Procedural Errors Research Articles

THE POSITION OF STUDENTS' ERRORS IN ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM-SOLVING BASED ON FIELD DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT

There is a strong relationship between field-dependent (FD), field-independent (FI) cognitive styles, and problem-solving performance. FD students are more oriented towards the outside world, while FI students rely more on their knowledge and experience. The present study aimed to reveal the position of the FI and FD student's errors in algebraic problem-solving. The subjects of this study were 27 students of class VII in one of the Junior High Schools in Kefamenanu, Indonesia, Academic Year 2018/2019. Data collection involved tests of algebraic problem-solving ability, interviews, and Group Embedded Figure Test. The case study results showed that the algebraic problem-solving abilities of FI students were better than FD students. The scores of algebraic problem-solving abilities of FI students were dominant in the medium and high categories. In contrast, the FD students were dominant in the medium and low categories. Also, FI students predominantly committed procedural errors. Whereas, most FD students made errors on all types of errors, specifically factual, conceptual, and procedural errors. Thus, it is recommended that FI and FD students' algebraic problem-solving ability become the focus of attention and importance to characterize them as a basis for further research.

Errors in adult trauma resuscitation: a systematic review.

Trauma resuscitation at dedicated trauma centers typically consist of ad-hoc teams performing critical tasks in a time-limited manner. This creates a high stakes environment apt or avoidable errors. Reporting of errors in trauma resuscitation is generally center-dependent and lacks common terminology. We conducted a systematic review by searching Ovid Medline, Scopus and Embase from inception to February 24, 2021 for errors in adult trauma resuscitation. English studies published after 2001 were included. Studies were assessed by two independent reviewers for meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria. Errors were characterized from the included studies and a summary table was developed. Our review was prospectively registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42020152875). The literature search retrieved 4658 articles with 26 meeting eligibility criteria. Errors were identified by morbidity and mortality rounds or other committee in 62%, missed injuries on tertiary assessment or radiology review in 12%, deviations from algorithmic guidelines in 12% or predefined for chest tube complications, critical incident reporting, aspiration or delays in care. In total there were 39 unique error types identified and divided into 9 categories including Emergency Medical Services handover, airway, assessment of injuries, patient monitoring and access, transfusion/blood related, management of injuries, team communication/dynamics, procedure error and disposition. Overall, our systematic review identified 39 unique error types in trauma resuscitation. Identifying these errors is imperative in developing systems for improvement of trauma care.

Plywood Jig—A New Technique for Root Canal Curvature Measurement

The successful outcome of endodontic treatment is dependent on complete cleaning, shaping as well as three dimensional obturation of the root canal system. A conventional radiograph is a two-dimensional replication of a three-dimensional object and does not provide any conclusive evidence for canal curvatures. An accurate knowledge of the tooth anatomy and curvature is essential to avoid procedural errors. 100 freshly extracted human teeth were used in this study. Digital images were obtained using the plywood JIG and Schneider’s technique. These images were analyzed using the VixWin Pro digital image analyzing software (Gendex system). Statistical analysis was done using paired t test. The canal curvature average values measured using Jig method and Schneider method for mandibular teeth are 28.23° (±9.96) and 22.07° (±9.46) respectively. The smallest/largest curvature angles measured using Jig method and Schneider technique are 12/52° and 8/44° respectively. Canal curvature average values measured using Jig method and Schneider method for maxillary teeth were 23.40° (±11.36) and 19.23° (±11.94) respectively. The smallest/largest average curvature angles measured using Jig method, Schneider technique were 9/70° and 5/72° respectively. The values of the canal curvature angle obtained during routine radiographs in clinics have lower curvature angle and higher radius values as compared to the values obtained by this innovative JIG technique. Therefore, a clinician should always keep in mind the difference while measuring the curvature angle on radiographs during root canal treatment.

