Procedural Errors Research Articles

The Analysis of Occupational Health and Safety of The Ship's Crew on Board in The Enclosed Spaces

The research on enclosed spaces is used to identify the work accidents, availability of the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) equipment as well as the suitability of SOPs used by the Officer to handle the occupational accidents on board.The methodology used to identify the occupational accident in enclosed spaces were quantitative analysis based on some primary data (primary analysis) and secondary data (secondary analysis), by which the author performed the direct observations, interviewed the respondents who experience the accidents and did the literature study.The results confirmed that the enclosed spaces is not used for the activities or daily work by the ship's crew since the rooms have no ventilation, thus the air inhaled is less than 21% by volume and the concentration of hydrocarbon gas is less than 1% of the LFL (Limite Flamble Lower) than the levels of other toxic gases. Based on the interview results of 175 respondents, 93% said the accident was caused by the negligence of the supervision or personal responsibility, 21% said that it was caused by the absence of carbon gas test since there were no tools for detecting the toxic gas (gas detector) and 78% claimed that theyunderstand that the occupational accidents happened in enclosed spaces due to the negligence and procedural error (SOP). Therefore, it can be said that the limitations of knowledge and understanding of the crew, granting permits (work permit) by Officers which was not appropriate, the availability of supporting equipment and the inadequate involvement of shipping companies, the SOP that are not well socialized and the improper handling of accident victims were the causes of the work accidents on board.

Minimizing the Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic on Oncology Clinical Trials: Retrospective Study of Beijing Cancer Hospital.

BackgroundIn view of repeated COVID-19 outbreaks in most countries, clinical trials will continue to be conducted under outbreak prevention and control measures for the next few years. It is very significant to explore an optimal clinical trial management model during the outbreak period to provide reference and insight for other clinical trial centers worldwide.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore the management strategies used to minimize the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on oncology clinical trials.MethodsWe implemented a remote management model to maintain clinical trials conducted at Beijing Cancer Hospital, which realized remote project approval, remote initiation, remote visits, remote administration and remote monitoring to get through two COVID-19 outbreaks in the capital city from February to April and June to July 2020. The effectiveness of measures was evaluated as differences in rates of protocol compliance, participants lost to follow-up, participant withdrawal, disease progression, participant mortality, and detection of monitoring problems.ResultsDuring the late of the first outbreak, modifications were made in trial processing, participant management and quality control, which allowed the hospital to ensure the smooth conduct of 572 trials, with a protocol compliance rate of 85.24% for 3718 participants across both outbreaks. No COVID-19 infections were recorded among participants or trial staff, and no major procedural errors occurred between February and July 2020. These measures led to significantly higher rates of protocol compliance and significantly lower rates of loss to follow-up or withdrawal after the second outbreak than after the first, without affecting rates of disease progression or mortality. The hospital provided trial sponsors with a remote monitoring system in a timely manner, and 3820 trial issues were identified.ConclusionsWhen public health emergencies occur, an optimal clinical trial model combining on-site and remote management could guarantee the health care and treatment needs of clinical trial participants, in which remote management plays a key role.

Students’ errors in solving the connection cluster problem: a case study on space and shape content

The ability of Indonesia student is still low in solving space and shape problem. It shows that the student gets the difficulties in solving the connection cluster of Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) particularly in space and shape content. In this study, we carried out a small-case study on analysing student error in solving space and shape problem in connection cluster problem using Newman’s Error Procedure (NEP). We conducted this study for 53 students from two schools. There were three steps in carrying out this study; selecting PISA problem, answering the problem, and interview. Three problems were selected and translated to Indonesia. The students answered the problems for 15 minutes. Then the interview was conducted to clarify the student answer related to the error. It was done only for 4 students who got the difficulties and error in solving the problem. In this research, we found that most of student error was occurred in comprehension and transformation process. Therefore, only a few of students did error for process skill and encode the problem. For future study, we suggest to continue the research about the student conceptual understanding in mathematics.

