Translation Errors Research Articles

Mask dependency of the lacrimal gland dose under whole brain radiotherapy when the six-degrees of freedom couch is not available.

Dry eye syndrome has been recently reported in patients who underwent whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT). WBRT based on a couch with three-degrees of freedom (3D) can occasionally be performed in which the rotational head motion is not corrected. This study assessed the dependency of the rotational errors on the mask and the dose variation of the lens and lacrimal gland in WBRT patients. Translational and rotational setup errors were obtained at the first treatment with cone-beam CT (CBCT) for patients under WBRT and frameless stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) (n=20 each) immobilized using a conventional WB mask and an SRS mask with a bite block, respectively. For the CT sets of SRS cases, WBRT plans were generated for the study. To simulate the rotational error, rotated CT images were created with each rotational error, on which initial WBRT plans were copied and doses were recalculated. The lens and lacrimal gland doses with and without rotation errors were compared. Despite similar translational setup errors for the two masks, the SRS mask showed a dramatic reduction in rotational errors compared to those of the WB mask. The errors varied within -2.9° to 2.9° and -1.2° to 0.7° for the WB and SRS masks, respectively. Accordingly, the SRS mask confined the change in the maximum lens dose, mean dose of the lacrimal gland, and lacrimal volume receiving 15Gy to one-third of those using the WB mask. When the six-degrees of freedom (6D) couch is not available, the frameless SRS mask is beneficial to WBRT for the faithful treatment as it was planned.

Assessing needs-based supply of physicians: a criteria-led methodological review of international studies in high-resource settings

BackgroundMany health systems embrace the normative principle that the supply of health services ought to be based on the need for healthcare. However, a theoretically grounded framework to operationalize needs-based supply of healthcare remains elusive. The aim of this paper is to critically assess current methodologies that quantify needs-based supply of physicians and identify potential gaps in approaches for physician planning. To this end, we propose a set of criteria for consideration when estimating needs-based supply.MethodsWe conducted searches in three electronic bibliographic databases until March 2020 supplemented by targeted manual searches on national and international websites to identify studies in high-resource settings that quantify needs-based supply of physicians. Studies that exclusively focused on forecasting methods of physician supply, on inpatient care or on healthcare professionals other than physicians were excluded. Additionally, records that were not available in English or German were excluded to avoid translation errors. The results were synthesized using a framework of study characteristics in addition to the proposed criteria for estimating needs-based physician supply.Results18 quantitative studies estimating population need for physicians were assessed against our criteria. No study met all criteria. Only six studies sought to examine the conceptual dependency between need, utilization and supply. Apart from extrapolations, simulation models were applied most frequently to estimate needs-based supply. 12 studies referred to the translation of need for services with respect to a physician’s productivity, while the rest adapted existing population-provider-ratios. Prospective models for estimating future care needs were largely based on demographic predictions rather than estimated trends in morbidity and new forms of care delivery.ConclusionsThe methodological review shows distinct heterogeneity in the conceptual frameworks, validity of data basis and modeling approaches of current studies in high-resource settings on needs-based supply of physicians. To support future estimates of needs-based supply, this review provides a workable framework for policymakers in charge of health workforce capacity planning.

A pose estimation method of space non-cooperative target based on ORBFPFH SLAM

In this paper, to improve the pose measurement accuracy of the Time-of-Flight (ToF) camera for space non-cooperative targets, a pose estimation method based on ORBFPFH Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) with effective integration of strength and depth measurement information is proposed. The primary process of the method is as follows: First, a unique ORBFPFH Bag of Words (BoW) model for space targets is trained based on the ToF image dataset of spacecraft; Secondly, the pose of the non-cooperative space target is tracked based on the ORBFPFH feature and optimized using the pose graph; Then, based on the ORBFPFH BoW model, loop closure is detected to reduce the cumulative error. Finally, the proposed method is tested on the ToF image dataset: compared with the advanced ORB-SLAM2 algorithm, the proposed method has a minor translation error and rotation error on the test data, with a mean translation error less than 0.144 m and mean rotation error less than 0.642°. The test results show that the proposed method can improve the pose estimation accuracy of space non-cooperative targets, achieve a better 3D point cloud reconstruction effect, and provide technical support for space applications such as rendezvous and docking of non-cooperative spacecraft. © 2001 Elsevier Science. All rights reserved

