

Toward Calibration of Low-Precision MEMS IMU Using a Nonlinear Model and TUKF

MEMS-IMUs have an extensive application in multifarious studies, as well as industrial and commercial areas. It is crucial to diminish their intrinsic errors in a suitable calibration procedure. In this paper, a novel calibration procedure was proposed for Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) on a turntable. A general nonlinear model of the IMU output including the effects of bias, scale factor, misalignment, and lever arm was derived. Transformed Unscented Kalman Filter (TUKF) was utilized to perform the estimation of error parameters for gyroscopes and accelerometers. The calibration maneuvers were applied using a tri-axis turntable to create input signals. In addition, assuming the sensors not placing in the center of the table makes angular acceleration become another variable which affects the estimation of the error parameters. Therefore, a suitable angular acceleration estimator was designed utilizing the angular velocity output. According to experimental results, applying the proposed method caused 66% and 63% increase in the accuracy of gyroscopes and accelerometers outputs, respectively, compared with the calibrated signals based on the least square method.

Pengaruh Independensi Dan Kompetensi Aparat Inspektorat Kota Ambon Terhadap Kualitas Audit

&lt;em&gt;To realize Good Governance in the regional government area, government must make reform in all aspects of regional financial management. One of the steps by regional government is to carry out audit reforms, both internal and external in the administration of government. Through audit reforms it is expected that audit activities in the government environment can more optimally, so as to readuce the occurrence of procedural errors and criminal acts that have an impact on state losses. This research aims to test and analyze the influence of independence and competence of Ambon City Inspectorate of the Audit quality both simultaneously and partially. The population in this study is all government functional apparatus that works at the Ambon City Inspectorate Office, which serves as a sample of research using the census method where the sample equals the population. Independent variables in this study are independence and competence, while the dependencies variable is the quality of the audit. Data collection methods used in this research is a survey method using a detailed questionnaire. The questionnaire was disseminated as many as 38 questionnaires, but only 36 questionnaires were returned. The collected Data is analyzed by descriptive and statistical techniques. The results showed that by partial (1) The independence of the city's Inspectorate of Ambon has an effect on audit quality. (2) The competence of the city's inspectorate of Ambon affects audit quality. (3) simultaneously the independence and competence of the City of Inspectorate Ambon has an effect on the quality of audit.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keywords: independence, competence, and Audit quality.&lt;/em&gt;

Experimental and numerical studies on forming and failure behaviours of a woven self-reinforced polypropylene composite

This paper investigates forming and failure behaviours of a consolidated woven self-reinforced polypropylene (SRPP) composite through combined stamp forming experiment and finite element analysis. Mechanical properties of a woven SRPP composite were characterised. Constitutive equations were derived as functions of strains using a homogenised orthotropic material model. Specimens with novel geometries, different aspect ratios and fibre orientations were stretch formed in a custom-built press until catastrophic failure. Evolution of principal strains was captured using a real time Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system. A path-dependant failure criterion was developed as a function of deformation modes and invariants of strain tensor. Material and failure models were implemented into a finite element analysis using Abaqus/implicit. Strain path at the pole of specimens, evolution of surface strains, and onset of failure were predicted using a homogenised numerical scheme. Comparison with experimental outcomes demonstrated the high accuracy of the proposed numerical model in predicting deformation and failure behaviours of a thermoplastic composite under a wide range of deformation modes. The model demonstrates the potential to predict formability and failure behaviour of woven self-reinforced thermoplastic composites during manufacturing by eliminating the need to conduct expensive, time consuming trial and error procedures.

Roboski and procedural rules: How the truth about a massacre was buried in the pages of history

Recently, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) issued an inadmissibility decision regarding the application concerning the Roboski massacre ( Selahattin Encü and Others v Turkey App no 49976/16, 17 May 2018) on the grounds that domestic remedies had not been exhausted. As observed in a number of earlier decisions, the ECtHR was resolutely confident about the decision of the Constitutional Court of Turkey on the matter. This unwavering trust has resulted in the once-and-for-all burial of the truth about one of the gravest massacres in the history of Turkey without a proper examination of the allegations of the applicants. Two differing views were put forward after the ECtHR’s decision. The first of these argued that the dismissal of a massacre of such magnitude for procedural reasons was unacceptable. Proponents of this view asserted that even if there were procedural grounds to find the application inadmissible, this could not be sufficient justification to prevent the truth from being revealed. Proponents of the second view argued that every court had its own procedures and that those who did not comply had to face the consequences. This article attempts to examine the second view on its own terms. In so doing, I will present the legal evidence and rationale showing that it is in fact the Constitutional Court of Turkey that has violated its own procedural rules. I will also argue that despite an acceptance of the second view, perhaps more markedly because of such acceptance, it is not possible to bury the truth about the Roboski massacre. This discussion will be guided by a more significant question: How is it that the Constitutional Court of Turkey made such a major procedural error in a case of such gravity and how is it that the ECtHR was so eager to uphold the error?