Introducing a proper hydrogen liquefaction concept for using wasted heat of thermal power plants-case study: Parand gas power plant

A hydrogen liquefaction concept with an innovative configuration and a capacity of 4 kg·s−1 (345.6 t·d−1) is developed. The concept involves an ammonia absorption refrigeration system for the pre-cooling of hydrogen and MR streams from 25 °C to −30 °C. The ammonia absorption refrigeration system is fed by exhaust gases of the Parand gas power plant that are normally dissipated to the environment with a temperature of 546 °C. The simulation is performed by Aspen HYSYS V9.0, using two separate equations of state for simulating hydrogen and MR streams to gain more accurate results especially for ortho-para conversion. Results show that conversion enthalpy estimated by Aspen HYSYS, fits very well to the experimental data. Determining the important independent variables and composition of MRs are done using trial and error procedure, a functional and straightforward method for complicated systems. The minimum temperature limit in the cooling section is lowered, and an ortho-para converter is implemented in this section. The proposed concept performs well from energy aspects and leads to COP and SEC equal to 0.271 and 4.54 kW·h·kg−1, respectively. The main advantage of this study is in the low SEC, eliminating the losses of the distribution network, and improving the ability of the hydrogen liquefaction for energy storage in off-peak times.

Identification of Student Errors in Solving Problems on the Limit of Algebra Functions in Class XI SMAN 4 Palangkaraya

This study aims to describe the mistakes of class XI students of SMA Negeri 4 Palangka Raya in solving the limit problem of algebraic functions and their causative factors. This research is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques are tests and interviews. The research instrument was a question sheet and interview guidelines. The questions used are in the form of a description consisting of 5 questions. Before being used, the questions were reviewed by 3 raters, namely 2 mathematics education lecturers and 1 mathematics teacher. From the results of the study it was concluded that all questions could be used. Checking the validity of the data was carried out by observing persistence and triangulation of sources. Then the collected data were analyzed using data analysis techniques proposed by Miles and Huberman, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions.
 The results showed that the errors made by students on the limit of algebraic functions were: (1) Conceptual errors: (a) errors in understanding the concept of limits which consist of formulas, theorems and definitions of limits. (b) the use of formulas, theorems and definitions of limits that are inconsistent with the conditions for the application of the formula; 2) Procedural errors: (a) errors in calculations, (b) inability to write work steps regularly. (c) errors in applying rules, principles or formulas. (d) the inability of students to manipulate algebraic forms based on applicable properties or principles. As for the factors causing students in this study in terms of internal factors of students.

CEO-director connectedness and firm’s operational risk

ABSTRACT While internal controls are often carefully set by firm owners to manage risks, operational losses caused by errors in people and procedures could occur if board directors’ monitoring functions are weakened by having private connections with senior managers. This paper provides empirical evidence that the presence of social tie between a firm’s CEO and its board member is associated with a higher likelihood of operational risk events after other key determinants are controlled for. Our sample consists of 168 event and non-event firms that are publicly listed in the U.S. and spans over a historical period over 2000–2008 when the Basel II Accord is in full operation. Our results imply that existing provisions against operational risk should take CEO-director social ties as an additional factor that can undermine corporate governance and expose firms to a higher level of operational risk.