Radiographic Evaluation of Iatrogenic Errors of Root Canal Treatments Performed in an Undergraduate Dental Clinic

Introduction: Iatrogenic errors may occur during root canal treatments (RCTs) performed by undergraduate students. The current study explores the iatrogenic errors of RCTs made by undergraduate students at Gorgan School of Dentistry, Golestan, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using 236 randomly selected treatment records of RCTs performed on first molars by undergraduate dental students. Periapical radiographs were independently explored for the following errors: overfilling, underfilling, legde formation, and apical transportation. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0, and a Chi-square test at the 0.05 level of significance. Results: Periapical radiographs of 236 endodontically treated first molars were assessed. The results showed that 87.1% of root canals were adequately filled to the working length. Among the teeth treated by fifth- and sixth-year students, 62.5% and 66.4% of teeth were adequately filled to the working length, respectively, resulting in no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). In respect to the prevalence of ledge formation and apical transportation errors, there was no statistical difference either between the treatments performed by fifth- and sixth-year students (P>0.05) or the location of the treated tooth (mandible or maxilla) (P>0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, the results showed a rather low, but non-negligible prevalence of procedural errors in RCTs performed by fifth- and six-year undergraduate students at Gorgan School of Dentistry. Prevalence of errors made by fifth- and six-year students was similar.

Scalable Two-Dimensional Bloom Filter Membership Scheme on Massive Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor nodes help people to monitor any operational mechanism. It is important to be implemented in industrial automation in detecting unauthorized activity or malicious sensor nodes by the outsider. However, a massive number of devices or things which are needed to be controlled become a challenge. A fast mechanism to recognize a member or a valid device is needed to minimize production costs and avoid future procedural errors. It becomes an open problem for the implementation of massive scale Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Hence, a scalable two-dimensional Bloom filter is proposed in this paper to deal with this issue. The low computation complexity and the storage efficiency requirements by the two-dimensional Bloom filter are proven by the experimental results. The insertion, deletion and query procedure of the proposed method only need O (1), while the storage usage of two-dimensional Bloom filters not only lower than counting Bloom filter in average 131 bits difference but also approaches accommodative Bloom filter in about 10 bits difference. These two parameters support a fast membership scheme. Furthermore, the analysis of value initialization has been performed. To the best of our knowledge, the investigation of this parameter has not been addressed by other studies. This process aims to get the best scenario to increase scalability. Several recommendations for selecting dimension number has been stated which is useful for efficient storage usage and reduce false positive.

Shaping Ability and Debris Extrusion of New Rotary Nickel-Titanium Root Canal Instruments.

The aim was to evaluate the canal straightening and the amount of apically extruded debris associated with five rotary nickel-titanium when preparing curved root canals. A total of 100 root canals in extracted human teeth (angles of curvatures 20°–30°; radii 5.9–13.5 mm) were divided into five groups (n = 20/group). The groups were balanced with respect to the angle and the radius of canal curvature. The root canals were prepared using conventional austenite 55-NiTi alloy instruments F360, F6 SkyTaper (both Komet, Lemgo, Germany), and the heat-treated NiTi Jizai, Silk-Complex and Silk-Standard instruments (all Mani, Tochigi, Japan) to an apical size 25. The amount of extruded debris was assessed with a micro balance. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal–Wallis test with Bonferroni correction at a significance level of p < 0.05. During canal preparation, neither instrument fractures nor procedural preparation errors were noticed. Regarding canal straightening, the use of Jizai instruments resulted in the significantly lowest straightening (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were obtained between all other groups (p > 0.05). Regarding the amount of apically extruded debris, no significant differences between all groups were obtained (p > 0.05). Within the limitations of this study, all instruments performed well, and especially the Jizai instruments showed an excellent shaping ability.

Procedural Errors in the Evidentiary Process and Their Impact on Criminal Proceedings in the Slovak Republic

The lawful procedure in evidentiary process is a conditio sine qua non of the admissibility of evidence. In other words, it is a necessary condition for the admission of evidence in criminal proceedings. The violation of this condition leads to procedural errors leading to the unlawfulness of the evidence, as a result of which the accused may be acquitted. For this reason, it's the aim of this article, not only to define the procedural errors, whose incidence is particularly noticeable in providing evidence by law enforcement authorities involved in criminal proceedings, but also to analyse their impact on the outcome of the criminal proceedings, i.e. the decision about the guilt and punishment of the accused and on the basis of a specific example, to point out shortcomings which would be appropriate to prevent de lege ferenda. The presented article provides, on the one hand, a brief insight into the basic terminology related to the mentioned topic, explains the content and purpose of the legislation and on, the other hand, acquires more practical view, based on an analysis of selected example of procedural error in evidentiary process.

