Communication Errors Research Articles

Do inconclusive forensic decisions disadvantage the innocent?

Two experiments examined the potential for inconclusive forensic decisions to disadvantage the innocent. Both experiments tested the hypothesis that inconclusive decisions produce more incriminating legal judgments than do clearly exculpatory forensic decisions. Experiment 2 also examined whether this hypothesized effect conformed to a confirmation bias, a communication error, or perceptual accuracy. In Experiment 1 (N = 492), a forensic expert testified that physical evidence recovered from a crime scene either matched or did not match a suspect's evidence or produced an inconclusive result. In Experiment 2 (N = 1,002), a forensic expert testified that physical evidence recovered from a crime scene either matched or did not match a suspect's evidence, produced an inconclusive result, or was unsuitable for analysis. A fifth condition omitted the forensic evidence and expert testimony. The inconclusive decision produced less incriminating legal judgments than did the match forensic decision (|d|average = 0.96), more incriminating legal judgments than did the no-match forensic decision (|d|average = 0.62), and equivalent legal judgments to the unsuitable decision (|d|average = 0.12) and to legal judgments made in the absence of forensic evidence (|d|average = 0.07). These results suggest that participants interpreted the inconclusive decision to be forensically neutral, which is consistent with a communication error. The findings provide preliminary support for the idea that inconclusive decisions can put the innocent at risk of wrongful conviction by depriving them of a clearly exculpatory forensic decision. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The Early Detection of Faults for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Energy Storage Systems Using Independent Component Analysis with Mahalanobis Distance

In recent years, battery fires have become more common owing to the increased use of lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, monitoring technology is required to detect battery anomalies because battery fires cause significant damage to systems. We used Mahalanobis distance (MD) and independent component analysis (ICA) to detect early battery faults in a real-world energy storage system (ESS). The fault types included historical data of battery overvoltage and humidity anomaly alarms generated by the system management program. These are typical preliminary symptoms of thermal runaway, the leading cause of lithium-ion battery fires. The alarms were generated by the system management program based on thresholds. If a fire occurs in an ESS, the humidity inside the ESS will increase very quickly, which means that threshold-based alarm generation methods can be risky. In addition, industrial datasets contain many outliers for various reasons, including measurement and communication errors in sensors. These outliers can lead to biased training results for models. Therefore, we used MD to remove outliers and performed fault detection based on ICA. The proposed method determines confidence limits based on statistics derived from normal samples with outliers removed, resulting in well-defined thresholds compared to existing fault detection methods. Moreover, it demonstrated the ability to detect faults earlier than the point at which alarms were generated by the system management program: 15 min earlier for battery overvoltage and 26 min earlier for humidity anomalies.

Creation of a model for training the communication skills of medical specialists

BACKGROUND: Effective interaction between medical workers and patients is not only a service function but also influences compliance with the implementation of recommendations for the prevention and treatment of diseases. The communicative competence of healthcare professionals affects treatment effectiveness and the success of health-preserving measures.
 AIM: To examine the problems associated with the formation of communicative competence and determine the fundamental principles of the model of communicative skills of a medical worker.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature review of 32 domestic and 54 foreign publications on teaching communication in medicine was performed. The work of an expert focus group within the framework of a strategic session on communication skills “A coordinated approach to teaching communication skills in medicine” was analyzed.
 RESULTS: During the work of the focus group, experts reviewed and specified the main shortcomings in the work of medical personnel in ensuring communication with the patient. In the second part of the focus group work, based on communication defects, four blocks of skills were developed to avoid communication errors. Because of a review of literature data and a generalization of the results of the work of experts, a prototype model of the communication skills of a medical worker was proposed.
 CONCLUSIONS: Existing models of medical communication must adapt to national characteristics based on research and joint discussions. The authors propose using fundamental principles of the model of communication skills of a medical worker in educational programs of higher and additional professional education, as outlined in this article.