English

BACKGROUND The advances in the magnification sector have revolutionised the endodontic treatment from tactile and radiograph based to the vision driven. Using magnification tools like loupes, microscopes, rod lens endoscopes and oroscopes in the endodontic practice enables the clinician to magnify the field of treatment further than that by naked eyes. Suitable illumination along with magnification adds to the success of any dental procedure. Dating back to 1870, surgical loupes have been used. Apotheker and Jako introduced microscope in dentistry for the first time in 1978. Carr, in 1992 highlighted the role of the surgical operating microscope in endodontics. Various applications of surgical operating microscopes include minimally invasive surgical techniques like in periodontal regenerative procedures, adhesive dentistry and various procedures in endodontics like caries detection, for hidden canals, pulp stone removal, instrument removal, surgical endodontics, retreatment, perforation seal etc. Parts of operating microscope include optical components, objective lens, binocular tubes, eyepieces, lighting unit and mounting system. Accessories include motorised / foot-controlled adjustment of focal length, mechanical optical rotating assembly (MORA) interface and beam splitter. Magnification aids assist in producing higher quality procedures due to better precision and accuracy. Using the microscope aids improved ergonomics for the operator. Using loupes or microscopes improves the clarity in treatment plan as well as its execution. The magnification aids with camera and video monitor attached, enhance the patient education and better documentation. A strong consideration should be given to adopt using the concept of magnification. This review intended to explain the use of these tools in dental procedures for better accuracy, handling and thoroughness, which will lead to fewer procedural errors. KEY WORDS Magnification, Illumination, Loupes

Evaluation of the performance of health extension workers on malaria rapid diagnostic tests and predictor factors in Bahir Dar Zuria district, northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundIn Ethiopia, anti-malaria treatment is initiated after parasitological confirmation using blood film microscopy at health centers and hospitals, or serological rapid diagnostic tests at health posts. At health posts, the diagnosis is performed by health extension workers using rapid diagnostic tests after little training. However, there is paucity of data about the health extension workers’ performance on rapid diagnostic tests. Hence, periodic monitoring of the performances of health extension workers on malaria rapid diagnostic tests and predicted factors plays a pivotal role for the control of malaria.MethodsA cross sectional study was conducted in May 2020, among 75 health extension workers working at health posts in Bahir Dar Zuria district, Northwest Ethiopia. Their performance on malaria rapid diagnostic tests was assessed by distributing known positive and negative samples as confirmed by investigators using both rapid diagnostic test and blood film microscopy. Test results from health extension workers were then compared with that of investigators. Procedural errors committed while performing the tests were assessed using observational checklist. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20.ResultsThe overall sensitivity and specificity of health extension workers in detecting Plasmodium species were 96.8% and 98.7%, respectively with 97.3% result agreement between the health extension workers and investigators (kappa value = 0.949). The most common procedural errors committed by health extension workers was ‘not checking expiry date of the test kits’ followed by ‘not adhering to the appropriate time of reading results’ that 70.7% and 64% of the participants committed these errors, respectively. Total number of procedural errors committed by those who have got in-service training was decreased by 47.3% as compared to those without in-service training.ConclusionsHealth extension workers had high performance on malaria rapid diagnostic tests. However, in-service training and periodic supervision should be given in order to maximize performance on these tests.

Analisis Kesalahan Siswa SMP dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Cerita Bilangan Bulat

This study aims to analyze the errors of junior high school students in solving integer story questions. The type of research that will be used is descriptive qualitative. 24 students of grade VII SMP were made participants. The instruments used were in the form of integer story questions and semi-structured interview sheets. The data collection procedure began by giving test questions to participants. The work of students who experience a lot of mistakes is analyzed using the Newman or NEA (Newman Error Error) procedure. Obtained three groups of students who experienced the same error in solving integer story questions in writing. One student was taken from each group to represent what is hereinafter referred to as subject 1 (S1), Subject 2 (S2), Subject 3 (S3). The results obtained indicated that in completing the whole number story problem, S1 did not understand the overall meaning, so there was some information that was missed on the purpose of the problem or question. S2 understands the problem contained in the problem, but cannot write information in mathematical form, and does not do calculations correctly. S3 could not perform mathematical calculations or procedures correctly. The researcher concluded that students who experience errors in reading problems would experience four other errors, namely errors in understanding and problem transformation, then students would also experience errors in process skills and errors in writing the final result.