New Insight on the Safety of Erenumab: An Analysis of Spontaneous Reports of Adverse Events Recorded in the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System Database.

The aim of this article was to provide an overview of adverse events reported for erenumab in post-marketing through the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and perform a disproportionality analysis with other drugs used for acute or preventative treatment of migraine as controls. FAERS was screened from the first quarter of 2018 to the second quarter of 2020 (latest data update 30 June 2020). Clinical and demographic characteristics of cases were described along with the seriousness and outcome of adverse events. Disproportionality analyses were performed using the reporting odds ratio (ROR). In total, 23,312 cases were reported during the study period, 67.0% by consumers. Cases in the age range 18-64years (10,922 cases; 45.8%), in female sex (15,099 cases; 64.8%), and with adverse events that were classified as non-serious (19,626 cases; 84.2%) were the most prevalent in the database. After the exclusion of duplicates, 146 fatal cases were identified. A total of 1303 unlabeled adverse events were reported, of which 49 had statistically significant disproportionality of reporting in comparison with other drugs used for acute or preventative treatment of migraine. Identified disproportionality signals included alopecia, depression, anxiety, myocardial infarction, increased heart rate, pulmonary embolism, weight alteration, insomnia, tinnitus, and influenza-like symptoms. Injection-site reactions (labeled events) were co-reported with errors in administration procedures. Adverse events reported during the first 2 years of post-marketing surveillance were mostly non-serious and with a favorable prognosis. However, new safety aspects emerged for which further studies are needed to confirm the associations, prioritizing unlabeled events with consistent disproportionality signals (e.g., emerging in at least 4 out of 6 analyses).

An Analysis of Students Error on Inversely Proportional Question at Grade VIII F SMP Negeri 9 Palu

The purpose of this study was to describe the students error on inversely proportional question at grade VIII F SMP Negeri 9 Palu. This type of research is qualitative research. Data were collected using data collection techniques, namely tests and interviews. The research subjects consisted of 3 people, namely C students, HD students and YYA students. The results of the study based on the students completion showed the mistakes made by the students in solving the comparison questions against the scores that were done. Based on the solution, conceptual and procedural errors were obtained. Conceptual errors include: a) factual errors consisting of: 1) students have not been able to write down the information contained in the questions, 2) students have not been able to understand the use of the equal sign correctly, 3) students have not been able to change the information contained in the questions into a model mathematics and 4) students have not been able to write conclusions correctly. b) Misconceptions consist of: 1) students do not understand the concept of reversing value comparisons, namely students working on comparison questions of turning values ​​using the principle of value comparisons, 2) students have not been able to operate a reversed value comparison and 3) students do not understand the concept of multiplication and division of integers and decimal numbers. Procedural errors consist of: 1) students have not been able to work on questions using the principle of reversing value comparisons, 2) students make mistakes operating multiplication and division and 3) students have not been able to determine the final result correctly.

Procedural error of XIIth grade high school students in solving algebra problems based on Elbrink’s theory

This study was intended to determine procedural errors made by students in solving mathematics problems. This was a descriptive qualitative study. The selected subjects were high school students in Karanganyar Regency. The subject-taking technique was purposive random with snowball sampling. The types of procedural errors revealed by Elbrink found in this study were: (1) Misidentification, students made mistakes in applying the algorithm by finding that some students were still not precise in implementing the search line and comparing the function value of each extreme point, which was not needed to solve the problem, (2) Misgeneralization, students made mistakes by generalizing an existing concept and thinking that the general rules of linear program were the real rules, and (3) Repair Theory, students did not understand how to solve the mathematical problems, they made mistakes by directly using any x and y values to find the extreme point to solve linear program problems, without paying attention to inequalities as the requirements and limitations to the questions.