Effort to Optimize Coordination Unit in the Aerodrome Control Unit Tower Of Airnav Indonesia

In managing air traffic at the Gorontalo Branch Control tower unit of Airnav Indonesia, communication is an important aspect that involves human resources and facilities. Adequate facilities are essential to carry out air traffic management activities effectively. This study aims to assist Air Traffic Control (ATC) officers in reducing communication errors and overcoming obstacles caused by the use of inefficient equipment. Data collection methods include field observations, interviews, and document analysis. Disturbances in communication during control at the Control Unit Near the Gorontalo Branch became a serious problem due to the inefficiency of the equipment used. This resulted in frequent receiving of wrong calls by ATC officers, which ultimately reduced efficiency in providing services. The solution proposed in this study is to introduce alternative communication equipment, namely the Voice Communication Control System (VCCS), which can be connected to the various units required. It is hoped that the results of this research will facilitate the communication process for ATC officers and reduce call errors when providing navigation services at the Airnav Indonesia Processural Approach Control Unit in Gorontalo.

Conceptualizations of interprofessional communication in intensive care units: findings from a scoping review

ABSTRACT Background Clinical errors in intensive care units (ICUs) are consistently attributed to communication errors. Despite its importance for patient safety and quality in critical care settings, few studies consider interprofessional communication as more than the basic exchange of information. Methods We conducted a scoping review of interprofessional communication in ICUs to (1) characterize how communication is defined and measured and (2) identify contributions the field of health communication can make to team communication in ICUs. Through a series of queries in PubMed and Communication and Mass Media Complete databases, we identified and compared persistent gaps in how communication is framed and theorized in 28 publications from health services and 6 from social science outlets. We identified research priorities and suggested strategies for discussing communication more holistically in future health services research. Results 34 articles published from 1999 to 2021 were included. Six explicitly defined communication. Six were published in social science journals, but none were authored by a communication studies scholar. Half of the articles addressed communication as a transaction focused on information transfer, and the other half addressed communication as a process. Conclusions Methodological implications are identified with the intent to encourage future interdisciplinary collaboration for studying communication in ICUs. We discuss the importance of (1) using language to describe communication that facilitates interdisciplinary engagement, (2) prioritizing communication as a process and using qualitative methods to provide insight, and (3) engaging health communication theories and experts to assist in developing more fruitful research questions and designs.

Empowering 6G maritime communications with distributed intelligence and over-the-air model sharing

Introduction: Shipping and maritime transportation have gradually gained a key role in worldwide economical strategies and modern business models. The realization of Smart Shipping (SMS) powered by advanced 6G communication networks, as well as innovative Machine Learning (ML) solutions, has recently become the focal point in the maritime sector. However, conventional centralized learning schemes are unsuitable in the maritime domain, due to considerable data communication overhead, stringent energy constraints, increased transmission failures in the harsh propagation environment, as well as data privacy concerns.Methods: To overcome these challenges, we propose the joint adoption of Federated Learning (FL) principles and the utilization of the Over-the-Air computation (AirComp) wireless transmission framework. Thus, this paper initially describes the mathematical considerations of a 6G maritime communication system, focusing on the heterogeneity of the relevant nodes and the channel models, including an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-aided relaying model that is usually required in maritime communications. The communication network, enhanced with the AirComp technique for efficiency purposes, forms the technical basis for the collaborative learning across multiple Internet of Maritime Things (IoMT) nodes in FL tasks. The workflow of the FL/AirComp scheme is illustrated and proposed as a communication-efficient and privacy-aware SMS framework, considering spectrum and energy efficiency aspects under a sum transmitting power constraint.Results: Then, the performance of the proposed methodology is assessed in an important ML task, related to intelligent maritime transportation systems, namely, the prediction of the Cargo Ship Propulsion Power using real data originating from six cargo ships and utilizing long-short-term-memory (LSTM) neural networks. Upon extensive experimentation, FL showed higher prediction accuracy relative to the typical Ensemble Learning technique by a factor of 3.04. The AirComp system performance was evaluated under varying noise conditions and number of IoMT nodes, using simulation data for the channel state information by regulating the power of the transmitting IoMT entities and the scaling factor at the shore base station.Discussion: The results clearly indicate the efficiency of the proposed FL/AirComp scheme in achieving low computation error, collaborative learning, spectrum efficiency and privacy protection in wireless maritime communications, while providing adequate accuracy levels with respect to the optimization objective.