Analysis of Arabic-Indonesian Translation Errors on Google Translate

This study aims to analyze the results of Google Translate machine translation in translating Arabic into Indonesian. The data of this study used primary data types in the form of literature from books with library sources were Arabic texts taken from the book Nurul Yaqin written by Sheikh Muhammad Al Khudari Bek and his translation books in Indonesian and taken by random sampling technique. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive qualitative type. This study aims to analyze the results of machine translation google translate in translating Arabic into Indonesian. This research is related to translation, namely the process of translating from Arabic into Indonesian by looking at the process carried out by Google Translate and then analyzing the results of the translation. The primary data is in the form of Arabic texts taken from the book Nurul Yaqin written by Sheikh Muhammad Al Khudari Bek. Then the author takes researched from the subtitles in the book, namely, the cleavage of the breast of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. The focus of this research is to find out what translation errors are focused on the linguistic level, such as morphology, syntax, and semantics. In this study, the authors identified errors at the morphological, syntactical, and semantic levels contained in google translate from Arabic to Indonesian. By using error analysis (error analysis) with procedures, 1) collecting error samples, 2) identifying errors, 3) explaining errors, 4) classifying errors, and 5) evaluating errors. The results of the study show that in terms of the accuracy of vocabulary and terms, google translate has good translation quality. In terms of clarity and reasonableness, it means that Google Translate has not been able to convey ideas from the source language into the target language. Furthermore, grammatically, the results from Google Translate translation do not have grammar, then the results from Google Translate translation do not have a good grammatical structure and follow the rules that apply in the target Indonesian language. From these data, it can be seen that Google Translate should not be used as a basis for translating Arabic texts into Indonesian. A novice translator should prefer a dictionary instead of using Google Translate to try and improve their translation skills. So far, Arabic is still a difficulty for Indonesians, especially for students, and this difficulty is a linguistic problem that includes phonology, syntax, morphology, and semantics.

Translating Academic Texts: An Analysis of Translations Solutions

This research aims to investigate the translation strategies employed by translators in translating the abstracts of undergraduate theses. Specifically, the study focuses on the techniques or translation solutions utilized by translators when handling various topics of thesis abstracts, using Pym's (2016) translation solution theory as a framework. The research adopts a descriptive qualitative approach, and data collection is done through documentation, using two forms of thesis abstracts: the original abstract written in Bahasa Indonesia and its translated version. The study reveals the presence of seven types of translation solutions used in the selected abstracts data, namely: copying words, copying structure, perspective change, density change, compensation, cultural correspondence, and text tailoring. Among these types, text tailoring emerged as the most dominant translation solution. This study provides insights into the translation strategies adopted by translators in handling undergraduate thesis abstracts. The findings of this study could be useful for future research on translation and also for improving the quality of translations in academic settings. Keywords: Pym’s translation solution typology, translation errors, thesis abstract

Cysteine tRNA acts as a stop codon readthrough-inducing tRNA in the human HEK293T cell line.

Under certain circumstances, any of the three termination codons can be read through by a near-cognate tRNA; i.e., a tRNA whose two out of three anticodon nucleotides base pair with those of the stop codon. Unless programed to synthetize C-terminally extended protein variants with expanded physiological roles, readthrough represents an undesirable translational error. On the other side of a coin, a significant number of human genetic diseases is associated with the introduction of nonsense mutations (premature termination codons [PTCs]) into coding sequences, where stopping is not desirable. Here, the tRNA's ability to induce readthrough opens up the intriguing possibility of mitigating the deleterious effects of PTCs on human health. In yeast, the UGA and UAR stop codons were described to be read through by four readthrough-inducing rti-tRNAs-tRNATrp and tRNACys, and tRNATyr and tRNAGln, respectively. The readthrough-inducing potential of tRNATrp and tRNATyr was also observed in human cell lines. Here, we investigated the readthrough-inducing potential of human tRNACys in the HEK293T cell line. The tRNACys family consists of two isoacceptors, one with ACA and the other with GCA anticodons. We selected nine representative tRNACys isodecoders (differing in primary sequence and expression level) and tested them using dual luciferase reporter assays. We found that at least two tRNACys can significantly elevate UGA readthrough when overexpressed. This indicates a mechanistically conserved nature of rti-tRNAs between yeast and human, supporting the idea that they could be used in the PTC-associated RNA therapies.

To aggregate or not to aggregate - Is it a matter of the ribosome?