Analysis of Students' Error In Solving Probability Problem: A Case Study In Guangxi

This research analyzes the types and reasons of students' mistakes in solving probability and the analysis statistics problems by qualitative research method. The subjects were 20 senior High school students from a senior high school in Guangxi, China. The data were collected through the student diagnostic test. The students' answers were analyzed by using O'Connel's analysis. The results show that the proportion of misunderstood problems is 48.18% at the largest proportion, and the proportion of computational errors is next, accounting for 36.36%. The proportion of procedural errors is the least, accounting for 15.45%. As we all know, there are many reasons for the above mistakes., so teachers can find some solutions to overcome these mistakes.

Full-scale topology optimization for fiber-reinforced structures with continuous fiber paths

Fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) structure design by topology optimization has become a hot spot in recent years. Nevertheless, the existing researches reveal several unfavorable issues including the fiber dis-continuity, the length scale separation, the decreased design freedom, as well as the complicated fiber orientation optimization. Thus, this paper proposes a full-scale fiber-reinforced structure topology optimization method that is capable of simultaneous design for the structural topology, continuous fiber path, and its morphology (i.e., fiber volume, spacing and thickness). The method builds upon a bi-material element-wise density-based topology optimization framework, where the matrix material and fiber material are considered in a uniform finite element model without the scale separation. Furthermore, a novel fiber generation scheme is developed, in which the bi-material constraint method is introduced by combining the total solid (composite) volume constraint and local fiber proportion constraint, so as to drive the evolution of the general topology, continuous fiber path and fiber morphology, respectively. In this way, it can avoid the above existing issues of the current FRC designs. The fiber-reinforced structures can be naturally generated with continuous fiber paths. Several numerical examples for compliance minimization problems are provided to show the merits of the full-scale optimization method for fiber-reinforced structures. The interpretation design procedure and post-processing error simulation analysis are also presented to further validate the applicability of the proposed method.

Errors in Breast Imaging: How to Reduce Errors and Promote a Safety Environment.

Medical errors have a significant impact on patient care, worker safety, and health care finances. Breast imaging has the most common cause of organ-related misdiagnosis subject to malpractice suits. In order to effectively develop strategies to prevent errors, breast imaging radiologists must first understand the underlying causes of the errors that occur in the breast imaging setting. Errors in breast imaging can be related to errors in interpretation, improper workup of imaging findings, procedural errors, or errors in communication to the patient or other medical staff. The Yorkshire contributory factors framework was developed to identify factors that contribute to the errors in a hospital setting and can be adapted for use in the breast imaging setting. Within this framework, active failures refer to errors that directly affect the patient. Active errors include slips (including biases), lapses, and mistakes. The framework describes how active errors often result from factors that occur uphill from these active errors at different levels within the system. Once error causes are understood, there are concrete strategies and tools that breast imaging radiologists can implement to decrease adverse events, reduce medical errors, and promote a safety environment in the breast imaging clinic. Error mitigation tools can be summarized using the acronym SAFE, which includes support the team, ask questions, focus on a task, and effectively communicate/ensure equipment optimization/safe environment. Knowledge of errors commonly seen in a breast imaging clinic represent an opportunity for constructive changes and, ultimately, improved health care delivery.

Analysis of Container Problems in Exception Area at PT. Terminal Petikemas Surabaya uses the Lean Six Sigma Method

PT Terminal Petikemas Surabaya is a company engaged in logistics, container services. Since the end of December 2019, PT Terminal Petikemas Surabaya began implementing a gate automation system at gate in exports. One thing that is done to support the gate automation is the Exception Area which is used as a data repair place for trucks that experience problems during the gate-in export process before heading to the stacking field. Containers that are constrained during the gate-in process indicate that there are procedural errors carried out by internal companies and external parties, such as drivers, forwarders, and importers related to administrative and technical problems. This research focuses on controlling the quality of container problems that enter the exception area by using a statistical method in the form of lean six sigma. The purpose of this study is to determine the average length of time to resolve containers for each problem, to know the quality of and the sigma level of the average length of time to resolve containers that enter the Exception Area based on the average number of container problems entering the Exception Area according to five problem criteria, knowing the problems that cause themost of the containers that enter the Exception Area. The results of the analysis in this study are the average length of time for containers that enter the Exception Area for each problem as a whole, the highest is caused by the system and the lowest is due to the closing time. The average number of container problems that enter the Exception Area in accordance with the five criteria, the problem has been controlled statistically with the most problem causes caused by the system, and the sigma level value is obtained from the average number of container problems that enter the Exception Area according to the five problem criteria which is 3,395, which means the variation or diversity of container problems that enter the exception area based on the problems of the containers that enter the Exception Area according to the five criteria, the problem is quite large.