On Cyber-Physical Fault Resilience in Data Communication: A Case From A LoRaWAN Network Systems Design

Systems offering fault-resilient, energy-efficient, soft real-time data communication have wide applications in Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT). While there have been extensive studies for fault resilience in real-time embedded systems, investigations from cyber-physical systems (CPS) perspective are still much needed, as CPS faults occur not just from abnormal conditions in the software/hardware of the system, but also from the physical environment in which the system operates. At the same time, in addition to conventional fault tolerance strategies embedded in the software/hardware of the target system, CPS faults could be mitigated via some strategic systems re-configuration made available by the physical environment. This paper presents a design and implementation for CPS fault-resilient data communication, in the context of IIoT networks running LoRaWAN, a low-power wide-area networking standard. The proposed design combines collaborative IIoT end devices plus a network gateway piggybacked on a third-party cruising object that is part of the environment. With the focus on data communication, the study illustrates challenges and opportunities to address CPS fault resilience while meeting the needs for energy efficiency and communication timeliness that are common to IIoT systems. The implementation of the design is based on ChirpStack, a widely used open source framework for LoRaWAN. The results from experiment and simulation both show that the proposed scheme can tolerate limited errors of data communication while saving operating energy and maintaining timeliness of data communication to some extent.

Quality of spirometry tests in the field of occupational health

BackgroundThe spirometry test is a valuable test to evaluate the performance of the respiratory system. The interpretation of the results is highly dependent on the quality of its performance, while the inappropriate quality results in unwanted consequences for individuals and the healthcare system. This study investigated the quality of spirometry tests performed in occupational health.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, the quality of 776 spirometry tests in different occupational centers by the specialists in Rasht, Iran, in 2020, based on the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), was investigated. The quality and success rate of the test and the demographical characteristics of the operators and the participants were collected. All data was analyzed using SPSS software version 20.ResultsOut of 776 spirometry tests, about 69.7% were unacceptable. Among the unacceptable tests, a pause error between inhalation and exhalation was identified in 7.4% of tests. Additionally, 4.6% of the unacceptable tests exhibited a cough error within the first second, while an exhalation error of less than six was observed in 85%. Repeatability errors were found in 60.9% of the tests. Furthermore, among some errors, the communication error between the characteristics of the technicians and the test performance errors were evident.ConclusionAccording to the results, most of the performed tests were unacceptable with no repeatability, which indicated that the validity and quality of spirometry tests and their interpretation were inappropriate in the field of occupational health in Rasht, Iran.

Fault-Tolerant Coding for Quantum Communication

Designing encoding and decoding circuits to reliably send messages over many uses of a noisy channel is a central problem in communication theory. When studying the optimal transmission rates achievable with asymptotically vanishing error it is usually assumed that these circuits can be implemented using noise-free gates. While this assumption is satisfied for classical machines in many scenarios, it is not expected to be satisfied in the near term future for quantum machines where decoherence leads to faults in the quantum gates. As a result, fundamental questions regarding the practical relevance of quantum channel coding remain open. By combining techniques from fault-tolerant quantum computation with techniques from quantum communication, we initiate the study of these questions. We introduce fault-tolerant versions of quantum capacities quantifying the optimal communication rates achievable with asymptotically vanishing total error when the encoding and decoding circuits are affected by gate errors with small probability. Our main results are threshold theorems for the classical and quantum capacity: For every quantum channel T and every ϵ > 0 there exists a threshold p(ϵ, T) for the gate error probability below which rates larger than C-ϵ are fault-tolerantly achievable with vanishing overall communication error, where C denotes the usual capacity. Our results are not only relevant in communication over large distances, but also on-chip, where distant parts of a quantum computer might need to communicate under higher levels of noise than affecting the local gates.