Neurodegenerative syndromes present as proteinopathies - does ribosomal infidelity contribute to the protein toxicity that is the driving force for neuronal cell loss? Intracellular and extracellular protein aggregates overwhelm the clearance capacity of cells and tissues. Proteins aggregate when hydrophobic residues are exposed. Hydrophobic residues become exposed when proteins are misfolded. Protein misfolding can originate from translational errors at the ribosome. Indeed, the most error-prone process in gene expression is translation at the ribosome. Recent evidence indicates that manipulating the ribosomal accuracy impacts on the lifespan of model organisms and a reduced translational accuracy is accompanied by neurodegeneration. The first hit in aging-associated neurodegenerative disease may be the well-documented decline of cellular buffering capacity by aging. A second hit that impacts on the quality of protein synthesis could be the driving force for the observed loss of proteostasis in neurodegeneration. This hypothesis provides an explanation for the late onset of most neurodegenerative diseases.

A High-Precision Real-Time Pose Measurement Method for the Primary Lens of Large Aperture Space Telescope Based on Laser Ranging.

The aperture of space telescopes increases with their required resolution, and the transmission optical systems with long focal length and diffractive primary lens are becoming increasingly popular. In space, the changes in the pose of the primary lens relative to the rear lens group have a significant impact on the imaging performance of the telescope system. The measurement of the pose of the primary lens in real-time and with high-precision is one of the important techniques for a space telescope. In this paper, a high-precision real-time pose measurement method for the primary lens of a space telescope in orbit based on laser ranging is proposed, and a verification system is established. The pose change of the telescope's primary lens can be easily calculated through six high-precision laser distance changes. The measurement system can be installed freely, which solves the problems of complex system structure and low measurement accuracy in traditional pose measurement techniques. Analysis and experiments show that this method can accurately obtain the pose of the primary lens in real-time. The rotation error of the measurement system is 2 × 10-5 degrees (0.072 arcsecs), and the translation error is 0.2 μm. This study will provide a scientific basis for high-quality imaging of a space telescope.

Can Translation Evolve? Translation Errors of Chinese-to-English Tourism Promotional Materials from Eco-Translatology Perspectives

Chinese tourism has been revised since the Covid-19 quarantine policy was abolished. Tourism institutions are going to continue to attract inbound and international tourists by using tourism promotional materials. Tourism commonly seems like an intercultural communication process. Therefore, translating Chinese tourism promotional materials into English with good quality should be highlighted, such as leaflets, brochures, websites, etc. However, while promotional discourse in the tourism industry has been developed for many years, previous studies indicated that some English translations of tourism promotional materials fail to achieve very promotional efficacy, or worse, leave a negative impression on international tourists. This paper aims to focus on analyzing the translation errors of tourism promotional materials and improve them from Eco-translatology perspective, namely Three-dimensional Transformation. Finally, the findings argue that the essential reason for the translation errors is ascribed to the lack of persuasive tourism skills and the non-consideration of Anglophone tourists’ characteristics.

Fixation of pelvic acetabular fractures using 3D-printed fracture plates: a cadaver study

Open reduction and internal fixation of pelvic acetabular fractures are challenging due to the limited surgical exposure from surrounding abdominal tissue. There have been a number of recent trials using metallic 3D-printed pelvic fracture plates to simplify and improve various elements of these fracture fixation surgeries; however, the amount of time and accuracy involved in the design and implantation of customised plates have not been well characterised. This study recorded the amount of time related to the design, manufacture and implantation of six customised fracture plates for five cadaveric pelvic specimens with acetabular fracture, while manufacturing, and surgical accuracy was calculated from computed tomography imaging. Five of the fracture plates were designed within 9.5 h, while the plate for a pelvis with a pre-existing fracture plate took considerably longer (20.2 h). Manufacturing comprised 3D-printing the plates in Ti6Al4V with a sintered laser melting (SLM) 3D-printer and post-processing (heat treatment, smoothing, tapping threads). The manufacturing times varied from 27.0 to 32.5 h, with longer times related to machining a thread for locking-head screws with a multi-axis computer numerical control (CNC) mill. For the surface of the plate in contact with the bone, the root-mean-square errors of the print varied from 0.10 to 0.49 mm. The upper range of these errors was likely the result of plate designs that were relatively long with thin cross-sections, a combination that gives rise to high thermal stresses when using a SLM 3D-printer. A number of approaches were explored to control the trajectories of locking or non-locking head screws including guides, printed threads or hand-taps; however, the plate with CNC-machined threads was clearly the most accurate with screw angulation errors of 2.77° (range 1.05–6.34°). The implanted position of the plates was determined visually; however, the limited surgical exposure and lack of intra-operative fluoroscopy in the laboratory led to high inaccuracies (translational errors of 1.74–13.00 mm). Plate mal-positioning would lead to increased risk of surgical injury due to misplaced screws; hence, it is recommended that technologies that can control plate positioning such as fluoroscopy or alignment guides need to be implemented into customised plate design and implantation workflow. Due to the plate misalignment and the severe nature of some acetabular fractures comprising numerous small bone fragments, the acetabular reduction exceeded the clinical limit of 2 mm for three pelvises. Although our results indicate that customised plates are unsuitable for acetabular fractures comprising six or more fragments, confirmation of this finding with a greater number of specimens is recommended. The times, accuracy and suggested improvements in the current study may be used to guide future workflows aimed at producing customised pelvic fracture plates for greater numbers of patients.