Процессуальные ошибки судебной автотехнической экспертизы и вещественные доказательства: связь и вероятные последствия в суде

This article contains examples of procedural errors in expert actions, practical nuances that can affect the quality and results of the examination, the subtleties of preparation for the study in terms of interaction between the bodies of inquiry, investigation and court with experts. Procedural errors in the implementation of expert judicial research of materials presented as material evidence may have different origins — from the technical features of the examination and the level of expertise of the expert to external reasons caused by the imperfection of the system of interaction between investigative and expert units. The author is interested in the aspect of a broad topic — the impact of expert activity on the likelihood of investigative and judicial errors and the possibility of codification of certain provisions and changes in legislation, allowing to adjust the powers of experts in a specific, unambiguously interpreted framework. Typical examples of procedural expert errors are given.

Error Analysis of Islamic Primary School (MTs) Students in Resolving Questions on the Materials of Cartesian Coordinate With Malay Culture Nuance in Riau

Students experience problems while working in Math, with full of difficulties. They made mistakes in the process of solving questions. The error process that occurred in students leads to the low achievement of the learning outcomes. This research aimed to investigate the mistakes made by MTs students in working on the questions of the Cartesian coordinate integrated with Malay cultural nuances in Riau Province. The study was conducted at MTs in the odd semester of the 2019/2020 academic year. A descriptive approach was used as a research method with a purposive sampling technique. This technique used a test and interview to collect research data. The results of the study described that the errors faced by MTS NurulBilad students included: (1) 55% of misconceptions because students did not understand the concept in the material of Cartesian coordinate (2) procedural errors that 76% of students did not match the stages or steps in the process of drawing on the Cartesian coordinate. Based on the findings, it was hoped that the teacher emphasized more understanding about the concept of Cartesian coordinate.

Robotic assistance for quick and accurate image-guided needle placement.

Computed tomography (CT) image-guided procedures including biopsy, drug delivery, and ablation are gaining increasing application in medicine. Robotic technology holds the promise for allowing surgeons, and other proceduralists, access to such CT-guided procedures by potentially shortening training, improving accuracy, decreasing needle passes, and reducing radiation exposure. We evaluated surgeon learning and proficiency for image-guided needle placement with an FDA-cleared robotic arm. Five out of six surgeons had no prior CT-guided procedural experience, while one had prior experience with freehand CT-guided needle placement. All surgeons underwent a 60-min training with the MAXIO robot (Perfint Healthcare, Redmond, WA). The robot was used to place needles into three different pre-specified targets on a spine model. Performance time, procedural errors, and needle placement accuracy were recorded. All participants successfully placed needles into the targets using the robotic arm. The average time for needle placement was 3:44 ± 1:43min. Time for needle placement decreased with subsequent attempts, with average third placement taking 2:29 ± 1:51min less than the first attempt. The average vector distance from the target was 2.3 ± 1.2mm. One error resulted in the need for reimaging by CT scan. No errant needle placement occurred. Surgeons (attending fellows and residents) without previous experience and minimal training could successfully place percutaneous needles under CT guidance quickly, accurately, and reproducibly using a robotic arm. This suggests that robotic technology may be used to facilitate surgeon adoption of CT image-guided needle-based procedures in the future.