Blind Estimation of Timing Error, Channel Attenuation and Noise Parameters in OOK Free-Space Optical Communications

Blind Estimation of Timing Error, Channel Attenuation and Noise Parameters in OOK Free-Space Optical Communications

Analysis and Conflict Management in Clinical Students School of Medicine and it is Review According to Islamic Views

The task's difficulty level is getting higher, and unpreparedness in the new atmosphere makes the clinical students tend to be depressed and experience conflicts between the clinical students. Common conflicts include interpersonal and individual conflicts in groups. Conflicts can be resolved using collaboration methods. Islam does not allow conflict. This study aims to determine the conflict and conflict management in the clinical students of YARSI University Faculty of Medicine and its review according to Islamic view. This study is a qualitative study using primary data in the form of interviews and secondary data in the form of TPA test results in the Registrar's Students. The study population was the students of the Faculty of Medicine, YARSI University, who had been running a clerkship for more than six months. The results showed that in interpersonal and individual conflicts in groups, the conflicts that often occur among clinical students include discipline, dissent, communication errors, and differences in moral and ethical values. Conflict management is used in problem-solving or negotiation and avoidance. All respondents claimed to have experienced burnout or intrapersonal conflict because of many tasks, and the hospital environment was less comfortable. They managed it with compromise and collaboration. The comparison of the data from the landfill results with the conflict management used is compatible, which is superior IQ in making decisions about conflict management. Sources of Conflict in the Clinical students include discipline, dissent, communication errors, and differences in moral values and ethics. Conflict management is used in problem-solving and avoidance. In the Islamic review, conflict management recommended deliberation.

Bayesian network model of aviation safety: Impact of new communication technologies on mid-air collisions

This article presents a method of estimating the risk of a mid-air collision. The proposed method is an enhancement of the traditional aviation safety model - Integrated Safety Assessment Model (ISAM) - developed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and EUROCONTROL. ISAM is a mix of event-based models and fault trees that identifies causes of 35 different types of aviation accidents. While useful for conceptual understanding of accidents, the model does not handle human-technical or inter-system interactions. These drawbacks are especially evident when assessing safety impact of new communication, navigation and surveillance technologies since they rely on pilots and controllers. We propose a method of analyzing the impact of new technologies in aviation by presenting a case study of the Data Communication system – a new technology developed by the FAA used for communication between pilots and controllers. The method builds upon ISAM and leverages a Bayesian Network to estimate safety risk. The results indicate that the implementation of Data Comm can reduce the risk of collision by 25 %. In addition, if a collision has occurred, it is 10 million times more probable that the likely culprit is an error in human communication rather than a failure of communication equipment.

Improved slot synchronization method for high-speed photon-counting communication based on SNSPD arrays

In optical communication systems based on photon-counting protocols, using highly efficient superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) is currently considered an effective solution for achieving high communication rates. However, in the process of increasing the communication channel throughput by reducing the slot width, as the slot frequency increases to the GHz level, the sub-nanosecond-level jitter caused by detection systems becomes non-negligible relative to the entire signal slot and greatly affects the accuracy of slot synchronization. To accurately characterize the photon arrival distribution of SNSPDs and further reduce communication error rates, we constructed a system. Through data analysis, we discovered that the photon arrival intensity distribution under the influence of jitter conforms to a non-homogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) and proposed a correction model for the photon arrival distribution and provided the corrected expression for the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) algorithm. In subsequent experiments, combined with a blind search strategy, we enhanced the robustness of the model under different slot offset states and reduced the hardware complexity of existing synchronization schemes. The results show that at signal photons Ks=1.624 and background noise photons Kb=0.016 per symbol, the ideal Poisson model's hard decision error rate is 10.56 %, while the corrected model achieves an error rate close to the ideal synchronization performance at 8.9 %.