Targetless Extrinsic Calibration of Camera and Low-Resolution 3-D LiDAR

Autonomous driving heavily relies on LiDAR and camera sensors, which can significantly improve the performance of perception and navigation tasks when fused together. The success of this cross-modality fusion hinges on accurate extrinsic calibration. In recent years, targetless LiDAR-camera calibration methods have gained increasing attention thanks to their independence from external targets. Nevertheless, developing a targetless method for low-resolution LiDARs remains challenging due to the difficulty in extracting reliable features from point clouds with limited LiDAR beams. In this paper, we propose a robust targetless method to solve this struggling problem. It can automatically estimate accurate LiDAR and camera poses and solve the extrinsic matrix through hand-eye calibration. Moreover, we also carefully analyze pose estimation issues existing in the low-resolution LiDAR and present our solution. Real-world experiments are carried out on a UGV-mounted multi-sensor platform containing a CCD camera and a VLP-16 LiDAR. For evaluation, we use a state-of-the-art target-based calibration approach to generate the ground-truth extrinsic parameters. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves low calibration error in both translation (3 cm) and rotation (0.59 degrees).

Investigating keypoint descriptors for camera relocalization in endoscopy surgery.

Recent advances in computer vision and machine learning have resulted in endoscopic video-based solutions for dense reconstruction of the anatomy. To effectively use these systems in surgical navigation, a reliable image-based technique is required to constantly track the endoscopic camera's position within the anatomy, despite frequent removal and re-insertion. In this work, we investigate the use of recent learning-based keypoint descriptors for six degree-of-freedom camera pose estimation in intraoperative endoscopic sequences and under changes in anatomy due to surgical resection. Our method employs a dense structure from motion (SfM) reconstruction of the preoperative anatomy, obtained with a state-of-the-art patient-specific learning-based descriptor. During the reconstruction step, each estimated 3D point is associated with a descriptor. This information is employed in the intraoperative sequences to establish 2D-3D correspondences for Perspective-n-Point (PnP) camera pose estimation. We evaluate this method in six intraoperative sequences that include anatomical modifications obtained from two cadaveric subjects. Show that this approach led to translation and rotation errors of 3.9mm and 0.2radians, respectively, with 21.86% of localized cameras averaged over the six sequences. In comparison to an additional learning-based descriptor (HardNet++), the selected descriptor can achieve a better percentage of localized cameras with similar pose estimation performance. We further discussed potential error causes and limitations of the proposed approach. Patient-specific learning-based descriptors can relocalize images that are well distributed across the inspected anatomy, even where the anatomy is modified. However, camera relocalization in endoscopic sequences remains a persistently challenging problem, and future research is necessary to increase the robustness and accuracy of this technique.

Decoding and Recoding of mRNA Sequences by the Ribosome.

Faithful translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein is essential to maintain protein homeostasis in the cell. Spontaneous translation errors are very rare due to stringent selection of cognate aminoacyl transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and the tight control of the mRNA reading frame by the ribosome. Recoding events, such as stop codon readthrough, frameshifting, and translational bypassing, reprogram the ribosome to make intentional mistakes and produce alternative proteins from the same mRNA. The hallmark of recoding is the change of ribosome dynamics. The signals for recoding are built into the mRNA, but their reading depends on the genetic makeup of the cell, resulting in cell-specific changes in expression programs. In this review, I discuss the mechanisms of canonical decoding and tRNA-mRNA translocation; describe alternative pathways leading to recoding; and identify the links among mRNA signals, ribosome dynamics, and recoding.