An Analysis of Students’ Error in Learning Mathematical Problem Solving; the Perspective of David Kolb’s Theory

Schoenfeld and Sloane argued that the main task of mathematics education is to explain students’ thought processes in order to improve the quality of mathematics learning. Many students make errors in answering maths tests. It turns out that various types of errors depend on students’ learning styles. The focus of this research was to analyze students’ errors in solving mathematics problems based on differences in students’ learning styles according to David Kolb’s theory of experiential learning. The study was conducted at Vocational Middle School in Cirebon-Indonesia. The research used a qualitative research case study approach. The instrument used in this study was the Kolb Learning Style Inventory (KLSI version 3.1), and math tests. For data analysis, this study used triangulation techniques. The four categories of learning orientations were found among 24 students who participated in this study, namely converging, accommodating, assimilating, and diverging. The difference with other studies is that this study focuses on discussing student errors based on learning styles. Each type of learning style was associated with its unique errors. Errors made by divergers were procedural errors and misunderstandings; the assimilators’ types of error were procedural and conceptual errors; the convergers’ error type was a procedural error; the type of error made by accommodators was a theoretical error. Conceptual errors were caused by a misunderstanding of existing concepts, leading the students to make errors in the answer to math tests. Strategy errors can be encountered by students when they were stuck in the answer to a math test. A procedural error occurred when students used a non-systematic method in completing the test.

PLANNING A CYBERCRIME INVESTIGATION USING AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

The article deals with the lack of a clear sequence in the actions of the investigator and the ineffective use of scientific and technical means during the pre-trial investigation of cybercrimes, in most cases, does not help to identify the perpetrators and bring it to justice. Planning plays a significant role in the effective investigation of criminal offenses committed with the use of information technology (cybercrimes). To determine the essence of planning an investigation, its formation in forensic science was analyzed. The definition of the concept of “planning cybercrime investigation” is given. In our opinion, crime investigation planning should be understood as a pre-planned action plan of an investigator in a specific criminal proceeding to investigate cybercrimes, which is drawn up both by the investigator (orally or in writing) and with the help of information technology software (programs). We suggest using an artificial neural network when planning a cybercrime investigation, since the main thing in an artificial neural network is that it is not programmed, but is trained based on examples. We fully share this point of view and believe that on the basis of successful and unsuccessful plans for investigating criminal offenses committed using information technologies (cybercrime), it is possible to teach an artificial neural network to develop (program) a specific investigation plan in appropriate situations, as well as analyze existing investigation plans to find and eliminate errors. It is worth noting that this Cybercrime Investigation plan, compiled by an artificial neural network, should be of a recommendatory nature. Any edits, changes, etc., as well as decisions on carrying out certain procedural or tactical actions proposed in the plan by an artificial neural network, should be made exclusively by the investigator. The use of an artificial neural network when planning a cybercrime investigation will contribute to: 1) the investigator’s ability to effectively and quickly investigate cybercrime; 2) save time in scheduling a cybercrime investigation; 3) providing the most appropriate tactics and methods that should be applied during the pre-trial investigation of cybercrime; 4) a low probability that the investigation will come to a standstill; 5) ensuring the protection of human interests in cyberspace; 6) educing procedural and tactical errors on the part of law enforcement agencies; 7) compliance with the requirements of a reasonable time during criminal proceedings. 4) it is unlikely that the investigation will come to a standstill; 5) ensuring the protection of human interests in cyberspace; 6) reduction of procedural and tactical errors on the part of law enforcement agencies; 7) compliance with the requirements of a reasonable time during criminal proceedings.

Application of supervised machine learning as a method for identifying DEM contact law parameters

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;Calibration of Discrete Element Method (DEM) models is an iterative process of adjusting input parameters such that the macroscopic results of simulations and experiments are similar. Therefore, selecting appropriate input parameters of a model effectively is crucial for the efficient use of the method. Despite the growing popularity of DEM, there is still an ongoing need for an efficient method for identifying contact law parameters. Commonly used trial and error procedures are very time-consuming and unpractical, especially in the case of models with many parameters to calibrate. It seems that machine learning may offer a new approach to that problem. This research aims to apply supervised machine learning to figure out the dependencies between specific microscopic and macroscopic parameters. More than 6000 DEM simulations of uniaxial compression tests gathered the data for two algorithms - Multiple Linear Regression and Random Forest. Promising results with an accuracy of over 99% give good hope for finding a universal relation between input and output parameters (for a specific DEM implementation) and reducing the number of simulations required for the calibration procedure. Another pertinent question concerns the size of the DEM models used during calibration based on the uniaxial compression test. It has been proven that calibration of certain parameters can be done on smaller samples, where the critical threshold is around 30% of the radius of the original model.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;