Nature-inspired hybrid techniques of IWO, DA, ES, GA, and ICA, validated through a k-fold validation process predicting monthly natural gas consumption

Current study aimed to combine the multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network technique with five metaheuristic computational algorithms, namely invasive weed optimization (IWO-MLP), dragonfly algorithm (DA-MLP), evolution strategy (ES-MLP), genetic algorithm (GA-MLP), and imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA-MLP) for estimating the monthly natural gas consumption (NGC). For the case of this study, the NGC data was collected from the United States (U.S.) was chosen. To achieve this, a dataset composed of eight independent factors, namely, dry gas production, NGPL production, gross withdrawals, supplemental gaseous fuels, net storage withdrawals, marketed production, net imports, and balancing items, along with a dependent variable of natural gas consumption is provided. Out of 39 samples, a 3-fold ratio is taken to select the datasets of training and testing randomly. During the calculation phase, and through a trial and error procedure, the optimal parameters of the MLP, IWO-MLP, DA-MLP, ES-MLP, GA-MLP, ICA-MLP networks are taken into consideration. To assess the reliability of the proposed technique with the real collected data, three well-known statistical criteria, including mean square error (MSE) and root mean square error (RMSE) as well as coefficient of determination (R²), are introduced. These indices help to measure the level of accuracy of the used models. It is found that the IWO can be a better predictive network comparing to other hybridized techniques reducing the error performance of the MLP method. The predicted results reveal that hybridizing optimization algorithms could improve the prediction accuracy and helps the MLP to perform more efficiently. The recorded in testing MSE for the IWO-MLP, DA-MLP, ES-MLP, GA-MLP, ICA-MLP prediction techniques (i.e., used for U.S. natural gas consumption estimation) were found 0.000013, 0.002358, 0.024744, 0.013244, and 0.048572, respectively. In the sense of U.S. natural gas consumption prediction, the training R2 value to 0.9999, 0.9996, 0.9971, 0.9996, and 1.0000 and testing R2 value of 0.9999, 0.9995, 0.9956, 0.9984, and 0.8115 show that the outputs of the ensemble models are more correlated with the real data.

Multidisciplinary study of sudden unexpected infant death in Liguria (Italy): a nine-year report.

We conducted a retrospective analysis of cases of sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) referred to the SIDS-ALTE Center of the Liguria Region (Italy) from 2010 to 2018. In all cases, the death scene was inspected, and a multidisciplinary post-mortem evaluation was conducted. Our aim was to analyze the epidemiological data and etiological distribution. We examined 15 cases initially classified as sudden infant death. In all cases, the death was initially unexplained. Seven cases involved males and eight involved females. Their mean age was 67.47 days; the youngest victim was 2 days old, while the oldest was 8.5 months (253 days). In 7 cases, the post-mortem analysis showed an infection of lung. In 4 cases, the prone position of the infant during sleep was identified as a risk factor. Only in one case the cause of death remains unexplained, and it was classified as sudden infant death syndrome II according to San Diego Classification. In the forensic approach to cases of SUID, it is always important to conduct a thorough multidisciplinary investigation. In order to avoid procedural errors that might compromise the post-mortem investigation, it is necessary to consider the medical and social history of both mother and child, in addition to the circumstances of the death. Moreover, a complete pediatric post-mortem examination and multidisciplinary discussion are required in order to identify potentially important causative or contributory factors.

Optimal tuning linear quadratic regulator for gas turbine by genetic algorithm using integral time absolute error

For multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) systems, the most common control strategy is the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) which relies on state vector feedback. Despite this strategy gives very good result, it still has trial and error procedure to select the values of its weight matrices which plays a important role in reaching to the desiered system performance. In order to overcome this problem, the Genetic algorithm is used. The design of genetic algorithm based linear quadratic regulator (GA-LQR) utilized Integral time absolute error (ITAE) as a cost function for optimization. The propsed procedure is implemented on a linear model of gas turbine to control the generator spool’s speed and the output power.

Profil Kesalahan Konseptual dan Prosedural Mahasiswa STKIP Paris Barantai dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Geometri Analitik Datar

The purpose of this study is to describe (1) conceptual and procedural errors in solving mathematical problems related to parabola and hyperbole in STKIP Paris Barantai Kotabaru semester III students in the 2019/2010 school year; (2) the causes of conceptual and procedural errors in solving mathematical problems related to parabola and hyperbole in the third semester students of STKIP Paris Barantai Kotabaru in the academic year 2019/2010. This research is categorized into qualitative research with a descriptive-explorative approach. Data collection techniques through the provision of diagnostic tests and through interviews. The research subjects consisted of 6 (six) people, who were divided into 3 (three) categories namely, 2 (two) low-ability students, 2 (two) medium-ability students, and 2 (two) high-ability students. The results showed that: 1) Conceptual errors that occur in low category subjects were wrong in the agreed concept, and were not quite right in using the formula or theorem in solving a problem; 2) Procedural errors occur in middle category subjects and low category subjects; 3) Concept and procedural errors (occur) occur in low category subjects, namely a) errors using formulas, b) irregularities in the steps to solve problems, and c) student errors in observing and looking for clues.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Profile, Procedural Error, Conceptual Error, Flat Alitic Geometry.