GUIDED ENDODONTIC ACCESS

We have come a long way in dentistry from “extension for prevention” to “prevention of extension”. Asimilar approach in endodontics is going to change the future of dental practice with Minimal Invasive Endodontics (MIE). MIE mainly includes preservation of structural integrity of tooth, alternate access cavity designs, guided endodontic access, modern burs, cleaning and shaping, 3D irrigation and disinfection, magnication aids like loupes and dental operating microscope. Survival of an endodontically treated tooth depends mainly on its remaining structural integrity after access preparation. The concept of Conservative endodontic cavities (CEC) was introduced to preserve the pericervical dentin (PCD), which is crucial to transfer the occlusal load to the root. In traditional endodontic cavities (TEC) much of PCD is lost which reduces the fracture resistance of tooth. Guided endodontic access was introduced as an attempt to preserve the PCD. It ensures predictable outcome without any procedural errors. The present paper attempts to narratively summarize the scope of Guided endodontic access in dental practice and explain its benets to the practitioners compared with conventional technique

An Analysis of Medical Malpractice Litigations in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting from 1994-2019

BackgroundCardiothoracic surgery is one of the more highly litigated medical specialties, and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) constitutes a substantial portion of cardiothoracic surgery cases. Therefore, understanding litigations relating to CABG would be of benefit to surgeons working to uphold the standards of care that their patients seek and minimize their own legal liability. This study analyzed CABG litigations to identify predictive factors of litigation and verdict type. MethodsThis study utilized the Westlaw legal database to compile litigations from 1994-2019 across the United States, and resulted in 307 total litigations. After individual screening, 211 litigations met the criteria for inclusion, and were analyzed for demographic, clinical, chronological, and verdict characteristics. ResultsLitigations were present in 33 US states, with California, New York, and Florida having the most litigations. Defendant verdicts were reached in 67.78% of litigations, followed by 20.38% of plaintiff verdicts, and 11.85% of settlements. Plaintiff verdicts were associated with the incidence of myocardial infarction during hospitalization. The winter season had the most litigations (42.18%), and the most defendant verdicts (37.76%). Patient mortality occurred in 47.39% of litigations. The most common alleged reason for litigation was a procedural error (55.45%). ConclusionsDefendant verdicts were significantly associated with an alleged reason of procedural errors, an alleged reason of a failure to monitor, and congestive heart failure present in patients. The common nature of defendant verdicts, and the significantly greater occurrence of defendant verdicts during the highly litigated winter season, suggest that surgeons frequently satisfy the legal standard of care.

THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SURGICAL SAFETY CHECKLIST ON KNOWLEDGE AND COMPLIANCE OF NURSES AT THE CENTRAL SURGICAL INSTALLATION OF BETHESDA HOSPITAL YOGYAKARTA 2020

Background : One of the services provided by the hospital is surgery in the operating room carried out by a team of doctors and nurses. The application of the Surgical Safety Checklist adopted from the World Health Organization (WHO) is used in the operating room to increase the safety of operations and reduce errors in surgical procedures. Goals : to find out the development and implementation of the Surgical Safety Checklist on Nurse compliance at the Central Surgical Installation of Bethesda Hospital Yogyakarta. Research methods: This research is a mixed method. The sample in this study were all nurses who served in the operating room at the Central Surgical Installation of Bethesda Hospital Yogyakarta, consisting of 40 respondents as instrument nurses, circular nurses and anesthesia nurses. The data that had been collected were then analyzed using the Fisher exact test statistical test. Research result: There is a significant relationship between work tenure and knowledge p = 0.048 (p <0.05). There is a significant relationship between age and work tenure on compliance with the application of the Surgical Safety Checklist (p <0.05). There is a significant relationship between knowledge and compliance p = 0.0001 (p <0.05). Conclusion: The development and application of the Surgical Safety Checklist on the level of knowledge and compliance of nurses at Bethesda Hospital Yogyakarta, the majority in the good category and the implementation of the Surgical Safety Checklist has been running optimally. Bethesda Hospital is developing electronic medical records, on process medical and nursing assessment, Integrated Patient Progress Record (CPPT), and nursing care, response from the implementation of the new version of SSC is quite good.