ENGLISH-MAJORED STUDENTS’ COMMON TRANSLATION MISTAKES AND THEIR SOLUTIONS: VOICES FROM STUDENTS

Along with the translation industry's increasing global growth, Can Tho University (CTU) hopes to train highly skilled translators in order to satisfy the needs of society. At Can Tho University, Translation courses are considered a useful subject not only for translation majors but also for all English- majored students. In the fourth academic year, students participate in some translation courses. For English-majored students in general, the Translation courses are aimed not only at providing intensive training on translation skills but also at reinforcing knowledge of grammar and vocabulary. In addition, they provide translation skills by practicing the translation of documents. Through the course, the researchers have noticed that, in addition to progress in their translation skills, language students also encounter some issues in conveying messages from English to Vietnamese and vice versa. This study aims to fill the knowledge gap when it comes to translation mistakes analysis in Vietnamese-English translation and vice versa. The research investigates typical mistakes made by English-majored students and suggests solutions to improve their translation capabilities. In line with the tendency of using a student-centred model, this study was conducted to identify the translation equivalence problems encountered by 63 students from the two classes of fourth-year English major students at School of Foreign Languages (SFL) at CTU when they studied the subject Technical Translation and to propose solutions. The study explores the perspectives of students to gain insights into the experiences of students when translating, and the strategies recommended by students to help them better understand the language. The research will identify common mistakes to recommend solutions that can be implemented in the classroom. By gathering data from students, this study provides a more holistic understanding of the challenges faced by student translators and how they perceive language, which can help them succeed in real-world translations. In conclusion, the study sheds light on the common mistakes of English-majored students and proposes solutions to improve their translation skills. A baseline survey, questionnaire, and semi-structured interview were the research instruments utilized in the study in order to get the most accurate results. The three basic categories of mistakes in translation covered by this thesis are linguistic mistakes, comprehension mistakes, and translation mistakes. The methodology used to analyse the study's translation mistakes was influenced by Phạm Thu Quỳnh Na (2005). Because it is suitable and practical for Vietnamese learners and includes clear instructions, this type of model was selected as the study's main theoretical framework. The current study makes use of this framework to analyse and evaluate translation errors in a thorough manner. There have been several pedagogical suggestions made for instructors of translation to use in their classrooms to minimize students’ errors during translation practices.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0007/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

A novel approach for determining instantaneous centers of rotation of the mandible with an intraoral scanner: A preliminary study.

Recording and reproducing mandibular movements have been of key importance in the practice of dentistry for over a century. Recently, it has become possible to use digital technologies for these tasks. This study presents a preliminary method to try to identify the mandibular instantaneous centres of rotation based solely on intraoral scanners. The dentitions of four participants were scanned, multiple inter-occlusal registrations and buccal scans were performed in closed and opened positions. Blender software was used to align the meshes during the post-scan digital workflow. Bite alignment accuracy was assessed and then improved with a strict exclusion protocol. An automated algorithm was used to find rotations between closed stage and open stage meshes. Our exclusion protocol reduced the bite alignment error significantly (p = 0.001) and the root-mean-square error value of the meshes decreased from 0.09 mm (SD = 0.15) to 0.03 mm (SD = 0.017). However, the remaining translational error caused an unexpectedly large shift in the axis of rotation (mean = 1.35 mm, SD = 0.77) with a 41.83: 1 ratio. As found in other studies, our results showed even a small amount of error during registration can shift the axis of rotation a large amount. This phenomenon will compromise the results of common pantographic methods which assume a rotation axis of the condyle. It also adds valuable information to the concept of instantaneous centers of rotation by revealing their true characteristics.

CORRECTIONS OF TIME TO ONE RUSSIAN TRANSLATION OF MEASURE FOR MEASURE

Generations of Russians are familiar with Shakespeare’s play Measure for Measurethrough the poetically beautiful, light and aphoristic translation of T.L. Shchepkina-Kupernik (1939). The same year it was published in a small print run, and in 1960 in The Complete Works of Shakespeare by Iskusstvo Publ. whose circulation (225,000 copies) incomparably exceeded Academiaedition with the translation of the play by M.A. Zenkevich. And today the translation of T.L. Shchepkina-Kupernik is published much more often than others. Meanwhile, the outstanding Russian scholar A.A. Smirnov, coeditor and preparer of both Shakespeare’s Collected Works (or any editor after him), did not point to the deletion of the fragments of text and translation errors, although the Iskusstvoedition was prepared and published already during the Khrushchev’s ‘thaw’. Of the two main translation strategies - poetic liberty and philological accuracy - T.L. Shchepkina-Kupernik took the first path with Measure for Measure. The liberty of this translation is due to two factors: 1) a semantic and linguistic mistake, particularly important because it was made in the interpretation of the main thesis of the play (do not judge, doing the same yourself, forgive) and 2) self-censorship, obviously associated with the ‘requirements of the time’ and individual fears (withdrawal of dangerous tirades, smoothing and softening of meaning, avoiding specific words). The article shows what exactly the incompleteness, inaccuracies and errors of this translation consist of, and why they need commentary. In addition, a biographical hypothesis is formulated to explain the translator’s self-censorship.