On the issue of methodological reasons for language purism in Internet communications

This article highlights one aspect of the triad “speech – writing – electronic form of speech,” which represents the problem of literacy in Internet communications. The purpose of the work is to point out a number of problems in the form of linguistic purism, the lack of clear terminology in relation to electronic communication, and shortcomings in the methodological and conceptual apparatus applied to the analysis of this linguistic object. The subject of the study is the norms of the Russian language, the object of analysis is fragments of texts containing a linguistic error. The authors proceed from the well-known fact in linguistics that spoken language and written language are different sign systems. It is known that the electronic form of speech is a fixation of the norms of spoken language. Consequently, it is impossible to approach the analysis of this form of speech only with the help of theories suitable for analyzing static text. The article shows that the roots of intolerance towards errors in network communication on the part of folk linguists lie precisely in this. The authors give examples of linguistic errors from different language areas: social networks, news aggregators, fiction, transcripts of oral speech. The linguistic object discussed in the article in the form of an electronic form of speech represents a certain cross-section that gives an up-to-date picture of the linguistic environment, which is informative for linguists. The main conclusion of the article is the need for a practical search for special tools that will limit the cumulative effect of language errors. But to do this, it is necessary to eliminate the one-way textual approach to all language formats. The conclusions of the article can be used to develop a strategy for moderating Internet content.

뉴스 기사의 어휘 의미 사용 양상 분석

This study aims at reducing communication errors in linguistic expressions provided by the media. As errors in meaning could occur because of some differences in what addressers intend and what recipients interpret between news reporters and consumers even they use the same linguistic signs. This paper analyzes ‘contaminated wastewater, recycling, antinational group, communist totalitarianism’ reported in recent news and finds out their meaning. ‘Contaminated wastewater’ is used identically with such technical terms as ‘treated wastewater’ and ‘nuclear wastewater’ considering the speakers’ assessment intention. ‘Recycling’ is an everyday word but news reporters have deliberately used it to confuse readers by interpreting its meaning anew. ‘Antinational group’ is also a general term but the speakers have intentionally distorted its meaning and delivered it to spread a specifically purposeful ideology. ‘Communist totalitarianism’ is a technical term and should be used limitedly and clearly but has been used with equivocal senses by violating social character of language. Seeing these terms have been used, readers who consume news should precisely interpret specific meaning of each word the media that deliver news use. That is the way not to be deluded by distorted news. Thus, the language users should be able to look into the meaning of specific word in linguistic expressions of news, grasp the sense and analyze its accuracy.

Enhancing Bone Marrow Biopsy Sample Quality: A Comprehensive Quality Improvement Study at UNM Cancer Center

Introduction Adequate samples from bone marrow biopsies are required for pathologists to diagnose and monitor hematologic conditions accurately. These biopsies involve the extraction of bone marrow samples in two main forms: an aspirate and a core biopsy. In some cases, additional molecular testing may be conducted for the purposes of diagnosis and classification. The journey of a bone marrow sample from the patient's bedside to the laboratory is a complex process that involves the collaboration of numerous participants and interconnected systems to ensure the integrity and accuracy of the results. At our cancer center, we initiated a quality improvement (QI) project to assess the baseline success rate of bone marrow sample collection, identify areas for improvement in collection, form and implement targeted interventions, and then measure the project's success. Methods In this QI study, we utilized an A3 model which included 1) assessing the current state of bone marrow biopsy samples at our institution 2) reviewing the current process of collection 3) analysis to identify the root causes affecting quality 4) Identifying our goal state 5) implementing interventions to improve the quality and 6) follow up to evaluate the effectiveness of our interventions against the stated goal. To identify the current state, we assessed the quality of 101 bone marrow biopsy samples collected from May to October 2022, focusing on the aspirate, clot, and biopsy sections. Two pathologists reviewed 20 of these samples at random to re-read them and defined inadequate aspirate and clots as those which were ‘aspicular’ or ‘paucispicular’ and inadequate trephine biopsies as those that were reported as ‘limited’ or ‘inadequate’ for interpretation. This limited analysis was hypothesis generating and we relied on descriptions of aspirate quality and core length in the biopsy reports for the remaining samples. We observed different providers and technicians performing bone marrow biopsies to understand the current process of collection across our institution. Our system analysis identified the following issues: Non-standardized collection technique, communication errors between technicians and providers in terms of core length and aspirate adequacy, and technician proficiency in identifying spicules and core length To address these issues, we wrote a guideline outlining the recommended standard technique and performed a training for all providers. This guideline included a standard communication guideline between technicians and providers. Technicians underwent additional training in terms of identifying spicules and measuring core length. We set a pre-defined goal of success as 70% adequacy for bone marrow biopsy aspirates and 90% adequacy for core biopsies. Following our interventions, we started collecting post-intervention bone marrow biopsies in May 2023 and plan to evaluate the adequacy of 100 bone marrow samples Results Samples were categorized as those performed by interventional radiology (IR) providers and non-IR providers (advanced practice providers, attendings, and fellows).At baseline, the adequacy rates for aspirate, clot, and biopsy sections were 35%, 36%, and 87%, respectively, for IR providers, and 63%, 70%, and 67%, respectively, for non-IR providers. (Table 1)We plan to evaluate 100 samples post-intervention and to date, we have evaluated 20 samples. Among IR cases, adequacy rates for aspirate, clot, and biopsy sections were 69%, 85%, and 92%, respectively. For non-IR cases, adequacy rates were 86%, 100%, and 86%, respectively. (Table 2) Although additional samples are needed to confirm our results, there is thus far a noticeable improvement in the rate of adequate sample collection for both IR and non-IR providers. While not included in the current analysis, we plan to add patient factors that may affect sample collection such as Body Mass Index or use of sedation in our final analysis to address potential confounders. Conclusion Through our QI study, we aimed to enhance the quality of bone marrow biopsy samples at our institution. Preliminary results demonstrate improvements in the rate of adequate sample collection for aspirate and core biopsies following our quality interventions. Future studies will explore the impact of patient and disease factors on sample quality and also assess whether the improved outcomes are sustained at a later point in time with additional follow up.