Analisis Kesalahan Siswa dalam Menyelesaikan Penjumlahan Bilangan Bulat Berdasarkan Teori Kastolan

Learning mathematics requires the ability to think logically and critically, not only learning to count. Therefore, teaching concepts is very important. Many students have incorrect, incomplete concepts and so on. As a result, mistakes occur when students do simple mathematics. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the errors in the castor stage. The stages of castor are used including concept errors, procedure errors and technic errors.
 This research is a qualitative research. The research subjects were students of grade VI SDN Belitung Selatan 1 Banjarmasin. The procedure for selecting subjects used purposive sampling. The data techniques used were tests and interviews. The test is in the form of description questions. The data analysis technique used was data reduction, data presentation and data collection.
 Based on the research data, it can reveal that students made misconceptions, procedural errors and technical errors. Each student made these mistakes with different indicators.

Radiographic Assessment of Post-Endodontic Pain

Aim:To radiographically assess and identify the factors that influence post-endodontic pain (PEP) in patientsreceived nonsurgical root canal treatment. Study Design: a longitudinal study. Place and Duration ofStudy: the study performed on 375 patients (200 male, 175 female), aged 15–65 years randomly attend Dr.Sameer Hatem private clinic in Karbala between 2014- 2019 Method. the complete history of patients wastaken, clinically examined and then radiographically examined by CSN x-ray machine and Xpod digitalsensor to identify the possible factors and assess the status of previously treated teeth, the patients dividedinto groups according to the age, causative factors, and the onset of pain from patients’ chief complain.Results:(Table.2) shows the differences in numbers and percentages of overall patients according to theonset and the causative factors of pain after root canal treatment, the high percentage of the pain of 102/(27.2%) of patients was due to overextension of filling material, (most of these patients were suffering fromspontaneous pain 47.05%). Followed by 78/(20.8%) which were due to failure of treatment due to underfilled root canal (most of them 34.61% have intermittent pain). Conclusion: Periapical x-ray radiographyis a valuable technique to identify the causative factors of post endodontic pain and evaluate the success ofRCT and the status of endo treated tooth and periapical tissues. All procedural errors can not be depicted onradiographs.

Integration of Recursive Operability Analysis, FMECA and FTA for the Quantitative Risk Assessment in biogas plants: Role of procedural errors and components failures

With more than 350 GWh per year and thousands of installations around the world, biogas is an appealing strategy in the field of energy production and industrial waste optimization. In this sense, it is of paramount importance to address the risk associated with such plants, as an increasing trend of accidents have been recorded in the last 20 years. In this work, a representative biogas production plant was considered, and a risk assessment was carried out through the combination of Recursive Operability Analysis and Failure Mode and Effects Criticality Analysis. The methodology is rigorous and allows for both the identification and the quantification of accidental scenarios due to procedural errors and equipment failures, which miss in the literature for the case of biogas. The analysis allows the automatic generation of the Fault Trees for the identified Top Events, which can be numerically solved. Results show that the most critical accidental scenario in the biogas plant here considered is the formation of an explosive air-biogas mixture, which can occur in both anaerobic digester and condensate trap. The calculated probabilities agree with the results available in literature on similar plants. Pumps and Distributed Control System were found to be the most critical components.