Active Pose Relocalization for Intelligent Substation Inspection Robot

Intelligent inspection robots widely applied in substations are required to capture the inspection image consistent with the calibration image during routine inspection of electrical equipment. However, it is a challenging work for the inspection robot to capture the inspection image meeting the requirement due to navigation error and mechanical wear. To address this problem, an active pose relocalization (APR) method is proposed in this article. Specifically, an error model describing the relationship between the pixel error in the image plane and the robot pose error is established. Then, a decoupling three-stage PI control strategy based on the error model is provided to relocate the robot to the calibration pose, wherein, a translation error estimation algorithm based on homography transformation is proposed to compute the absolute translation scale between calibration and inspection poses, which avoid the degradation problem of the classic 2D-2D pose estimation algorithm. Finally, the performance of the proposed APR method is demonstrated through comparative relocalization experiments of 10 calibration points in virtual and real-world environments respectively.

The process and product of translation revision: empirical data from student translators using eye tracking and screen recording

ABSTRACT As the final phase of the translation process, self-revision has traditionally been a relatively neglected component despite it being widely acknowledged as critical to achieving high-quality translation and in translator training. To identify effective educational interventions for self-revision, the current paper reports on a study that collected empirical data from student translators (n = 72) who were randomly assigned to different conditions (traditional, screen recording, and eye tracking) in highly ecologically valid bidirectional tasks. Six features of eye tracking and screen recording were identified as indicators of potential translation difficulties which could be used to direct student translator’s overt visual attention in the revision phase. We found that eye tracking was the most effective way of assisting student translators in self-revising their translations, regardless of the direction of translation. Further, average fixation duration and backward saccades in the eye tracking recording condition, and pauses and concurrent revision activity in the screen recording condition were the most useful features in helping the student translators to identify potential translation errors and thereby enhance the quality of their translation after revisions. Qualitative data showed that the student translators became more confident and had a clearer understanding of their own translation processes after watching the recordings.

대학 영문독해 수업에 기계번역(post-editing)의 활용 및 오류분석

This paper aims to explore the possibility of using machine translation in English reading classes. For this purpose, 38 subjects were divided into two groups according to the TOEIC score and required to translate and submit a 386-word English text through post-editing translation after using a machine translation tool. This analysis shows the four major error types of contextual comprehension, sentence structures, pronouns, title nouns. In addition, the subjects were required to participate in the questionnaire survey related to the effectiveness of reading comprehension classes using machine translation. The research also proved how effective English reading classes using machine translation were in comparison with English grammar-based reading classes. We can find the similarities between machine translation and students’ post-editing translation in error ratio and characteristics, and the differences between the two English levels in terms of post-editing correction methods and the number of translation errors. This paper is meaningful in that this study will contribute to diversification of teaching methods and improvement of the teaching quality in English reading classes by employing machine translation in English reading classes.

Evaluation of single-stage vision models for pose estimation of surgical instruments.

Multiple applications in open surgical environments may benefit from adoption of markerless computer vision depending on associated speed and accuracy requirements. The current work evaluates vision models for 6-degree of freedom pose estimation of surgical instruments in RGB scenes. Potential use cases are discussed based on observed performance. Convolutional neural nets were developed with simulated training data for 6-degree of freedom pose estimation of a representative surgical instrument in RGB scenes. Trained models were evaluated with simulated and real-world scenes. Real-world scenes were produced by using a robotic manipulator to procedurally generate a wide range of object poses. CNNs trained in simulation transferred to real-world evaluation scenes with a mild decrease in pose accuracy. Model performance was sensitive to input image resolution and orientation prediction format. The model with highest accuracy demonstrated mean in-plane translation error of 13mm and mean long axis orientation error of 5[Formula: see text] in simulated evaluation scenes. Similar errors of 29mm and 8[Formula: see text] were observed in real-world scenes. 6-DoF pose estimators can predict object pose in RGB scenes with real-time inference speed. Observed pose accuracy suggests that applications such as coarse-grained guidance, surgical skill evaluation, or instrument tracking for tray optimization may benefit from markerless pose estimation.