Intercultural competence development through a tele‐collaborative project supported by speech‐enabled corrective feedback technology

AbstractBackgroundTele‐collaborative projects serve as invaluable platforms for students from diverse countries to engage in cross‐cultural communication and exchange cultural knowledge. These projects offer immense benefits in terms of fostering intercultural competence among participants. However, one challenge arises when participants engage in spoken communication rather than written. Those who may not share a common first language often rely on a lingua franca such as English for intercultural communication. In such spoken exchanges, varying levels of language proficiency can lead to communication errors that hinder the intercultural learning process and impede the development of intercultural competence in their fellow participants.ObjectivesIn the present trial study, our primary objective was to tackle the language‐related challenge associated with spoken communication head‐on. Our focus centred on addressing the discrepancies arising in spoken communication, and we aimed to mitigate these discrepancies by utilizing speech‐enabled corrective feedback technology.MethodsIn a tele‐collaborative project involving 28 graduate students from the People's Republic of China and Republic of Kazakhstan, the participants engaged in spoken communication and cultural exchange in English via the internet. Given the emphasis on spoken communication and the recognition that English was not their first language, we implemented a speech‐enabled corrective feedback (SECF) technology to ensure effective communication in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and word choice. The SECF technology detected and provided instant feedback on any speech mistakes, enabling participants to make corrections accordingly. The main aim of our study was to explore the potential benefits of integrating SECF technology into a tele‐collaborative project for the development of participants' intercultural competence. Additionally, we sought to gather insights into the students' perceptions of the SECF support.Results and ConclusionsThe results of our study revealed significant improvements in the participants' intercultural competence across dimensions such as knowledge, skills, attitude, and awareness. Furthermore, the participants expressed positive perceptions of the SECF technology. Drawing from our findings, we offer valuable implications and recommendations for educators and researchers in the field, enhancing their understanding of the role of SECF technology in supporting intercultural competence development in tele‐collaborative settings.