COVID-19 and Orthodontics: An Approach for Monitoring Patients at Home

Aim: The aim of this study was to test an experimental approach involving the remote monitoring of orthodontic patients through the use of their smartphones. Background: Due to the COVID-19 emergency, dental offices were asked to stop elective treatments; suddenly orthodontic patients found themselves isolated at home, without the possibility of monitoring by their orthodontists. The use of telemonitoring via smartphones can be a quick way to recover the orthodontist-patient relationship, monitor and continue the treatment. Objective: The purpose of this study was to propose an innovative, simple and reliable approach for the remote management of orthodontic patients. Methods: 137 patients were contacted verbally by phone and via WhatsApp®; they were asked to send a set of photographs taken with their smartphone. They were asked to complete a questionnaire to evaluate the effectiveness of the approach. Descriptive statistics (frequency with percent) of questionnaire results and the presence of procedural errors while taking pictures were calculated. Correlations between different questionnaire answers were analyzed with the Chi-Square test. Variables with p < 0:05 were declared as significant. Results: The majority of patients considered that this approach was positive and they did not feel abandoned. Difficulties emerged from a technical point of view, that is, in terms of photoshoot, and part of the patients expressed perplexity regarding the fact that telemonitoring can replace completely an outpatient visit. Conclusion: The use of telemonitoring managed to recreate a relationship with the orthodontist, especially in emergency periods.

Literature review on procedural endodontic errors

Lack of knowledge or its poor application in clinicals can lead to a number of accidental errors during the root canal therapy. The preventive measures and management of these mishaps is must for the success of the endodontic therapy and to maintain the natural integrity of the teeth. Thus, in this paper we are going to discuss about the different types of endodontic procedural mishaps with their management briefly. Keywords: Missed canals, Perforation, Emphysema, Pain.

Positive-definite modification of a covariance matrix by minimizing the matrix $$\ell_{\infty}$$ norm with applications to portfolio optimization

The covariance matrix, which should be estimated from the data, plays an important role in many multivariate procedures, and its positive definiteness (PDness) is essential for the validity of the procedures. Recently, many regularized estimators have been proposed and shown to be consistent in estimating the true matrix and its support under various structural assumptions on the true covariance matrix. However, they are often not PD. In this paper, we propose a simple modification to make a regularized covariance matrix be PD while preserving its support and the convergence rate. We focus on the matrix $$\ell_{\infty }$$ norm error in covariance matrix estimation because it could allow us to bound the error in the downstream multivariate procedure relying on it. Our proposal in this paper is an extension of the fixed support positive-definite (FSPD) modification by Choi et al. (2019) from spectral and Frobenius norms to the matrix $$\ell_{\infty }$$ norm. Like the original FSPD, we consider a convex combination between the initial estimator (the regularized covariance matrix without PDness) and a given form of the diagonal matrix minimize the $$\ell_{\infty }$$ distance between the initial estimator and the convex combination, and find a closed-form expression for the modification. We apply the procedure to the minimum variance portfolio (MVP) optimization problem and show that the vector $$\ell_{\infty }$$ error in the estimation of the optimal portfolio weight is bounded by the matrix $$\ell _{\infty }$$ error of the plug-in covariance matrix estimator. We illustrate the MVP results with S&P 500 daily returns data from January 1978 to December 2014.

Mitigating Realistic Noise in Practical Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum Devices

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) is vital for noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. While most conventional QEM schemes assume discrete gate-based circuits with noise appearing either before or after each gate, the assumptions are inappropriate for describing realistic noise that may have strong gate dependence and complicated nonlocal effects, and general computing models such as analog quantum simulators. To address these challenges, we first extend the scenario, where each computation process, being either digital or analog, is described by a continuous time evolution. For noise from imperfections of the engineered Hamiltonian or additional noise operators, we show it can be effectively suppressed by a stochastic QEM method. Since our method assumes only accurate single qubit controls, it is applicable to all digital quantum computers and various analog simulators. Meanwhile, errors in the mitigation procedure can be suppressed by leveraging the Richardson extrapolation method. As we numerically test our method with various Hamiltonians under energy relaxation and dephasing noise and digital quantum circuits with additional two-qubit crosstalk, we show an improvement of simulation accuracy by 2 orders. We assess the resource cost of our scheme and conclude the feasibility of accurate quantum computing with NISQ devices.

Court finds flaws in rule on phthalates in children’s products

The US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) must fix procedural errors in a 2017 rule that restricts five phthalates in toys, teething rings, and other children’s products, a federal appeals c...