Al Samātu Al Lughowiyyatu Lil Arobiyyati Fil Ma’had Al Islāmi Dirōsatu Hālati Fi Ma’hadi Al ‘Ashri Bil Indōnῑsiyyā

This research aims to describe the characteristics of the Arabic language used in Pondok Pesantren Modern Alhasyimiah Darul Ulum Sipaho. The study encompasses five main aspects: fluency in Arabic, the structure of the language employed, the influence of the mother tongue on language usage, literal translation, and proposed solutions. The research methodology employed is a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection through interview and observation. Data is subsequently analyzed using deduction and description methods. The findings of this study reveal that Pondok Pesantren Modern Alhasyimiah Darul Ulum Sipaho places a strong emphasis on fluency in the Arabic language as a crucial aspect of Arabic language proficiency. However, the teaching of language structure is somewhat limited, resulting in various structural errors in everyday Arabic communication. Additionally, the influence of local languages or dialects on Arabic language usage is present, yet a practical approach to Arabic language instruction boosts students' confidence in communication. The phenomenon of literal translation in Arabic also underscores the importance of contextual understanding in foreign language use. As a solution, the pesantren offers supplementary training programs, interaction with native Arabic speakers, and the promotion of active Arabic language use in daily life. The results above imply the importance of emphasizing contextual understanding and active use of the Arabic language in daily life, as well as the need for a practical approach to teaching language structure to enhance everyday communication in Arabic.

SURG-16. SAMPLING AND PROCESSING OF TUMOR TISSUE DURING RESECTION OF DIFFUSE INTRACRANIAL GLIOMA: INTERNATIONAL SURVEY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STANDARDIZATION ON BEHALF OF FOUR RANO GROUPS

Abstract BACKGROUND Surgical resection represents the standard of care for newly diagnosed diffuse gliomas and allows neuropathological evaluation for diagnosis. Moreover, tissue specimens form the basis for research allowing the identification of pathogenetic mechanisms and targets. However, there is no consensus which tumor portions should be systematically sampled to achieve a genuinely representative evaluation in a condition characterized by intratumoral heterogeneity. Guidelines for biospecimen handling and long-term storage are also lacking, limiting comparative analyses between different biobanks. METHODS Four international RANO groups from the fields of surgical and medical neuro-oncology, radiation oncology, neuroimaging, and neuropathology aimed to generate a framework for tissue sampling and processing during resection of diffuse glioma. RESULTS A core committee of 21 representatives from the four RANO groups identified areas of interest based upon expert consensus and drafted recommendations for best practice guidelines. Those were eventually sent to 38 leading experts in the field for further evaluation using a two-staged eDelphi process, leading to refinement of the recommendations. Only recommendations which were scored as of ‘critical importance’ by ≥ 70% of the expert panelists were accepted. Consensus recommendations were developed for (I) tissue volume and (neuroimaging-based) tumor-specific regions from where the tumor should be sampled; (II) definitions how regions for sampling of non-contrast-enhancing tumor on MRI should be identified; (III) blood and CSF sampling; (IV) handling and storage to enable both neuropathological diagnosis and in-depth research analyses; and (V) the preferred sample labelling to avoid communication errors. These recommendations resulted in a sophisticated intraoperative workflow proposal to accurately depicture the tumor composition during sampling. CONCLUSION These RANO recommendations offer a framework to standardize the surgical and post-surgical workflow for prospective biobanking studies which will be presented together with the results of the eDelphi survey at the SNO meeting.

Real-time signal processing via chemical reactions for a microfluidic molecular communication system

Signal processing over the molecular domain is critical for analysing, modifying, and synthesising chemical signals in molecular communication systems. However, the lack of chemical signal processing blocks and the wide use of electronic devices to process electrical signals in existing molecular communication platforms can hardly meet the biocompatible, non-invasive, and size-miniaturised requirements of applications in various fields, e.g., medicine, biology, and environment sciences. To tackle this, here we design and construct a liquid-based microfluidic molecular communication platform for performing chemical concentration signal processing and digital signal transmission over distances. By specifically designing chemical reactions and microfluidic geometry, the transmitter of our platform is capable of shaping the emitted signals, and the receiver is able to threshold, amplify, and detect the chemical signals after propagation. By encoding bit information into the concentration of sodium hydroxide, we demonstrate that our platform can achieve molecular signal modulation and demodulation functionalities, and reliably transmit text messages over long distances. This platform is further optimised to maximise data rate while minimising communication error. The presented methodology for real-time chemical signal processing can enable the implementation of signal processing units in biological settings and then unleash its potential for interdisciplinary applications.